Cyto exam g-version

Totipotent cell give rise to?

All pluripotent cells

Embryo cell

Placenta cell

Phagocytosis:

Acossiated with liquid

Solid matter

Similar/same as endocytosis

Occurs when the dissolved materials enter the cell

What is true regarding Histological preparation?

An instrument that cuts thin slices of paraffin block containing tissue, is named cryostat

Fixation avoids tissue autolysis

The most often used fixative in light microscopy formalin

Xylene is totally miscible with both the dehydrating fluid and embedding medium.

Stains:

Iron Hematoxylin stains type 1 collagen pink

The most common used staining is H&E

Elastic fibers are visible in H&E slides

PAS technique is used to demonstarte basement membrane

Elastic fibers are visible in orcein & resorcin fuchsin

Microscope:

Condenser collects and focuses light

The quality of magnification depends on quality of lens

Optical part of microscope includes:

Condenser

Objective lens

Ocular lens/eyepiece

Phagocytosis:

The phagosomes fuse with lysosomes, producing phagolysosomes

Its main role is to eliminate aged or damaged cells from the body

Is associated with primarily two types of white blood cells, macrophages and neutrophils

Its main role is to provide defense against invading microorganisms

P53 protein:

Is known as "tumor suppressor"

Is antioxidant

It can initiate apoptosis

Cadherins:

Are present in ZONULA and MACULA ADHERENS- between cytoplasmic plaques

Are calcium independent

Are expressed on almost every cell

Are calcium dependent

What is true about Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAM)

The Downs syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM), belonges to the immunoglobulin superfamily

Immunoglobulin superfamily is involved in homing process during inflammation

Is calcium independent

Is calcium dependent

What is true about stem cells?

Morphology similar to lymphocytes - a large nucleus and a small helix of the cytoplasm

In many tissues and organs, they reside in special places called niches

They are found in tissue in the postnatal life

They can not differentiate into multiple cell lines

Interstine stem cells:

They are located in the crypt above the Paneth cells

Crypt cells regulate the continuous exchange of differentiated cells

Niche homeostasis is maintained by crypt endothelial cells

Is only made up of crypt cells

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

Process of localising proteins by antibodies

On step reaction is labelled primary antibody

Two step reaction is the indirect method(primary + secondary antibody)

Cell signaling:

Endocrine signaling is longe distance signaling (through blood stream)

Juxtracrine singnaling requires physical contact between the cells (cell surface)

Paracrine signaling means that signal molecule is released into the extracellular matrix (short distance)

Interleukine 1 by monocyte is an example of autocrine signaling

Blood testis barrier:

Control of adluminal environment

Prevention against generation of autoimmune response

Determining the osmotic gradient of the tubular fluid

Are specialized junctions between sertoli cells

Capillary blood-vessel wall

Second brain of gut p(ENs)

Enteric nervous system communicates with CNS

Include efferent and afferent neurons

Brain-gut axis (=communications network between ENS and CNS

Factors like gut lipoplysaccharides

Gut microbiome influence through the:

Function of microbiome:

Digestion of polysaccharides

Development of the immune system

Defence against infections

Regulation of angiogenesis

Production of esssential proteins that our genes do not encode

Cyto exam g-version

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