Ebalvrot
Understanding Scientific Theories and Ethics Quiz
Test your knowledge on key concepts of scientific theories, ethical frameworks, and data protection regulations. This quiz covers a range of topics including positivism, deductive and inductive reasoning, ethical dilemmas, and GDPR rights.
Join to discover:
- Core principles of scientific inquiry
- The implications of ethical theories
- Understanding data privacy under GDPR
What is the problem of demarcation?
It is the problem of distinguishing between science and non-science
It is the problem of distinguishing between induction and deduction
It is the problem of comparing two paradigms.
It is the problem of how to limit the range/area of scientific research.
Its the problem of choosing the right method(s) with regard to the research paradigm.
What is the problem of induction?
That it is not possible to find a neutral point from where to judge which of two paradigms are right.
That even if all our observations/experiments have shown the same, we cant be sure that the next Observation/experiment will show the same
That science is not cumulative (as the classical positivist thought).
That we can't understand the parts without understanding the whole and we cant understand the whole without understanding the parts.
That we cant trust our senses because they can mislead us
What characterizes deductive arguments?
The conclusion follows logically from the premises
They are always true
They can only support the conclusion by probability
They infer to the best explanation possible
None of the above
What characterizes inductive arguments?
The conclusion follows logically from the premises
They are always true
They can only support the conclusion by some probability
An inductive argument is the use of collected instances of evidence of something specific to support a general conclusion.”
They can only be used in scientific contexts
None of the above is corect.
What does it mean that science is cumulative?
That science should be based on mathematical principles
That scientific theories can supplement each other
That two paradigms can't be compared
That science only deals with what can be measured and counted.
That science over time provides better and better explanations of what can be observed
What role does verification play in positivism?
Verification plays the role of demarcation in positivism meaning that theories must be deductively proved in order to be scientific
Verification plays the role of inferring from induction to deduction meaning that verification is explaining the world as it really is
Verification plays the role of demarcation in positivism meaning that theories must be verifiable to be Scientific.
Verification plays the role of determine whether or not obsenvations can be trusted.
Verification plays the role of normal science in positivism.
Logical positiveism - can be directly observed or logic proof
How does science progress according to Popper
By shifting to a new paradigm that can better explain the observations
By learning from the flaws of older falsified theories, science put forth better and better new theories
Science does not progress cumulative but merely change its worldview as there are no objective data.
By verifying that new theories are true, science learns more and more about the world
By learning from theories that are venfied science can falsify wrong theories and make new and better Theories
What is positivism?
-The idea that all scientific problems can be reduced to logics and math.
The idea that all scientific inquires should be based only on what can be observed and that non- observable entities can never be the object of science.
A development of positivism as a rational deductive correction to the historical approach of Comte.
-A development of positivism emphasizing that all statements must have a metaphysical foundation.
The idea that logics should replace induction as the way of gaining scientific insight.
What is falsification?
-The process of testing whether collected data is objective or subjective.
The ldea that observaions can never prove a (true) theory but observations can falsify a wrong one.
The process of finding contradictions and errors in deductive arguments.
The idea that we cannot trust observations because they might be wrong or biased.
The idea that pseudo-science can (and should) be falsified and that real science is not falsifable
What is, according to Popper, a pseudo-science
Pseudo-science is characterized by the fact that it theories are falsified.
Pseudo-science is characterized by only using inductive arguments.
Pseudo-science is scientific hypotheses that are not yet matured as theories.
Pseudo-science is social sciences such as economic, psychology and anthropology.
Pseudo-science is characterized by the fact that its theories cannot be falsified
What is a paradigm according to Kuhn?
A paradigm is a philosophical school of thought.
A paradigm is a set of verified theories.
A paradigm is the philosophical way of characterizing a scientific theory.
A paradigm is a research method.
A paradigm is a worldview shared by a scientific community.
What is normal science in Kuhn’s terminology?
It is how science is carried out within positivism.
It is science that can be falsified.
It is how science is caried out within a commonly accepted paradigm.
It is science that is not built on theory laden data.
It is real science in contrast to pseudo-science.
Why do the sciences enter a crisis according to Kuhn?
Because there is no longer a philosophical foundations of the current paradigm.
Because the theory-ladenness of a paradigm becormes too high.
Because the level of pseudo-science becomes too high.
Because the anomalies cannot be explained or excused any longer.
Because there exists an incommensurability between two paradigms.
How do the different paradigms relate to one another according to Thomas Kuhn?
Two paradigms can only be compared if it is possible to falsity them.
New paradigms are built on older ones in a cumulative process.
No paradigms cannot be compared and one cannot be said to be more true than anotner.
Paradigms relate to each other in a contemplative way meaning that science will use one paradigm to explain one set of observations and another paradigm to explain another set of observations
New and better paradigms that are more true replace older, less true paradigms
What is classified as personal data under GDPR?
Data is "personal" only when it is processed, not when it is collected
Data is "personal" if it contains information that identifies the Data Subject
Data is "personal" when it is stored by the Data Controller for more than 6 months.
Data is "personal" when consent was not given by the Data Subject
Data is "personal" when it is collected by Data Subject
What are the six new and enhanced rights individual has gained under GDPR?
Right to be informed (right to be informed about how companies collect and use their personal data, how long they plan to keep that data, and who they’ll share it with.
Right to access (info if data is processed, the purpose, data types, period of storage)
Right to rectification (correction of data)
Right to erasure (to be forgotten)
Right to restrict processing (if data not correct, the processing is illegal, not needed anymore)
Right to data portability (download personal data)
Right to object (if an organization uses personal data for direct marketing, scientific and historical research, or to perform a task in the public interest)
The right to not be subject to automated decision making
Who are the stakeholders of GDPR? (made by EU parliament and council of eu)
Data Subject
Data Controller
Joint Controllers- Two or more controllers who jointly determine the purposes and methods of processing data.
Data Processor
Data Sub-Processor- A third party individual or business which performs data processing for other companies, and is accountable for the data processed
Data Authority- Public authorities who monitor the application of GDPR.
DPO
What does the Categorical Imperative state?
Only act in such a way that the reason can be justified to God.
Only act in such a way that the action can be justified at any time given the situation while disregarding potential consequences.
Only act in such a way that the outcome will achieve the greatest level of happiness for yourself and others.
Only act according to juridical law.
Only act in such a way that achieve the greatest level of fairness.
What is Utilitarianism?
A belief that you should act in such ways, that you get most work done out of your time spent.
A belief that you should act in such ways, that it could be made into universal rules, like how the laws of physics work.
A belief that you should act in such ways, that it promotes the right of the individual and limits the power/control of authorities.
A belief that you should act in such ways, that everybody has equal right and access to resources and personal growth.
A belief that you should act in such ways, that the outcomes will achieve the greatest level of happiness for yourself and others.
What is an ethical dilemma?
A situation in which a choice has to be made between mutually exctusive alternatives with moral norms supporting each.
A situation where you are being forced to do one or more actions that you find morally wrong.
A situation in which a choice has to be made that you feel violates juridical law.
A situation in which a choice has to be made between alternatives with no justification in socially accepted moral norms.
A situation in which a choice has to be made between alternatives that all have the same consequence.
What is Paternalism?
A belief that you should allow other people to decide and act on their own, regardless of the consequences it might have for them.
A belief that you should act in the best interest of other people by promoting them good or preventing them harm.
A belief that you should aim at achieving the highest level of fairness by providing equality and equity to other people.
A belief that you should act with the highest level of transparency, so other people can be informed.
A belief that parents should take on the responsibility of their children, and be held accountable for their upbringing
Which values are most commonly associated to engineers?
Self-direction and Achievement
Benevolence and Universalism
Hedonism and benevolence
Conformity and universalism
None of the above
All of the above
The typical role of an engineer in the workplace includes
Project management responsibilities
Management of day-to-day operations
Providing expertise knowledge
All of the above
None of the above
In a Danish study on transition from studies to industry – what was unexpected for engineering graduates?
How important the competences within current social topics are for an engineer
How important the competences within problem solving are for an engineer
How important the competences within communication are for an engineer
How important the competences within mathematics are for an engineer
Why is it difficult for engineering graduates to apply business-oriented competences in the workplace?
The graduates have learned the relevant competences as tacit knowledge
The graduates have never heard about any of these competences
The graduates don't believe any of these competences are important
The graduates are not suited for applying any of these competences
In a US study on a culture of social disengagement in engineering, it was found that…
When students perceive a cultural emphasis on ethical and social issues in their Engineering Departments, they are more likely to believe that public welfare measures are important
When students perceive that ethical and social issues are de-emphasized in their Engineering Programme, their valuation of public welfare beliefs is low
When students perceive a cultural emphasis on the policy implications of engineering, they are more likely to find their professional/ethical responsibilities important and to want to understand the consequences of technology
All of the above
None of the above
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