Histology
Adrenal and Gastrointestinal Histology Quiz
Test your knowledge on the intricate structures and fun
Prepare yourself by reviewing the following key areas:
- Adrenal gland anatomy and physiology
- Oral cavity structures and fun
ctions - Tooth development and components
- Gastric and intestinal histology
- Lipid absorption mechanisms
- Histological features of the liver
. Each of the following statements concerning the adrenal medulla is true, EXCEPT:
Its secretion is modulated by ACTH
€“ originates from the neural crest;
Secretes norepinephrine and epinephrine
Ts chromaffin cells are modified neurons
Contains sinusoidal blood capillaries and large veins
Each of the following statements concerning the adrenal cortex is true, EXCEPT
Secretes steroid hormones
Consists of epithelial cells
arises from the mesoderm
Secretes catecholamines
Is divided into three zones: glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis
Each of the following statements concerning the adrenal cortex zona glomerulosa is true, EXCEPT
Lies beneath the capsule
Its cells are arranged in the ovoid clusters surrounded by fenestrated capillaries
Its cells secrete mineralocorticoids, primarily aldosterone
Is controlled by ACTH
Is under feedback control of the renin-angiotensin system
Each of the following statements concerning the adrenal cortex zona fasciculata is true, EXCEPT
€“ its cells are arranged in the straight cords
€“ contains narrow continuous capillaries
€“ its cell cytoplasm is rich in lipid droplets containing steroid hormone precursors
Secretes glucocorticoids, primarily cortisol
Is controlled by ACTH
Each of the following statements concerning the alimentary canal mucosa is true, EXCEPT
Is a barrier separating the tract lumen from the body
Secretes digestive enzymes, hormones, mucus, and antibodies into the lumen
Selectively absorbs digested products
€“ lacks diffuse lymphatic tissue and lymphatic nodules
May contain glands
Each of the following statements concerning the muscularis externa of the alimentary canal is true, EXCEPT
Usually consists of three layers
Its muscle contractions produce peristalsis
The myenteric nerve plexus is present between muscle layers
Circular muscles form sphincters along the tract
Its contraction moves the contents along the tract
Each of the following statements concerning the structure of the oral cavity organs is true, EXCEPT
Mucosa is covered with stratified epithelium
Epithelium is partially keratinized
Mucosa possesses the muscularis mucosae;
Submucosa is absent at many sites
The organs contain striated muscles
Each of the following statements concerning the tooth is true, EXCEPT
Consists of three parts: the crown, neck, and root
Enamel covers all the tooth parts
Dentin is the principal tooth substance
The root is covered with cementum
Contains the pulp chamber
Each of the following statements concerning the tooth pulp is true, EXCEPT
Is filled with connective tissue
Contains blood vessels and nerves
The narrow canal extends from the pulp outside
The blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the pulp through the tooth canal
Is lined with cementum
Each of the following statements concerning the tooth development is true, EXCEPT
The enamel organ cells induce odontoblast formation
Odontoblasts arise from the outer enamel epithelium
Odontoblasts produce dentin
Ameloblasts arise from the inner enamel epithelium
Ameloblasts deposit enamel on the dentinal surface
Each of the following statements concerning the tooth development is true, EXCEPT
Odontoblasts produce predentin
Predentin calcifies to become dentin
Dentin appears first, enamel and cementum are secreted later
The dental pulp arises from the enamel organ pulp
Cementum is secreted by cementocytes
Each of the following statements concerning the myoepithelial cells is true, EXCEPT
Are contractile cells
Are located only in the salivary gland acini
Possess numerous processes
Lie between the basal lamina and epithelial cells
Provide secretion discharge towards ducts
Each of the following statements concerning the intercalated ducts of the salivary glands is true, EXCEPT
Are lined with columnar cells possessing basal striations
Secrete bicarbonate ions into the acinar product
Absorb chloride ions from the acinar product
Are most prominent in serous salivary glands
Are short and difficult to identify in mucus salivary glands
Each of the following statements concerning the esophageal glands is true, EXCEPT
Esophageal glands proper occur in the submucosa
Esophageal glands proper are compound tubuloalveolar ones
Produce serous secretion
Esophageal cardiac glands occur in the mucosal lamina propria
Esophageal cardiac glands are present in the proximal and terminal portions of the organ
Each of the following statements concerning the esophageal muscularis externa is true, EXCEPT
Consists of two muscle layers
Contains striated muscles in the upper third
Contains striated and smooth muscles in the middle third
Contains only smooth muscles in the distal third;
€“ lacks myenteric plexus
Each of the following statements concerning the gastric mucosa is true, EXCEPT
Gastric pits form its microrelief
Is covered with simple columnar mucous epithelium
Possesses its own nerve plexus
Its lamina propria contains simple tubular glands
Its muscularis mucosae consists of three muscle layers
Each of the following statements concerning the gastric fundic glands is true, EXCEPT
Occur in the submucosa
Are simple tubular and slightly branched
secrete gastric juice
Consist of five cell types
Open into gastric pits
The gastric fundic glands consist of the following cells, EXCEPT
Chief cells
Parietal cells
Mucous neck cells
Enteroendocrine cells
Goblet cells
Each of the following statements concerning the parietal cells of the gastric glands is true, EXCEPT
€“ secrete hydrochloric acid
€“ secrete pepsinogen
Their activity is stimulated by gastrin, histamine, and acetylcholine
Secrete an intrinsic factor
their intrinsic factor is essential for vitamin B12 absorption
Each of the following statements concerning the pyloric region of the stomach is true, EXCEPT
Pyloric gastric pits are deep and occupy about half of the mucosa thickness
Pyloric glands are tubular branched
Mucous cells are predominant in pyloric glands
Pyloric glands contain parietal cells
Its muscularis externa is very thick
Each of the following statements concerning the undifferentiated cells of the gastric glands is true, EXCEPT
Are located mainly in the neck region of the glands
Are absent in the pyloric glands
Give rise to all glandular cell types
Serve for renewal of gastric surface epithelium
Their descendants migrate upwards along the pit and are shed at the luminal surface
Each of the following statements concerning the intestinal villus is true, EXCEPT
Its core consists of connective tissue
Contains fenestrated sinusoidal blood capillaries
Contains a blind-ending lymphatic capillary called the lacteal
€“ smooth muscle cells derived from muscularis mucosae extend to the villus and accompany the lactea
€“ lacks the covering epithelium
Each of the following statements concerning the enterocytes of the small intestine epithelium is true, EXCEPT
Are tall columnar
Lack microvilli
Are specialized for absorption and transport of substances from the gut lumen to circulation
Enterocyte junctions establish a barrier between the lumen and the intercellular compartment
Produce enzymes needed for terminal digestion and absorption
Each of the following statements concerning the lipid absorption in the small intestine is true, EXCEPT
€“ enterocytes absorb fatty acids and glycerol from the lumen
Enterocytes resynthesize neutral fat
neutral fat is transported into the lacteal
Neutral fat is transported into the blood capillaries
contractions of the villus muscle cells drive away chyle from the lacteal
Each of the following statements concerning the Paneth cells of the small intestine mucosa is true, EXCEPT
Are located in villus epithelium
Have large acidophilic apical granules
Their granules contain the antibacterial enzyme lysozyme
€“ their lysozyme digests cell walls of certain bacteria
Take part in regulation of normal intestinal bacterial flora
Each of the following statements concerning the renewal of the intestinal epithelium is true, EXCEPT
All mature cells arise from the common stem (intermediate) cells
Intermediate cells are located in the lower half of crypts
Epithelial cells, except Paneth cells, migrate from crypts onto villi
Paneth cells are stem cells for intestinal epithelium
Mature cells are shed at tops of villi
The distinctive feature of the duodenum is the presence of
Lymphatic nodules
Pejer’s patches
Mucosal villi;
Mucosal crypts
Submucosal glands
Each of the following statements concerning the large intestine mucosa is true, EXCEPT
Contains numerous crypts
Forms villi
€“ its surface epithelium is the same as that of the small intestine
Goblet cells are more numerous in its epithelium than in the small intestine
Paneth cells are normally absent in its crypts
Each of the following statements concerning the classic hepatic lobule is true, EXCEPT
€“ is a hexagonal block of tissue
Triads are at its angles
The sublobular vein is its centre
Cell plates radiate from its centre to the periphery
Sinusoids carry blood from the periphery to the centre
Each of the following statements concerning the hepatic sinusoids is true, EXCEPT
Arise from roundlobular arteries and roundlobular veins
Perfuse cells with mixed portal and arterial blood
Carry blood into the central veins
Are the parts of hepatic plates
Are surrounded by the space of Disse
Each of the following statements concerning the portal area (the triad) is true, EXCEPT
Includes the central vein from the hepatic vein system
Includes the interlobular bile duct
Includes the interlobular vein from the portal vein system
– includes the interlobular artery from the hepatic artery system
€“ is surrounded by a small amount of loose connective tissue
The central vein and the sublobular vein of the liver have common features, EXCEPT
€“ belong to the hepatic vein system
€“ have equal diameters and wall thickness
Are fibre type veins
Are solitary veins (travel alone)
Carry blood away from the liver
Each of the following statements concerning the hepatocytes is true, EXCEPT
Are large polygonal cells
€“ have one or two nuclei with well-developed nucleoli
Many of them are tetraploid
Are not capable of regeneration when the liver substance is lost
Are arranged in plates
Each of the following statements concerning the hepatocyte organelles is true, EXCEPT
Golgi apparatus and lysosomes are absent
SER is involved in the degradation of toxins and drugs, the synthesis of cholesterol and lipids
Peroxisomes are involved in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide and in alcohol metabolism
RER is involved in protein synthesis
Numerous mitochondria reflect the high energy requirement
Each of the following statements concerning the bile canaliculi is true, EXCEPT
Are intercellular gaps between the hepatocytes within the plates
Drain bile into the roundlobular and interlobular ducts
Have their own walls
hepatocyte microvilli project into their lumen
Are isolated from the intercellular compartment by tight junctions
Each of the following statements concerning the perisinusoidal space of Disse is true, EXCEPT
€“ lies between the hepatocyte basal surfaces and the endothelial cell basal surfaces
Contains few reticular fibres
Hepatocyte microvilli project into this space
Fetal hemopoiesis occurs here
Is the site of exchange between bile and hepatocytes
Each of the following statements concerning the exocrine part of pancreas is true, EXCEPT
Is a compound branched acinar gland
Produces pancreatic juice
€“ its acini secrete digestive enzymes: trypsin, amylase, and lipase
Its intercalated ducts secrete fluid rich in sodium and bicarbonate
Its secretion enters the stomach
Each of the following statements concerning the pancreatic acini is true, EXCEPT
Consist of pyramidal serous cells
€“ basal portions of cells are acidophilic
The cell basal cytoplasm abounds in rER
Apical portions of cells are acidophilic
the cell apical cytoplasm contains zymogen (secretory) granules
Each of the following statements concerning the pancreatic islets is true, EXCEPT
Are scattered throughout the organ
€“ are more numerous in the pancreas tail
Contain five types of endocrine cells
€“ lack blood capillaries
Autonomic nerves are in contact with endocrine cells and influence the hormone secretion.
Each of the following statements concerning the kidney functions is true, EXCEPT
€“ produce the urine
Conserve water, essential electrolytes, and metabolites
Secrete angiotensin
Remove waste products of metabolism from body
Secrete erythropoietin and renin
The following structures are located in, and make up, the kidney cortex, EXCEPT
€“ renal corpuscles
Transitional epithelium
Proximal convoluted tubules
Distal convoluted tubules
Medullary rays
Each of the following statements concerning the nephrons is true, EXCEPT
Are functional units of the kidney
Have the renal capsules
Include the proximal and distal convoluted tubules
Include the descending and ascending parts of the loop of Henle
Empty into the minor calyx
Each of the following statements concerning the renal corpuscles is true, EXCEPT
Include the double-layered renal capsule
€“ the capsular parietal layer consists of flat cells and surrounds the capsular space
The capsular visceral layer consists of podocytes and surrounds the capillary glomerulus
The glomerulus contains continuous- type capillaries
The site where afferent and efferent arterioles penetrate the capsule is the corpuscle vascular pole
Each of the following statements concerning the renal filtration barrier is true, EXCEPT
Includes the capsular parietal layer
Includes the endothelium of glomerular capillaries
The glomerular basement membrane is the principal barrier component
The glomerular basement membrane consists of three layers
The lamina densa of the glomerular basement membrane contains collagen network and acts as a physical filter
Each of the following statements concerning the renal proximal convoluted tubules is true, EXCEPT
Are more tortuous and longer than the distal convoluted tubules
Possess cuboidal cells specialized for absorption and fluid transport
Lack the brush border and basal striations
Reabsorb 80% of primary filtrate
Reabsorb amino acids, sugars, and other organic substances
Each of the following statements concerning the renal distal convoluted tubules is true, EXCEPT
Have cuboidal cells with basal striation
Their epithelial cells possess the brush border
€“ reabsorb Na+ under aldosterone control
Reabsorb water under ADH regulation
Are less tortuous and shorter than the proximal convoluted tubules
Each of the following statements concerning the renal collecting tubules is true, EXCEPT
Are lined with the cuboidal or low columnar epithelium
Their epithelium includes dark and light cells
Water permeability of their epithelium is regulated by ADH
Their cells possess the brush border
€“ their dark cells secrete hydrogen ions into the urine creating its acid reaction
Each of the following statements concerning the renal macula densa is true, EXCEPT
Is formed in the distal convoluted tubule at the site of tubule contact with the vascular pole of its parent renal corpuscle
€“ is located between afferent and efferent arterioles
Its epithelial cells become higher and narrower, their nuclei appear crowded
Its cells control NaCl concentration in the urine and regulate renin release
€“ its cells produce renin
Each of the following statements concerning the renal juxtaglomerular cells is true, EXCEPT
Are modified smooth muscle cells
Are located in afferent and sometimes in efferent arterioles
Contain secretory granules
Are chemoreceptors and control the blood concentration of NaCl
synthesize, store, and release renin
Each of the following statements concerning the transitional epithelium is true, EXCEPT
Lines the mucosa of all excretory passages
Its surface cells are dome-shaped and bulge into the lumen
Is highly permeable for salts and water
Consists of 5 or 6 layers in unstretched condition
Consists of 2 or 3 layers in stretched condition
Each of the following statements concerning the juxtamedullary nephrons is true, EXCEPT
Are the principal nephrons producing the urine
The diameters of their afferent and efferent arterioles are equal
Their vasa recta have arteriovenous anastomosis
Their corpuscles are in proximity to the base of medullary pyramids
€“ serve for the blood passage during exercise
Spermatogenesis takes place in the following tubules
Straight tubules
Rete testis
Seminiferous tubules
Ductuli efferentes
Ductus deferens
Each of the following statements concerning the spermatogenetic stage of proliferation is true, EXCEPT
Stem cells divide to give rise to two daughter cells: one remains as a stem cell, the other is committed spermatogonium
Stem cells undergo meiotic divisions
Committed spermatogonia undergo several successive divisions to increase their number
The daughter cells of committed spermatogonium remain connected by cytoplasmic bridges
Offspring of a stem cell is united to form the syncytium
The following events take place at the spermatogenetic stage of growth
Mitotic division of primary spermatocytes
Meiotic division of secondary spermatocytes
Mitotic division of spermatogonia
Meiotic division of spermatogonia
Prophase of the first meiotic division
The following transformations of the spermatid take place in spermiogenesis (stage of formation), EXCEPT
The nucleus becomes decondensed
Golgi complex produces an acrosomal granule that is converted to an acrosome
Mitochondria form the helical sheath round the axonemal complex;
The distal centriole initiates formation of the axonemal complex, the proximal centriole remains near the nucleus
Residual cytoplasm is lost
Each of the following statements concerning the testicular myoid cells is true, EXCEPT
Their cytoplasm is rich in myofilaments
Are surrounded by the basal laminae
Their rhythmic contractions create peristaltic waves of the seminiferous tubules
Are not capable of collagen synthesis
Are involved in selective transport into and out of the seminiferous tubules
Each of the following statements concerning the testicular Sertoli cells is true, EXCEPT
Their basal portions rest on the basal lamina
Their apical portions have processes extending into the tubule lumen
Possess centrioles and are capable of division
Their plasma membranes have receptors for FSH and testosterone
their cytoplasm is rich in organelles and inclusions
Each of the following statements concerning the testicular Sertoli cell functions is true, EXCEPT
Support spermatogenic cells
Provide the exchange of substances between spermatogenic cells and blood
Eliminate residual bodies and abnormal sperms
Secrete testicular fluid, ABP, and inhibin
provide peristaltic contractions of the seminiferous tubules
Each of the following statements concerning the compartmentalization of the seminiferous tubules is true, EXCEPT
Sertoli-Sertoli tight junctions establish basal and luminal compartments
Spermatogonia are in the basal compartment
Spermatocytes and spermatids are in the luminal compartment
Meiosis and spermiogenesis occur in the basal compartment;
€“ primary spermatocytes pass from the basal compartment to the lumenal one due to the formation of a new transitional compartment
Each of the following statements concerning the testicular Leydig cells is true, EXCEPT
Are parts of the seminiferous epithelium
Their cytoplasm is rich in sER, Golgi complex, vesicular mitochondria, and lipid droplets
Produce androgens, mainly testosterone
Their plasma membranes possess receptors for LH and estrogens
Primarily release the hormone into testicular lymph
The following structures constitute the blood-testis barrier. Choose the firmest structures providing the immune isolation
Capillary wall
Connective tissue
Lymphatic sinusoid
Sertoli-Sertoli tight junctions
The tunica propria of seminiferous tubules
Each of the following statements concerning the hormonal regulation of the testis is true, EXCEPT
FSH effects on the Sertoli cells and they produce ABP in testicular fluid
LH effects on the Leydig cells and they secrete testosterone
ABP concentrates testosterone within the tubules to regulate sperm maturation
Inhibin from Sertoli cells provides feedback with LH
Testosterone is involved in feedback loop regulating LH production
Each of the following statements concerning the epididymis is true, EXCEPT
Has the head, body, and tail
Sperm maturation in it is not androgen-dependent
Sperms acquire motility passing through it
Its epithelial cells secrete glycoproteins that are added to the sperm glycocalyx preventing from premature acrosomal reaction
Smooth muscle coat of the ductus epididymis increases in thickness and becomes threelayered in the tail
Each of the following statements concerning the prostate gland is true, EXCEPT
Surrounds the ejaculatory duct
Its glands are mucosal, submucosal, and periphera
the glandular epithelium depends on testosterone
The glands are surrounded by connective tissue with bundles of smooth muscle cells
€“ its alveoli often contain concretions, especially in elderly males
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