Dental Hygiene Midterm Exam Review
Dental Hygiene Midterm Exam Review
Prepare yourself for your upcoming midterm with our comprehensive quiz focused on dental hygiene research and practice. This quiz will test your knowledge on key concepts, methodologies, and the importance of evidence-based practice in the field.
- Multiple choice questions
- Covers fundamental topics in dental hygiene
- Perfect for students and professionals looking to refresh their knowledge
The purpose of dental hygiene research is to ________.
Establish that anecdotal recommendations are preferred methods of treatment
Prove that all patients are universally the same and need the same universal treatment methods
Justify things like making sure plaque is removed prior to fluoride application
Establish a scientifically based standard of care for dental hygiene practice
Who is the founder of dental hygiene?
Irene Newman
Alfred Fones
Jack Orio
Christine Nathe
Which is NOT an attribute of Scholarly Identity?
Gives little regard to the work of other dental hygiene scholars and disciplines
Disseminates the findings of one's work through scientific publication
Has a sense of dental hygiene discipline as a whole
Uses evidence to support one's viewpoint
Which of the following is NOT part of the Research Methodology Analogy?
Takes survey/makes observation about a population
Conducts literature review
Develops research question or hypothesis
Determines treatment plan
Obtains informed consent
What is the first step of the scientific method?
Form an educated guess (hypothesis)
Perform an experiment
Name the problem or question
Conduct the research
If dental hygiene is to evolve as a specific scientific discipline, ________.
Focus must be placed on being a field of study with a discipline interest
We must compile information from many disciplines and adapt it for a complete dental hygiene base
A research base solely generated by the profession must be established
We must ensure that all dental hygienists lobby for higher pay and more jobs
Evidence-based practice takes into account which preferences?
Local government
Patient
Nonclinical
Experimental approaches
None of these
Which source provides funding for the educational and research activities of dental hygienists?
ADHA Institute of Oral Health
Local businesses
Chip
Medicaid
Evidence-Based Practice means ________.
Using known methods and anecdotes
Using known methods with predictable results and scientific method
Using known methods with unpredictable results and scientific method.
Using known methods with predictable results, anecdotes, and scientific method.
Which of the following is true regarding the need for evidence-based practice?
The rate of published research increases yearly.
Patients are becoming less sophisticated about searching the internet for health information
Clinicians are consistently knowledgeable about new therapies
The gap in knowledge of up-to-date care narrows the longer that clinicians have been out of school
Which of the following is not considered an accurate database for locating biomedical information?
Medline
Cochrane Library
ADA's EBD website
Wikipedia
In which step in the systematic approach to evidence-based dental hygiene practice would you decide whether additional research strategies and information are needed?
Evaluate outcomes.
Apply evidence.
Determine the clinical issue.
Conduct a search for evidence.
In which step in the systematic approach to evidence-based dental hygiene practice would you evaluate the validity of a study?
Evaluate patient outcomes.
Apply evidence.
Develop a researchable question.
Analyze evidence.
You are interested in researching the effects of pregnancy on dental hygiene. Which component of a good, researchable question does the issue of pregnancy relate to?
Outcome
Intervention
Comparison
Patient problem or population
The "I" in the acronym PICO (which indicates key oarts of the researchable question) stands for which of the following?
Intervention
Internet
Institution
Instinct
Validity is the ability to measure what was intended.
True
False
What is the first step in the systematic approach to evidence-based dental hygiene practice?
Develop a researchable question
Apply evidence
Determine the clinical issue
Evaluate patient outcomes
Whether a source provides reference citations is a good indicator of which aspect of content analysis?
Accuracy
Objectivity
Relevancy
Quality control
A dental hygienist quickly recognizes that the bleeding from a patient's gums is a symptom of a lack of regular flossing. The determination is an example of which component of evidence-based decision-making process?
Scientific evidence
Patient preferences or values
Clinician's experience and judgement
Clinical/patient circumstances
Which of the following is true of search engines?
Google searches provides only accurate and unbiased sources
PubMed provides access of scholarly articles in biomedical journals
Government agencies and independent organizations cannot be accessed by online search engines
Wikipedia is a search engine devoted to a specific professional literature database
Which type of publication is good as a background resource but becomes outdated quickly?
Professional journal
Textbook
Magazine
Peer-reviewed publication
Which one of the following online resources is not considered valid and reliable?
Online professional journals
Dental hygiene comments on blogs
Educational websites
Government-published guidelines
Which of the following describes the quantitative research approach?
The results are reported using narrative
It is subjective
It uses numbers only to report demographic information
Data can be counted and analyzed by descriptive or inferential statistics
What is a body of techniques that uses observation, reason, and experimentation to further evidence?
Science measurement
Scientific method
Evidence-based method
Retroactive method
None of the above
Why is dental hygiene research important?
To improve the public's oral health
To advance and promote the profession of dental hygiene
To continue advancing practice
All of these
All of the following is a private practice methodology except ______________.
Identifies chief complain
Makes diagnosis
Makes observations
Imitates treatment intervention
What publication is a compilation of cogent issues currently studied?
Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report
Healthy People 2000
Call to Action
Healthy People 2010
None of these
A risk indicator is a modifiable attribute that is known to be associated with a health condition.
True
False
The prevention agenda for the United States is discussed in which publication?
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
Healthy People 2010
Global Oral Data Bank
Prevention USA
None of these
What source contains oral epidemiological data from around the world?
Prevention International
Federation Dentaire Internationale
Global Oral Data Bank
International Federation of Dental Hygienists
None of these
Causality means that a particular exposure results in a particular outcome.
True
False
The theory that a disease can be attributed to many factors is termed ________.
Multifactorial
Cause-and-effect
Dimensional
Naturalization
None of these
A risk marker is an attribute that is associated with the increased probability of disease but is not considered to have a causal role.
True
False
The study of disease in a target population is called ________.
Etiology
Causality
Epidemiology
Naturalization
All of these
Dental caries is one of the most common of all diseases, second only to the common cold.
True
False
The number of all existing cases of a disease in a population measured at a given point is called ________.
Incidence
Prevalence
Morbidity
Mortality
None of these
In the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), how many adults were found to have gingivitis?
20%
50%
70%
75%
None of these
Bacterial plaque converts all foods, especially sugar, into acid.
True
False
The host response is important in severe periodontitis.
True
False
Significant health disparities exist in different ethnic groups.
True
False
Periodontal disease is caused by convergence of bacteria and an aggressive ________.
Toothbrushing technique
Flossing technique
Immune response
Both Toothbrushing technique and Flossing technique
None of these
Overall, the prevalence of both partial and total tooth loss in adults has ________.
Increased
Decreased
Stayed the same
Doubled in numbers
None of these
The number of new cases of a disease in a population over a given period of time is called ________.
Incidence
Prevalence
Morbidity
Mortality
All of these
Which approach studies the meaning of past events?
Case study
Case control
Descriptive
Historical
All of these
Which study approximates the true experimental approach but lacks the control of true experimentation?
Survey
Quasi-experimental
Clinical
Retroactive
None of these
Which type of research approach would involve a study of the development of the International Federation of Dental Hygienists' Association?
Case study
Historical
Descriptive
Ex post facto
Both Case study and Historical
Which approach measures the relationship between variables?
Correlational
Experimental
Ex post facto
Case control
All of these
Which type of research, for example, considers the effect of intraoral sodium bicarbonate rinses on the periodontal ligament of laboratory rats?
Case study
Case control
Experimental
Correlational
None of these
The attempt to identify and describe the topic being researched is ________.
Objective
Analytic
Descriptive
Subjective
All of these
Which study tries to investigate cause-and-effect relationships and involves manipulation of variables?
Trend
Experimental
Correlational
Survey
All of these
Which type of study investigates existing differences to determine possible causes?
Experimental
Ex post facto
Correlational
Quasi-experimental
None of these
A study that uses questionnaires, opinionnaires, interviews, and indexes is called a ________.
Survey
Document analysis
Quasi-experimental
Developmental
None of these
Which type of approach describes and interprets current events or situations?
Ex post facto
Descriptive
Case cohort
Case control
None of these
A study in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows who is using a product or placebo is termed ________.
Double-blind
Blind
Cross-over
Double cross-over
None of these
Which type of research studies the same population over an extended period of time?
Case control
Longitudinal study
Correlational study
Survey
Both Case control and Longitudinal study
Establishing risk is the same as establishing causality.
True
False
Observational studies can be conducted to infer causality.
True
False
A small version of a proposed study is called a ________.
Case study
Pilot study
Controlled study
Pivotal study
Both Case study and Controlled study
Which of the following is an advantage of the case study method?
A) Case studies are a source of definitive evidence in support of theoretical assumptions.
B) Case studies are a source of ideas and hypotheses about behavior.
C) Case studies provide little opportunity for clinical innovation.
D) Case studies complement the idiographic study of behavior.
E) Case studies focus on a specific incidence of a disease in one person
F) b and e
G) b only
The variable controlled or manipulated in a study is:
Independent
Dependent
Variance
None of the above
Which research design may collect data based open-ended questions?
Quantitative
Qualitative
Experimental
Descriptive
This type of research approach is the reverse of experimental approach and tries to investigate existing difference to determine possible causes.
Retrospective
Correlational
Trend
Cross-sectional
What type of approach looks to investigate cause-and-effect relationships?
Experimental (Prospective)
Quasi-experimental
Retrospective
Correlational
Which type of research looks at the relationship between two or more variables?
Cross-sectional
Retrospective
Correlational
Quasi-experimental
Before the research process begins a small version of a proposed study is conducted. This small study is also know as what?
Trend Study
Pilot Study
Initial Study
Experimental Study
____________ measures that results are true or accurate
Consistency
Validity
Reliability
Clinical trial
Which control type in an experimental study will have participants switch groups after a washout period?
Randomized
Mixed method
Placebo
Crossover
Which of the following studies 'lacks inherent control'?
Quasi-experimental
Retrospective
Correlational
Comparison
Crossover and split mouth controls ________ the validity of a study because they provide "near perfect similarity"
Decrease
Increase
Deviates
Improves
A sample that uses individuals who are most readily available to be selected is called what type of sample?
Random sampling
Systematic technique samples
Convenience sample
Judgemental or purposive sample
Stratifying sample
An unbiased sample is more important than a large sample in research.
True
False
The "C" in PICO stands for?
Correlational
Cross-experimental
Comparison
Convenience
Which research design will have a sample that varies in size and randomization?
Qualitative Research
Quantitative Research
Mixed Method
Trials
A Mixed Method research design combines the best of __________ and _________ methods?
Quantitative and Qualitative
Integrity and Validity
Clinical and Experiemntal
None of the above
According to the level of evidence hierarchy, the highest level of evidence is a randomized controlled trial. There is an increased chance of bias as we approach the top of the evidence pyramid.
Both statements are false
Both statements are true
The first statement is false; the second statement is true
The first statement is true; the second statement is false
_________ is the relatively low but constant presence of disease in a particular region.
Pandemic
Endemic
Epidemic
Outbreak
As an outbreak crosses international boarders to affect several countries or continents, this is defined as which of the following?
Pandemic
Endemic
Epidemic
Outbreak
Epidemiology has been defined as the study of nature, cause, control, and determinants of the frequency and distribution of
Disease
Disability
Death
All of the above
The extent of disease, injury, or disability in a defined population is referred to as
Mortality
Morbidity
Incidence
Prevalence
An expression of the number of all existing cases of a disease or health condition at a given point or period of time is known as?
Incidence
Mortality
Prevalence
Eradication
Epidemiology is based on a certain approach, which assumes that a disease or condition has many causes. This approach is know as what?
Determinants
Multifactorial
Host
Agent
As evidence increases, ________ also increases as you move up the research pyramid?
Validity
Reliability
Sensitivity
All of the above
To create a society where people live long, healthy lives is the vision of what publication?
Healthy People 2020
Healthy People 1990
Surgeon General's Report
WHO
What is a modifiable attribute or exposure that is known to be associated with a health condition?
Risk marker
Risk factor
Risk indicator
All of the above
Validity is increased by controlling error and bias when conducting a study.
Internal validity refers to
The accuracy of the results of the study
Affected by how well a sample represents the population
A large, representative sample can increase external validity.
It is the accuracy of inferring (generalizing) the results from the sample to the population at large
Rate of new cases of a disease or over a given time period is defined as?
Prevalence
Incidence
Mortality
Mobility
Incidence is the number of all existing cases of a disease in a population measured at a given point and prevalence is the number of new cases of a disease in a population over a given period of time.
True
False
After determining there is a problem and establishing the research question to 'ask', what is the next step in the 6 A's of EBP? (Hint: what is the most logic next step?)
Assess
Ask
Appraise
Acquire
In which teeth are early childhood caries most evident?
Secondary molars
Primary anterior
Lateral incisors
Maxillary canines
In which step in the systematic approach to evidence-based dental hygiene practice would check for validity, reliability, and overall credibility of the information before providing professional recommendations and interventions?
Conduct an appropriate literature review
Clinically evaluate evidence
Assessment of the patient
Identify the clinical issue
In which step in the systematic approach to evidence-based dental hygiene practice would you formulate a PICO question?
Identify clinical issue
Conduct an appropriate literature review
Develop a researchable question
None of the above
What is the most important component of Evidence-Based Dental Hygiene Practice?
Data collected
Scientific evidence
Experimental study
Trials
What is the first step in the systematic approach to evidence-based dental hygiene practice?
Assess the patient
Determine the clinical issue
Conduct an appropriate literature review
Evaluate evidence
During a crossover design participants experience a period where no treatment is provided, this period of time is called what?
Treatment period
Washout period
Crossover period
Split period
The host, the agent, and the environment are known as the ____________. These factors demonstrate the interaction and interrelation in bringing about the disease or condition over time.
Epidemiology Triangle
Bermuda Triangle
Love Triangle
Immunity Triangle
Which gender do periodontal diseases affect the most?
Males
Females
The ______ is an organization that contains oral epidemiologic data from around the world.
World Health Organization (WHO)
Centers of Disease Control and Prevention
National Institution of Health
HRSA
_________ is the consistency or reproducibility of a measurement over time.
Reliability
Integrity
Sensibility
Validity
An investigation that studies the frequency of flossing and periodontal disease is called a ____________________
Correlational
Case study
Survey
Historical
None of the above
_________ is the degree of agreement within a single examiner on the measure of a disease or condition on two or more occasions.
Intra-examiner reliability
Inter-examiner reliability
Extra-examiner reliability
None of the above
Early detection frequently affects the outcome of
Oral cancer treatment
Onset of symptoms
Oral cancer diagnosis
All of the above
Which of the following is true regarding the need for evidence-based practice?
Clinicians need to focus on higher level of evidence to guide their decision making.
For research to become evidence-based practice, it must not be published
Only some information gathered from a well-designed research study contributes to the overall body of knowledge and suggests further study
All of the above
Original studies including individual experimental and non-experimental studies are considered what type of evidence source?
Quantitative Research
Primary Research
Qualitative Research
Secondary Research
Which of the following is a descriptive approach to research?
Case-Control Studies
Meta-Analysis and Systematic Reviews
Case Study Approach
Cohort Studies
When COVID-19 had several cases limited to Wuhan, China, and spreading rapidly, it was a/an________________
Pandemic
Endemic
Epidemic
None of the above
Caries is a multifactorial disease where __________ is he host, __________ is the agent, and ____________ is the environment
Tooth , dental plaque, diet
Dental plaque, tooth, diet
Diet, tooth, dental plaque
None of the above
Globally, an estimated 2 billion people suffer from caries of permanent teeth and 514 million children suffer from caries of primary teeth. This examples speaks to the ___________ of caries
Incidence
Mortality
Prevalence
None of the above
VELscope’s ability to distinguish precancerous or cancerous lesions from benign lesions has not been proven. Therefore, VELscope is _____________ instrument to detect cancer lesions.
A valid
Not a valid
A reliable
None of the above
Morbidity Weekly Reports (MWR) compiles cogent (clear, logical, convincing) health and health-related issues currently being studied.
True
False
Healthy People 2010, released in January 2000, discusses the prevention agenda for the United States
True
False
The _____________ is the source that contains the oral epidemiological data from around the world and is managed by the World Health Organization.
Oral Health Data Bank
World Oral Health Data Bank
Global Oral Health Data Bank
None of the above
Which studies combine descriptive and historical research to establish patterns from the past and present to predict future occurrences?
Trend studies
Efficacy trial
Effectiveness trials
Cohort studies
Which study is a descriptive approach that is used to conduct in-depth reposts on a single person, group, event, or situation.
Quasi-experimental
Correlational
Case study
Experimental
None of the above
A cross-sectional study does which of the following?
The depth perception of infants is measured once a month for six months in a row, starting at age 6 months
Researches compare the reaction time of 20 sixth grades
A psychologist develops a case study of a woman who is 102 by interviewing her twice a week for 12 weeks
Studies a section of the population in a limited period of time
A systematic review is considered what type of literature?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
None of the above
Which is considered the best, most adequate representation of a sample?
Selective
Randomized
Natural selection
Simple
Establishing risk is the same as establishing causality, and risk can be used to infer or suggest causality.
Both statements are true
Both statements are false
The first statement is false and the second is true
The first statement is true and the second is false
_______is a modifiable attribute that are suspected risk factors that have not been confirmed
Risk factor
Risk indicator
Risk marker
All of the above
_____________ is an attribute that is associated with the increased probability of disease but does not have a causal role in its development
Risk marker
Risk factor
Risk indicator
All of the above
______________is a modifiable attribute or exposure to be associated with a health condition or disease
Risk indicator
Risk factor
Risk marker
None of the above
Lesion that has a white or yellow center and a red border is called ____________________
A) Candidiasis
B) Aphthous Ulcers
C) Herpes simplex
D) Canker sore
E) b and d
F) None of the above
Cleft lip and cleft palate are among the most common classes of congenital malformations
True
False
Root caries affects approximately _______of adults 75 years and older.
25%
75%
50%
15%
Prevalence of both partial and total tooth loss in adults has decreased
True
False
Where is oral cancer most commonly located in the mouth?
A) hard palate
B) tongue
C) floor of the mouth
D) buccal mucosa
E) b and c
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