Topic 4 - 5

Are the things that appear to us in this world.

They are the objects we try to figure out.

The state of things as they actually exist.

Situation that is observed to exist or happen.

The object of a person's perception

What the senses or the mind notice.

Observation through experiments and calculations are the data used to arrive at conclusion.

Specific phenomenon to be understood is isolated to yield valuable information.

Narrows its analysis in order to know something.

Uses phenomenon or raw experience to form the basis for truth.

Phenomenon is studied, not by isolating it from others but by examining the relaions it has with other phenomena.

Broadens its analysis to arrive at wisdom and truth.

Sense experience is the ultimate starting point for all our knowledge.

The ultimate starting point for all knowledge is not the senses but reason.

Rationalism functions on three key principles that work to find the truth.

Is the application of concrete principles to draw a conclusion.

Is the concept that we're born with fundamental truths or experiences left over from another life that we're born with.

Uses logic to determine a conclusion.

Can use multiple methods to determine the truth, and the emphasis is on finding the truth, not on the method.

States that experimentation and sensory experience is the major source of knowledge.

Regards reasons and logic as the main source of knowledge.

They believe in the reasoning behind things and reality, believe logic and reason will explain the world’s reality. Believe that they are independent of sensory experience.

believe that experience, and memory develops the person and his morals, They also believe that evidence, any kind of proof which is found by experiment, can reveal the world’s reality, rather than some reason and logic.

Rationalism and Empiricism are used under the term epistemology, which is a branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge.

A branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge. (starts with e logy)

These ideas are either simple or complex and make use of the five senses (touch, taste, smell, sound and sight). Simple ideas are those that use only one of the five senses to establish perception.

- Empiricists reject the notion of _____. A popular term associated with this came from John Locke, who believed that the mind was a blank slate or tabula rasa.

is the most crucial principle to empiricism, similar to how crucial reason is to rationalists, is the belief that very little can be proven conclusively, especially without experience

An example of Induction is - . Since there is no one in the forest to experience the sound of a tree falling, then it can't be determined as truth that it makes a sound.

A personal claim, belief, or a personal stance on a particular subject matter. ( starts with O )

Has objective content and is well-supported by the available evidence.

Is one whose content is either subjective or not well supported by the available evidence.

Refers to what a person thinks about something but is lacking evidence.

We must note that not all those who claim that they are telling the truth are revealing the truth.

Is neither an opinion nor a fact. It is universal, undisputed, verified through facts, and even transcendent, beyond a reasonable doubt. (starts with T )

Truth does not change; an opinion, however, usually changes through time.

The truth will always be true no matter what a person thinks and speak.

The truth remains, no matter how convincing an opinion is.

Facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education.

Episteme in Greek

A view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge.

Doxa in Greek

Branch of Philosophy concerned with the theory of knowledge. Studies the nature of knowledge, justification, and the rationality of belief. Devoted specifically to the problem of knowledge (starts with e -- logy)

Not Every person has a set of beliefs or opinions.

Every person is entitled to his or her opinion.

We expect people to respect our beliefs.

Opinions would not count as knowledge unless they pass a test of verification or confirmation

______ beings are held responsible for their thoughts in the same way that they are for their actions. (starts with r --- nal)

This dialectic is instrumental in drawing out assumptions, inconsistencies and citing

€¢ is a type of reasoning developed by Aristotle. ( Starts with S )

Gets more specific

A very general statement

Father of Modern Philosophy.

- means cannot be doubted; patently evident or certain; unquestionable.

Clear and distinct ideas alone can become the foundation of all knowledge.

Statements that are false, doubtful or uncertain can be used as basis for knowledge.

Is a statement about an actual thing that exists and can be proven true or false, observed, or measured.

Is a statement about an attitude or personal belief, It cannot be proven or certain.

Philosophy is concerned with determining truth since it lies at the heart of any inquiry.

Are statements that are observed to the real of truthful.

Are statements that require further examination to determine their truthfulness.

Are comprised of statements which not only give facts but also provide conclusions or perspectives regarding certain situations.

Are a series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful.

Can help us examine various views on relevant issues in our lives.

Opinions are often influenced by bias.