Sleep and consciousness

Where is the circadian rhythm or main "clock" of the brain?

The Thalamus

The Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

The Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

The Basal Ganglia

What part of the brain produces Melatonin?

The Pineal gland

The Pituitary gland

The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

The Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)

What does the Pineal Gland do in regard to sleep/wake cycle?

Produces a hormone, melatonin, that induces sleep

Produces a hormone that keeps you awake

Chooses when to tell your brain that you're tired or not

Sings you a lullaby

How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate the release of melatonin from the pineal gland?

The SCN sits behind the optic nerve. When light/darkness enters through the eyes, the SCN regulates if the pineal gland releases melatonin or not.

Whenever it feels like it

When the Thalamus sends a message for it to do so

When your body feels tired

What is the pathway for light?

Light -> the ACC -> the pituitary gland pathway

Light -> The SCN -> The Pineal gland pathway

Light -> SCN -> The Pituitary gland pathway

Light -> ACC -> The Pineal gland pathway

How does light reach the SCN?

The Optic Nerve

The eye is right there

A direct connection from the retina (retinohypothalamic pathway)

Ganglion Cells

How long is the basic rest and activity cycle and what is this cycle called?

60-90 minutes long. It is called the Circadian Rhythm

80-100 minutes long. It is called Sleep/Wake cycle.

60 minutes long. It is called the free-running rhythm

90-100 minutes long. It is called the ultradian rhythms

What are the stages of Electroencephalogram (EEG)?

1:REM. 2: Sleep Spindles and K Complexes. 3 & 4: Theta waves. Slow wave sleep

1: Theta Waves. 2: Sleep Spindles and K complexes. 3 & 4: Slow wave sleep with delta waves. REM.

1: Sleep Spindles and K complexes. 2: Theta Waves. 3: Slow wave sleep. 4: REM

1 & 2: Slow wave sleep. REM. 2: Sleep spindles and K complexes. 3: Theta waves.

In what order does the sleeper return through the stages of sleep?

Reverse order

The right order

It does not return

The same way it did before

What are the functions of REM?

It promotes Neural Development in children. Infants begin their sleep cycle in REM. REM sleep decreases proportional to age.

It promotes children. Everyone's sleep begins in REM. We have the same amount of REM our whole lives.

It's never the same

Only infants have it

How does sleep play a role in memory?

When you sleep you lose your memories

REM and slow wave sleep is needed to store the memories away

We can go days without sleeping and this helps our memory

Theta waves and sleep spindles are needed to store memories away

What chemical accumulates in what area of the brain during sleep/wake cycle?

Adenosine, Basal forebrain area

Calcium, Basal Ganglia

Sodium, Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Melatonin, Pituitary Gland

In order to sleep and dream, neurons in the preoptic area must inhibit neurons in what areas?

Hypothalamus, Pituitary

Thalamus, Pons

Hypothalamus, Pons

Thalamus, Pituitary

What is major awaking pathway 1?

PPT/LDT (part of pons) -> Thalamus -> Cortex

PPT/LDT (part of pons) -> Cortex -> Thalamus

Thalamus -> PPT/LDT (part of pons) -> Cortex

Cortex -> Thalamus -> PPT/LDT (part of pons)

What is major awaking pathway 2?

Locus Coeruleus -> Raphé nucleus -> Hypothalamus -> Basal Forebrain

Basal Forebrain -> Locus Coeruleus -> Raphé nucleus -> Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus -> Basal Forebrain -> Locus Coeruleus -> Raphé Nucleus

Raphé nucleus -> Hypothalamus -> Basal Forebrain -> Locus Coeruleus

What is Insomnia and what is it affected by and what is its effects, and who does it affect most commonly??

Very healthy people struggle with this. It means you get very restful sleep every night. It contributes to a longer lifespan.

Only onset by addictive drugs. Can shorten lifespan and cause obesity. Common in people with stressful lives.

Inability to obtain quality sleep. Can lengthen lifespan. Can be cured by addictive drugs.

Inability to sleep or obtain quality sleep. Can shorten lifespan and may contribute to obesity. Affected by stres. Most common in people with psychological problems.

What is the difference between sleepwalking and REM sleep Behavior Disorder?

People who struggle with these disorders are often homicidal maniacs

Sleepwalking occurs during slow wave sleep, and can be triggered by stress, sleep deprivation or alcohol. The latter is during REM sleep, can lead to injury, and is often associated with a neurological disorder or a tumor.

There is none, it's the same thing

Sleep walking occurs during REM sleep and is usually because of a brain tumor or neurological disorder. REM sleep Behavior Disorder is caused by stress, alcohol, and sleep deprivation.

What is narcolepsy?

People who sleep more than normal and experience body paralysis every time

When a person falls into REM sleep suddenly during waking hours. Does not always pair with cataplexy. Loss of orexin-secreting neurons in the hypothalamus.

Loss of orexin-secreting neurons in the hypothalamus cause cataplexy and this makes people sleepy

Lazy people who like to take naps multiple times during the day when they should be working..

What does it mean to Lucid Dream?

They are aware when they are dreaming and in some cases can control the nature of the dream

They eat a lot in their dreams

These people have vivacious dreams that often turn into nightmares

The same thing as sleep paralysis, stuck in sleep and aware the whole time but cannot wake up.

What is the physiological process of attention in the brain?

The Temporal lobe, subconscious memory, and the left parietal lobe

Thalamus, working memory, prefrontal cortex and (right) parietal lobe

The right parietal lobe, the frontal lobe, the ACC

The Thalamus, Working Memory, and the Right Temporal lobe

What is sense of self? How old are we when we discover this? What diminishes sense of self? Where is this located in the brain?

Recognizing yourself in the mirror. 1 year old. Being told your fat diminishes this. Located in the frontal lobe and hypothalamus.

We always have a sense of self, it just means that we exist. 6 years old. Nothing can diminish this. Located in the pineal gland and Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

"my" tongue. Body image is important to subjective sense of self. 11-12 months of age.Sensory feedback and disruptions of body image diminish this. Located in the Anterior Cingulate and Insula.

"my" tongue. Never recognizing ourselves diminishes this. 6 years old. Located in the ACC and SCN.

The Angular Gyrus and the Insula are involved in attributing action to what, respectively?

Others, Self

Self, Others

Others and self for both

None of the above

What two things affect the sense of self?

Having full reconstructive plastic surgery

The phantom of the opera. Ten Second Tom

Being a compulsive liar and constantly confabulating memories

Loss of an important long-term memory. Phantom limb.

The Hippocampus shuts off in a persons brain during what phase of what disorder?

Switching persons, Dissociative Identity Disorder

Switching persons, Bi-Polar Disorder

Recognizing their sense of self, Dissociative Identity Disorder

Recognizing their sense of self, Bi-Polar Disorder

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