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Dental reserch Lay vuthy

1. Cross-sectional study is:

σ� study of prevalence of a disease

σ� study of percentage of a disease

σ� study to collect data at one specific point in time of a whole activity of a sample or subject

σ� study to collect data a whole activity of a sample or subject

2. What is a research design?:

σ� A way of conducting research that is not grounded in theory

σ� The choice between using qualitative or quantitative methods

σ� The style in which you present your research findings, e.g. A graph

σ� A framework for every stage of the collection and analysis of data

3. Naturalism has been defined as:

σ� Viewing natural and social objects as belonging to the same realm

σ� Being true to the nature of the phenomenon under investigation

σ� Minimising the intrusion of artificial methods of data collection into the field

σ� All of the above

4. In an experimental design, the dependent variable is:

σ� The one that is not manipulated and in which any changes are observed

σ� The one that is manipulated in order to observe any effects on the other

σ� A measure of the extent to which personal values affect research

σ� An ambiguous concept whose meaning depends on how it is defined

5. Cross cultural studies are an example of:

σ� Case study design

σ� Comparative design

σ� Experimental design

σ� Longitudinal design

6. Which of the following requirements for a dissertation may depend on your institution?:

σ� Whether an abstract should be included

σ� The format for referencing

σ� The word limit

σ� All of the above

7. Retrospective cohort study is:

σ� historic cohort study, generally means to take a look back at events that already have taken place

σ� study on history of a disease that you are raising to write your dissertation

σ� study on history of an author that you are raising to write your dissertation

σ� study on history of all samples that you are raising to write your dissertation

8. Case study is:

σ� study on disease cases happening in a period of time

σ� study on disease cases happening in a region of a period of time

σ� study or dissertation on cases of a disease or something written by a person, group, which has been studied over time

σ� study on disease cases happening in a group of people

9. Case control study is :

σ� Study on two groups of samples that one is a group of disease cases and another is a group of control cases

σ� Study on two groups of samples that one is a group of ill samples and another is a group of healthy samples

σ� Study to control ill samples so as to collect data for dissertation

σ� Study on two groups of samples that ones using real medications and others using placebo

10. Study participant – not patients: In this Manual and during the survey we use the term. Study Participant (SP) to refer to people who participate in the study as they. Each section is described in three sub-sections:

σ� Clinical procedures

σ� Diagnostic codes

σ� Diagnostic criteria

σ� All are corrects

11. What is the main advantage of producing a written research proposal?:

σ� Helps with credibility.

σ� Informs all interested parties

σ� Helps keep people employed.

σ� Helps the institution.

12. All of these may appear in a research proposal, but which one will ALWAYS appear?:

σ� Research objective.

σ� Creative objective.

σ� Business objective.

σ� Marketing objective.

13. Good research proposals will always:

σ� Focus on addressing the research objectives

σ� Provide respondent names and addresses.

σ� Focus on the Harvard style.

σ� Consider all possible research that had previously been done on the topic.

14. The proposal’s literature review is important because:

σ� The tutor insists upon it.

σ� It looks authoritative

σ� It is expected by the university.

σ� It shows that you are knowledgeable about the literature that relates to your research topic

15. Which proposal section is intended to describe the purpose with a full statement of the research Question?:

σ� Introduction

σ� Literature review.

σ� References.

σ� Proposed Method.

16. Which ONE of these phrases is best avoided in a proposal?:

σ� This research draws upon the work of………..

σ� I hope to…………

σ� This research seeks to………….

σ� The intention is to complete the study by……….

17. Which ONE of these is best avoided in a proposal?:

σ� Short, clear sentences.

σ� Accurate spelling and grammar.

σ� Careful use of correct gender terms.

σ� Jargon

18. What helps to agree timing, agree resource allocation and also draws boundaries?:

σ� The final report.

σ� The proposal.

σ� The observation form.

σ� The questionnaire.

19. How are research questions most often described?:

σ� Arising within a laboratory setting

σ� Posed after important factors are identified

σ� May arise from our everyday life experiences

σ� Always answered if we follow a scientific method of inqui

20. What does a good research question usually pursue?:

σ� A small part of a broad topic

σ� A topic unrelated to any other topics

σ� The same thing as the null hypothesis

σ� A broad topic

21. Which of the following is a good way to find a research topic?:

σ� Personal experience

σ� Getting an idea from your advisor

σ� Looking for the next step in the research process

σ� All of the above

22. How would you define the research process?:

σ� The researcher's plan of action to be followed when carrying out research.

σ� A method of collecting research data.

σ� The stages or steps the researcher follows in carrying out a research project.

σ� The account of a study the researcher will write at the end of the study ready for publication.

23. Questionnaire is a :

σ� Research method

σ� Measurement technique

σ� Tool for data collection

σ� Data analysis technique

24. After you think of each research question, evaluate it by asking whether it is:

σ� Logically related to the topic

σ� In question form

σ� Not answerable with a quick Google search

σ� Specific, not vague

σ� All are corrects

25. The steps for developing a research question, listed below, help you organize your thoughts:

σ� Choose a topic (or consider the one assigned to you).

σ� Write a narrower/smaller topic that is related to the first.

σ� List some potential questions that could logically be asked in relation to the narrow topic.

σ� Choose and Change the question that you are most interested in.

σ� All are corrects

26. For developing a research question you know the order of the steps:

σ� Imagining narrower topics about a larger one,

σ� Thinking of questions that stem from a narrow topic

σ� Focusing questions to eliminate their vagueness.

σ� All are corrects

27. What is the purpose of doing research?:

σ� To identify problem

σ� To find the solution

σ� To identify problem and To find the solution

σ� None of these

28. What is research problem?:

σ� Is an educational issue or concern that an investigator presents

σ� Justifies in a research study

σ� Opinions and attitudes

σ� Is an educational issue or concern that an investigator presents and justifies in a research study

29. Procedures for reviewing the literature involved in conducting a literature review:

σ� Search for existing literature in your area of study;

σ� Review the literature selected;

σ� Develop a theoretical and a conceptual framework;

σ� Writing up the literature reviewed

σ� All are corrects

30. What do we do with research?:

σ� Have it as interesting fact

σ� Use it to make decisions

σ� Use it to persuade influence others

σ� Use it to change behavior

σ� All are corrects

31. What types of materials are needed?:

σ� Books, Magazine articles

σ� Newspaper articles, Scholarly journal articles and web site

σ� Other materials, such as statistics, government publications

σ� All are corrects

32. Finally, review your new problem statement against the following criteria:

σ� It should focus on only one problem.

σ� It should be one or two sentences long.

σ� It should not suggest a solution.

σ� All are corrects

33. A research question is :

σ� An answerable inquiry into a specific concern or issue.

σ� It is the initial step in a research project and The first active step in the research project

σ� The 'initial step' means after you have an idea of what you want to study,

σ� All are corrects

34. Your research question is:

σ� The key to success in doing your research

σ� Writing your research paper

σ� The foundation of all future work on the paper

σ� All are corrects

35. A proposal is also known as a:

σ� Work plan

σ� Prospectus

σ� Outline

σ� Drafts plan

σ� All are corrects

36. The most critical areas of an article to read is:

σ� Results section

σ� Introduction

σ� Abstract

σ� Limitations

37. Questions to ask yourself in regards to the completeness of the literature review include:

σ� Does the title of the literature report reflect what happened or was found in the study

σ� Are all of the terms defined and documented the first time they are used in the literature review

σ� Does the problem statement still reflect the social or practical significance of your study

σ� Have you added any additional journal articles or book chapters that strengthen your arguments

σ� All of the above

38. In the definition of epidemiology, "distribution" refers to:

σ� Who

σ� When, Where

σ� Why, who

σ� Who, when and where

39. In the definition of epidemiology, determinants generally includes:

σ� Agents

σ� Causes

σ� Risk factors

σ� Sources

σ� All of the above

40. Which of the following statement is correct about the references?:

σ� A reference must always be initialized within functions.

σ� A reference must always be initialized outside all functions.

σ� A reference must always be initialized.

σ� A reference must always be initialized within functions and a reference must always be initialized .

41. Which of the following statements are true?:

σ� The larger the sample size, the greater the sampling error

σ� The more categories or breakdowns you want to make in your data analysis, the larger the sample needed

σ� The fewer categories or breakdowns you want to make in your data analysis, the larger

σ� the sample needed

σ� As sample size decreases, so does the size of the confidence interval

42. Which of the following is not a characteristic of research?:

σ� It requires the collection of new data

σ� It is reiterative

σ� It requires reasoned arguments to develop conclusions

σ� It aims to increase understanding

43. What should not be included in a research proposal?:

σ� A summary of existing work in the area

σ� The proposed methods to collect data

σ� The results that will be obtained

σ� An acknowledgement of any ethical issues

44. Identifying some ones age is an example of:

σ� Nominal measurement

σ� Ordinal measurement

σ� Interval measurement

σ� Ratio measurement

45. An experimental research design normally involves:

σ� Manipulating the independent variable

σ� Manipulating the dependent variable

σ� A number of repeated measures

σ� Data collected over an extended time period

46. Which of the following are not normally a requirement for experimental research design?:

σ� Demonstrating co variation

σ� Demonstrating time order

σ� Demonstrating repeated measures

σ� Demonstrating non spuriousness

47. Which of the following is not an advantage of a questionnaire?:

σ� Provides structured data

σ� Allows the respondent to complete in their own time

σ� Allows complex questions

σ� Allows access to a dispersed sample group

48. When designing a questionnaire, try to start off with:

σ� Closed questions

σ� List questions

σ� Likert scales

σ� Open questions

49. What should be the content of an abstract?:

σ� The topic, objectives

σ� The topic, the research question, objectives, methods of the study and key word

σ� The topic, the research question or hypothesis, objectives and a brief résumé of the conclusions

σ� The topic, abstract, introduction objectives, methods, results, conclusions and key word =1

50. The role of a project supervisor is to:

σ� Make sure you keep to your schedule and deadlines

σ� Provide intellectual support, guidance and critical feedback

σ� Negotiate access to the research setting on the student's behalf

σ� Give you a reading list

51. You can manage your time and resources best, by:

σ� Working out a timetable

σ� Finding out what resources are readily available to you

σ� Calculating a budget for likely expenditure

σ� All are corrects

52. How can you tell if your research questions are really good?:

σ� If they guide your literature search

σ� If they are linked together to help you construct a coherent argument

σ� If they force you to narrow the scope of your research

σ� All of the above

53. An operational definition is:

σ� One that bears no relation to the underlying concept

σ� An abstract, theoretical definition of a concept

σ� A definition of a concept in terms of specific, empirical measures

σ� One that refers to opera singers and their work

54. Closed ended questions are those that:

σ� Have a fixed range of possible answers

σ� Prevent respondents from allocating themselves to a category

σ� Encourage detailed, elaborate responses

σ� Relate to the basic demographic characteristics of respondents

55. Which of the following statements is correct?:

σ� Self-completion questionnaires are a type of postal survey

σ� Postal surveys can include self-completion or email surveys

σ� Self-completion questionnaires can include postal or email surveys

σ� Email surveys are a type of postal questionnaire

56. An open question is one that:

σ� Allows respondents to answer in their own terms

σ� Does not suggest or provide a limited range of responses

σ� Can help to generate answers for closed questions

σ� All of the above

57. Which of the following is a general rule of thumb for designing questions?:

σ� Always bear in mind your research questions

σ� Never ask a closed question

σ� Always use vignettes rather than open questions

σ� Use ambiguous terms to put respondents at ease

58. The statement of purpose in a research study should:

σ� Identify the design of the study

σ� Identify the intent or objective of the study

σ� Specify the type of people to be used in the study

σ� Describe the study

59. Computer database searches can be done:

σ� With a computer with CD-ROM drive

σ� At the library

σ� Online

σ� All of the above

60. A formal statement of the research question or “purpose of research study” generally:

σ� Is made prior to the literature review

σ� Is made after the literature review

σ� Is made after the literature review and Will help guide the research process

σ� All of the above

61. The Method section of the research plan typically specifies :

σ� The research participants

σ� The apparatus, instruments, and materials for the research study

σ� The planned research procedures

σ� All are corrects

62. What are the main characteristics of a Qualitative study?:

σ� Exploring the reasons for people’s attitudes, experiences, behaviors and interactions.

σ� Testing hypothesis

σ� The results are described in number rather than words.

σ� Generating data that is representative of a given population.

63. What are the main characteristics of a Quantitative study?:

σ� Exploring the reasons for people’s attitudes, experiences, behaviors and interactions.

σ� The results are described in words rather than numbers.

σ� Testing hypothesis.

σ� The data cannot be representative of a given population.

64. Can we combine two study designs: qualitative and quantitative, in one single research?:

σ� No

σ� Yes

σ� Only in case report

σ� Only in Cross-sectional studies

65. Which of the following study designs is Qualitative study?:

σ� Cohort study

σ� Cross-sectional study

σ� Interviews

σ� Randomized Control Trial

66. Which of the following study designs is Quantitative study?:

σ� Case report

σ� Case-control study

σ� Case series

σ� Interviews

67. Which form(s) of bias that can occur in a research study?:

σ� Observer bias

σ� Confounding bias

σ� Selection bias

σ� Publication bias

σ� All are corrects

68. When shall we do standardization?:

σ� Before starting the actual study in order to minimize the impact of different clinical examiners =1

σ� After Calibration

σ� After Data Analysis

σ� Any time during the study

69. Which of the following has the lowest “level of evidence”?:

σ� Animal and Laboratory studies

σ� Case reports or Case series

σ� Cohort studies

σ� Meta-analysis and/or Systematic reviews

σ� Randomized controlled trial

70. Which of the following has the highest “level of evidence”?:

σ� Animal and Laboratory studies

σ� Case reports or Case series

σ� Cohort studies

σ� Meta-analysis and/or Systematic reviews

σ� Randomized controlled trial

71. During “Data Processing”, we check if the questionnaires are acceptable or not. Which of the following situations when the questionnaires are NOT acceptable?:

σ� Incomplete partially or fully

σ� Biased or dishonest answer

σ� Answered by a person who has inadequate knowledge

σ� Manipulated

σ� All are corrects

72. If the data set has some missing information/data, how could we manage the Missing Data?:

σ� Substitute with code 0

σ� Substitute with code 1

σ� Leave blank

σ� All above

73. During data processing step, we have to classify or group the statistical data by:?:

σ� Discrete variables

σ� Continuous variables

σ� Ordinal variables

σ� Nominal variables

σ� All are corrects

74. You have the following hypothesis: “Frequent intake of cokes will increase the risk of dental erosion.”You decide that you will divide a group of patients who were seen at UHS dental clinic this year; and follow them for the next 10 years to observe the incidence of dental erosion. What the study design is it?:

σ� Randomized Control Trial

σ� Cross-sectional

σ� Prospective cohort

σ� Case-control

75. You have the following hypothesis: “Frequent intake of cokes will increase the risk of dental erosion.” You decide that you will compare frequency of cokes intake between patients who had dental erosion at UHS dental clinic in the last 3 years and those who did not have dental erosion. What the study design is it?:

σ� Randomized Control Trial

σ� Cross-sectional

σ� Prospective cohort

σ� Case-control

76. You have the following hypothesis: “Frequent intake of cokes will increase the risk of dental erosion.” You decide that you will survey a group of patients who were seen at UP dental clinic to know the frequency of their coke intake in the last 5 years, and also ask check if they have dental erosion. What the study design is it?:

σ� Randomized Control Trial

σ� Cross-sectional

σ� Prospective cohort

σ� Case-control

77. You have the following hypothesis: “Frequent intake of cokes will increase the risk of dental erosion.”You decide that you will Randomly allocate people who live in Phnom Penh: half to drink cokes often and the other half to not drink cokes at all. Then, follow them over the next 10 years to observe the incidence of dental erosion. What the study design is it?

σ� Randomized Control Trial

σ� Cross-sectional

σ� Prospective cohort

σ� Case-control

78. What is a Hypothesis?:

σ� Generation and/or acquisition of new knowledge.

σ� A cliam/argument about relationship between two or more variables that can be tested with data.

σ� Queuries/problems/issues that the research is going to address.

σ� A detailed description of a proposed study designed to investigate a given problem.

79. What is a Research Proposal?:

σ� Generation and/or acquisition of new knowledge.

σ� A cliam/argument about relationship between two or more variables that can be tested with data

σ� Queuries/problems/issues that the research is going to address.

σ� A detailed description of a proposed study designed to investigate a given problem.

80. What is a Research?:

σ� Generation and/or acquisition of new knowledge.

σ� A cliam/argument about relationship between two or more variables that can be tested with data

σ� Queuries/problems/issues that the research is going to address.

σ� A detailed description of a proposed study designed to investigate a given problem.

81. What is Research Questions?:

σ� Generation and/or acquisition of new knowledge.

σ� A cliam/argument about relationship between two or more variables that can be tested with data

σ� Queuries/problems/issues that the research is going to address.

σ� A detailed description of a proposed study designed to investigate a given problem.

82. Which of the following is characteristics of Hypothesis?:

σ� Seeking for answer

σ� Allow a wide range of outcomes

σ� Predictive in nature

σ� Can be used only in qualitative studies

83. Which of the following is characteristics of Research Question?:

σ� Seeking for answer

σ� Does not allow a wide range of outcomes

σ� Predictive in nature

σ� Can be used only in qualitative studies

84. Why do you need a Research Proposal?:

σ� To give a clear outline of the objectives that you want to achieve through your project.

σ� To show why is the intended research is important and effort-worthy.

σ� To serve as a planning too.

σ� To apply for funding

σ� All are corrects

85. For Quantitative study, the Research Question?:

σ� is exploratory in nature

σ� is confirmatory in nature

σ� usually begin with “how”

σ� sometimes start with “why”

86. For Qualitative study, the Research Question?:

σ� is exploratory in nature

σ� is confirmatory in nature

σ� usually compare between two or more things

σ� sometimes address the relationship between two or more things

87. Which is the following research questions is Qualitative study?:

σ� What are the experiences and perceptions of adolescents and young adults living with Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI)

σ� Is the application of (SDF) effective for (arresting caries in 6-12 year-old Cambodian children) as compared to SF varnish

σ� What is the relationship between daily sugary intake and carie progression in primary-school children

σ� What is the effect of daily Cola intake on tooth surface in adult Cambodian

88. Which is the following research questions is Quantitative study?:

σ� What are the experiences and perceptions of adolescents and young adults living with Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI)

σ� Is the application of (SDF) effective for (arresting caries in 6-12 year-old Cambodian children) as compared to SF varnish

σ� What are the patients' reactions on being diagnosed with peri-implantitis

σ� What are their opinions on dental implant therapy and expectations on treatment of the disease….

89. What is Reliability?:

σ� Refers to how close the results of a study are to the truth

σ� Refers to the degrees to which multiple assessment of a subject agree

σ� Refers to measurement to tell how well the investigators agree

σ� Refers to the value of significant level

90. What is Validity?:

σ� Refers to how close the results of a study are to the truth

σ� Refers to the degrees to which multiple assessment of a subject agree

σ� Refers to measurement that provide about how well the investigators agree

σ� Refers to the value of significant level

91. What is Calibration?:

σ� Refers to how close the results of a study are to the truth

σ� Refers to the degrees to which multiple assessment of a subject agree

σ� Refers to measurement that tell how well the investigators agree

σ� Refers to the value of significant level

92. What is Referencing?:

σ� An acknowledgement that you have used the ideas and written material belonging to other authors in your own work

σ� A numbering system across the written article

σ� A collection of facts

σ� A library of Endnote

93. Why do you should reference?:

σ� To increase the word count of your article

σ� To show that you did a lot of reading

σ� To show that your writing is based on knowledge and ensure that anyone reading your work can trace the source you have used

σ� To fulfill requirement of a journal editor

94. What is the difference between Reference and Bibliography?:

σ� Reference includes unpublished data

σ� Bibliography can include unpublished data and or all items that you have consulted for your work

σ� Bibliography is listed in alphabetical order, but reference is not listed in numerical order

σ� There is no different between Bibliography and Reference

95. What is Data?:

σ� A collection of number

σ� A collection of facts or figures

σ� A collection of questionnaires

σ� A library of statistical results

96. What is PICO framework used for?

σ� To analyse the data

σ� To generate a good research question

σ� To be included in the conclusion

σ� To be included in the literature review section

97. Which type of study assesses the efficacy of the treatment intervention in a controlled, standardized, and highly monitored setting and usually among highly selected samples of patients?

σ� randomized controlled trial

σ� case series

σ� sensitivity analysis

σ� cost‐benefit analysis

98. In which type of study does the investigator use information already collected to look for associations?:

σ� retrospective study

σ� prospective study

σ� historical study

σ� survey study

99. In which type of study does the investigator identify a group of individuals and thenobserve them for a specified period after study initiation? :

σ� retrospective study

σ� prospective study

σ� meta‐analysis

σ� diagnostic test study

100. Case‐control studies are always

σ� prospective

σ� retrospective

σ� cross sectional

σ� experimental

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