AP Psych

Developmental psychology

Studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

Biological growth process that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

The transition. From childhood to adulthood extending from puberty into independence

Teratogens

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

“monster makers” such as chemicals and viruses, than can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Habituation

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

The preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

Schema

The principle which Piaget believed to be part of concrete operational reasoning that property such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in forms of objects

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas

Sensorimotor stage

when a child from about 2 to 6 or seven years of age learn to use language but doesn’t yet understand the mental operations of concrete logic

The stage during which infants from birth to about two years of age no the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

Cognitive development from about six or 7 to 11 years of age during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Cognitive development normally beginning about age 12 during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Conservation

The principle which Piaget believed to be part of concrete operational reasoning that property such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in forms of objects

The preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

Preoperational stage

Cognitive development normally beginning about age 12 during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Cognitive development from about six or 7 to 11 years of age during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

When a child from about 2 to 6 or seven years of age learn to use language but doesn’t yet understand the mental operations of concrete logic

Formal operational stage

Cognitive development from about six or 7 to 11 years of age during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Cognitive development normally beginning about age 12 during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Critical period

Growth process that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

Social learning period

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

The “we” aspect of our self-concept the part of our answer to “who am I” that comes from our group memberships

Puberty

The bodily structures that make sexual reproduction possible

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

Secondary sex characteristics

Non-reproductive sexual traits

The first menstrual period

The bodily structures that make sexual reproduction possible

Cross-sectional study

Research in which the same people are we studied and retested overlong period

A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

Jean Piaget

bread monkeys and separated them from their mothers shortly after birth and raised them in sanitary individual cages with blankets. When their blankets were taken they became distressed

Emphasized have a child’s mind grows through interaction with the social environment

Studied children’s cognitive development. Let him to believe that a child mind develops through a series of stages in an upward march from newborns simple reflexes to the adults abstract reasoning power

Mary Ainsworth

Believed females tend to differ from males both and being less concerned with viewing themselves as separate individuals and more concerned with making connections however later research was found the females are more interdependent than males

Found that sensitive, responsible mothers had infants who inhibited secure attachment. Insensitive, unresponsive mothers often have infants who were insecurely attached

Studied the attachment process called imprinting by observing ducklings

Lev Vygotsky

indicated that children with the highest self-esteem, self resilience, and social competence usually have warm, concerned, authoritative parents

Emphasized have a child’s mind grows through interaction with the social environment

Proposed three basic levels of moral thinking: pre-conventional, conventional, and post conventional.

Erik Erikson

Contended that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task, crisis that needs resolution

Concluded that even chance events can have lasting significance, by deflecting us down one road rather than another

emphasized have a child’s mind grows through interaction with the social environment

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