Neuro Final Review Ch8-Ch20

Taste receptor cells synapse on primary gustatory axons cranial nerves, including CN ____, which project to neurons in the gustatory nucleus of the _________, which project to relay neurons in the _________, which project neurons in the ___________ ______________ cortex.

VI, Thalamus, Medulla, Contralateral, Cerebral

IX, Medulla, Thalamus, Ipsilateral, Gustatory

V, Sensory Cortex, Brain stem, Ipsilateral, Motor

Which is one function that utilizes gustatory information that does not rely on conscious perception of taste?

Smell

Chewing

Whistling

Vomiting

Olfactory receptor neurons synapse on second-order olfactory neurons in spherical regions called ganglion within the olfactory bulbs.

Smell

Chewing

Whistling

Vomiting

The central olfactory pathway is unique among sensory pathways because the input is sent to the olfactory cortex without being relayed through the _________.

Brain Stem

Medulla

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Which type of retinal ganglion cell has a large receptive field and is sensitive to low contrast stimuli?

M-Cells

S-Cells

P-Cells

J-Cells

What is the difference between sweet receptors and bitter receptors?

Bitter receptor cells are more specific than sweet receptor cells.

Bitter receptor molecules have two GPCR subunits and sweet receptor molecules have 3.

Their taste receptor molecules come from two different gene families.

Sweet receptor molecules also respond to salt.

Which of the following is true of phototransduction?

When a photoreceptor is stimulated with light it depolarizes.

Once activated, transducin activates phosphodiesterase which produces more cGMP to open more ion channels

In the dark Cl- ions flow out of photoreceptor cells.

Photoreceptors do not fire action potentials, they release neurotransmitter in a voltage-dependent fashion.

All of the above are true.

Which of the following is the most likely basis of visual perception (assigning meaning to visual stimuli)?

A specialized population of neurons that recognizes each specific persona and object it views

Concerted activity of many neurons throughout the visual pathways

Binocular neurons in the thalamus

Decussation in the optic chiasm

Which of the following does not receive direct input from the vestibular nuclei?

Cerebellum

Thalamus

Spinal cord lower motor neurons controlling lower extremities and postural muscles

Nuclei for cranial nerves III,IV,Vi

All of the above receive input from the vestibular nuclei.

Each thermoreceptor cell expresses ________ type(s) of ___________ which are activated at specific temperatures.

Many, metabotropic receptors

One, metabotropic receptors

One, ionotropic receptors

Many, ionotropic receptors

Pacinian corpuscles are specialized for detecting ______ due to properties of the ______.

Constant pressure, axon ending

Constant pressure, capsule surrounding axon

Vibration, axon ending

Vibration, capsule surrounding the axon.

Which of the following is the greatest source of input to alpha motor neurons?

Input from upper motor neurons

Input from muscles spindles

Input from spinal interneurons

All of the above send equal amounts of input to alpha motor neurons

What is the effect of reciprocal inhibition?

Relaxation of antagonist muscles while agonist muscles are active

Rhythmic, alternating movements of the limbs

Increasing contraction when a muscle is suddenly lengthened

Strengthening the extension of the contralateral limb during the flexor reflex

The corticospinal tract originates in the _______ and primarily controls _______ muscles.

Brainstem, distal

Brainstem, axial and proximal

Primary motor cortex, distal

Primary motor cortex, axial and proximal

Which of the following best describes the organization of the primary motor cortex?

Upper motor neurons are grouped into clusters based on which specific muscles they control

The primary motor cortex is organized somatotpically, wither area devoted to the hands and face than other body regions

There is no clearly defined pattern to the organization of the primary motor cortex.

Which of the following is false regarding the HPA axis?

Magnoceullular neurons release CRH onto postsynaptic neurons in the pituitary gland

Cells in the anterior pituitary gland release ACTH into the blood

ACTH acts on cells in the adrenal glands

The adrenal glands produce cortisol.

Which of the following is a property of the diffuse modulatory systems of the brain?

They each originate from a small set of neurons in the brainstem

Neurotransmitters are released into the extracellular fluid and diffuse widely

Each neuron contacts over 100,000 postsynaptic neurons throughout the CNS

Each system uses its own characteristic NT

All of the above

Name one area other than the amygdala that is also connected to aggressive behavior.

Limbic system

Hypothalamus

Cerebellum

Flexor pollicis longus

Wrenches' area is located in the________ lobe.

Inferior occipital

Superior temporal

Inferior parietal

Superior frontal

Broca's area is located in the _______ lobe.

Inferior temporal

Superior frontal

Inferior occipital

Superior parietal

Which artery supplies Broca's and Wernicke's areas?

Middle Cerebral Artery

Right Middle Cerebral Artery

Left Middle Cerebral Artery

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Neuro Final Review Ch8-Ch20

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