Pediatric 701-810 GD

701. A term neonate develops apnea, tachypnea, and seizures in the first 2 hours of life. The infant is large for gestational age and appears obese. Physical examination is otherwise unremarkable. Serum studies demonstrate a blood glucose level of 30 mg/dL. The mother most likely has which of the following conditions?

702. You receive a call from the parents of a 1 year old who is due for his well-child visit next week. They have just received a letter from their daycare center that an employee has hepatitis A. Which of the following is the best treatment plan?

703. A 4-year-old child was brought in for evaluation of sleep problems. He cried and screamed within an hour of falling asleep. He seemed disoriented and confused; he did not seem aware of his parents’ presence. They were unable to arouse him to comfort him. This resolved spontaneously, and he had no recollection of the event the next morning. You informed the parents that he was most likely experiencing which of the following?

704. Varicella vaccination is a live virus vaccine. It is generally not recommended in immunocompromised patients. Which of the following is an exception to this rule?

705. A male infant was found to be jaundiced 12 hours after birth. At 36 hours of age, his serum bilirubin was 18 mg/dL, hemoglobin concentration was 12.5 g/dL, and reticulocyte count 9%. Many nucleated RBCs and some spherocytes were seen in the peripheral blood smear. The differential diagnosis should include which of the following?

706. On a routine well-child examination, a 1-year-old boy is noted to be pale. He is in the 75th percentile for weight and the 25th percentile for length. Results of physical examination are otherwise normal. His hematocrit is 24%. The answer to which of the following questions is most likely to be helpful in making a diagnosis?

707. A parent brings in a 5-year-old boy being treated for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). He states a friend who is staying with them at their home has just come down with chicken pox. Your patient has not had chicken pox or received immunization with varicella vaccine. What is the appropriate treatment?

708. A young mother claims that her 4-week-old child sleeps best on his stomach. You tell her that the safest sleep position for infants is which of the following?

709. A 4-year-old boy is seen in the office for a general check-up. The child appears well nourished and has normal developmental milestones. His temperature is 36.6 C (98 F), pulse rate is 80/min, and blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg. On abdominal palpation, there is a lobular right-sided flank mass, and the kidneys are palpable bilaterally. What is the most likely cause of the flank mass in this child?

710. A 12-year-old boy is brought to the office by his mother due to a two-week history of generalized edema which is gradually progressing. His past medical history is insignificant. He is not taking any medications. His blood pressure is 110/80 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, respirations are 18/min, and temperature is 36.7C (98F). The laboratory findings are as follows: Serum sodium 140 mEq/L Serum potassium 3.7 mEq/L Serum albumin 2.1 g/dl Serum globulin 6.0 g/dl Serum creatinine 1.0 mg/dl Urinalysis reveals proteinuria 3+. What is the best next step in the management of this patient?

711. A 2-year-old child in shock has multiple nonblanching purple lesions of various sizes scattered about on the trunk and extremities; petechiae are noted, and oozing from the venipuncture site has been observed. The child’s peripheral blood smear is shown below. Clotting studies are likely to show which of the following?

712. A 10-year-old boy is admitted to the hospital because of bleeding. Pertinent laboratory findings include a platelet count of 50,000/L, prothrombin time (PT) of 15 seconds (control 11.5 seconds), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) of 51 seconds (control 36 seconds), thrombin time (TT) of 13.7 seconds (control 10.5 seconds), and factor VIII level of 14% (normal 38%-178%). Which of the following is the most likely cause of his bleeding?

713. A 5-month-old boy is brought to the office for a mass in his left groin area. The infant is on the examination table, quietly sucking on his pacifier. On examination, there is a fluid-filled sac that does not reach the inguinal ring and transilluminates well. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

714. A 9-year-old girl is brought to the clinic with complaints of fatigue, abdominal pain and low grade fever. Four days ago her mother noticed a red rash on the tops of her daughter's feet, which has now spread to her thighs and buttocks. The rash was initially small red dots, but has now become patches. Her daughter subsequently developed periumbilical, cramping, abdominal pain. Review of systems is positive only for a respiratory viral illness three weeks ago. Her temperature is 37.7 C (99.8 F), pulse is 96/min, and respirations are 18/min. Abdominal examination is remarkable for tenderness to palpation near the umbilicus, but the abdomen is otherwise soft, with no rebound or guarding, and no organomegaly. Raised, palpable purpuric lesions are present on the buttocks and thighs. The ankles are tender and edematous bilaterally. Complete blood count reveals a leukocyte count of 9,000/mm3. Her hemoglobin 12. 6 g/dL, and platelets are 325,000/mm3. Serum electrolytes are normal. Which of the following is her urinalysis most likely to reveal?

715. A 17-year-old adolescent comes to your office seeking help for “ heavy” menses. Your review of systems also reveals weekly epistaxis. Her only significant past history includes a tonsillectomy at age 6 after which she required blood transfusion for excessive bleeding. Her family history includes several people who seem to bleed and bruise more easily than others. The patient’s mother required a hysterectomy after child birth for excessive hemorrhage. You order a variety of laboratory tests. The patient has a hemoglobin of 6.5 mg/dL with an MCV of 60%; her platelet count is 350,000/L. Her von Willebrand antigen and her von Willebrand factor (vWF) activity (ristocetin cofactor activity) are decreased. Her vWF is reported as normal but in decreased amounts. You have been unable to reach her to report the findings, but when she calls about 1 week later she reports she is having a mild to moderate nosebleed. You initiate therapy with which of the following?

716. A 6-month-old infant is taken to the emergency department because he had a seizure. Physical examination demonstrates premature closure of cranial sutures and markedly bowed legs. Laboratory studies demonstrate low serum phosphate levels, with normal vitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels. Urinalysis shows high phosphate levels, but no increased excretion of glucose, amino acids, or protein. The child's maternal grandfather had crippling bone disease, and his mother has mild bowing of the legs. Which of the following is most likely diagnosis?

717. A 2-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department with a fever, chills, poor appetite, and vomiting. On examination, she is irritable and diaphoretic. Her temperature is 39.2 C (102.5 F), blood pressure is 80/48 mm Hg, pulse is 88/min, and respirations are 17/min. She is tender at the left costovertebral angle. Initial laboratory tests show the following: Leukocyte count 16,300/mm3 Hemoglobin 12.5 g/dL Platelet count 245,000/mm3 Blood urea nitrogen 6 mg/dL Creatinine 0.5 mg/dl Urinalysis is positive for leukocyte esterase and nitrite, with 150 white blood cells/hpf. After TV antibiotic administration and stabilization, what is the most appropriate diagnostic study?

718. An 8-year-old male presents to the emergency department with decreased mental status. His mother states that she has noticed he has been drinking and urinating more frequently over the past several weeks. He was hard to wake up this morning and complained of abdominal pain. Physical examination reveals an afebrile drowsy male with clear airways and mild tachycardia. Mucous membranes are dry and his lips are cracked. His abdomen is mildly tender to palpation diffusely, but there is no rebound or guarding. Laboratory evaluation reveals a glucose of 560 mg/dL and potassium of 5.9 mEq/L.An arterial blood gas analysis reveals a pH of 7.18. A urinalysis is positive for ketones and glucose. CT scan of the abdomen is normal. A chest x-ray film is clear. Two hours after initiation of treatment the physician adds potassium to the patient's IV fluids. Which of the following best explains this therapeutic decision?

719. An 8-month-old girl is brought to the clinic for a well-baby checkup. Her antenatal and birth histories are unremarkable. Her vital signs are stable, and all developmental milestones are appropriate. On examination, a head tilt is noted. Ophthalmoscopic examination reveals a red reflex and normal corneal light reflex. The cover test reveals moderate esodeviation of the left eye. What is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

720. A 6-year-old girl is brought to the office for the evaluation of "passing smoky urine." She recently had a sore throat. Her blood pressure is 150/100 mmHg. There is swelling of the face and extremities. Urinalysis reveals many red blood cells, red blood cell casts and 1 + proteinuria. Her serum C3 level and CH 50 are low. Her C4 1evel is normal. Her antistreptolysin-a (ASO) titer is 1,024 Todd units (normal ≤ 166 Todd units). In this patient, which of the following abnormal findings is most likely to become normal within 8 to 12 weeks?

721. The mother of a 3-day-old infant brings her child to your office for an early follow-up visit. The mom notes that the child has been eating well, has had no temperature instability, and stools and urinates well. She notes that over the previous 3 days the child has had a progressive rash on the face as pictured here. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

722. A 2-year-old child (A) presents with a 4-day history of a rash limited to the feet and ankles. The papular rash is both pruritic and erythematous. The 3-month-old sibling of this patient (B) has similar lesions also involving the head and neck. The most appropriate treatment for this condition includes which of the following?

723. An 8-hour-old infant develops increased respiratory distress, hypothermia, and hypotension. A complete blood count (CBC) demonstrates a white blood cell (WBC) count of 2500/μL with 80% bands. The chest radiograph is shown below. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

724. A 3-year-old child is taken to a pediatrician because he develops burning pain, erythema, and swelling minutes after being exposed to the sun. Physical examination demonstrates erythema with swelling of the hands and arms. The skin is thickened on the backs of the hands but does not show blistering or scarring. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

725. A 16-year-old girl has had a fever, vomiting, and watery diarrhea for the past 24 hours. She also complains of intermittent abdominal pain and generalized myalgia. On examination, she is slightly lethargic. Her temperature is 39.4 C (103 F), blood pressure is 75/50 mm Hg, and pulse is 150/min. Her conjunctivae and pharynx are hyperemia. She has a generalized erythematous maculopapular rash that spares the wrists. Which of the following will be the most appropriate treatment?

726. An 8-month-old infant, who is up-to-date with his immunizations, is brought to the clinic by his mother. The mother states that she overheard other mothers talking about a varicella vaccination that their children have received. She does not want her son to have the chickenpox virus and therefore, wants him to receive the vaccine today. The physician explains that the infant has not yet reached the recommended age for the vaccine. If this visit is in November, when is the earliest that this patient can return for the varicella vaccine?

727. An 11-year-old girl is brought to the office by her mother due to headaches for the last 4 hours. The headaches are bifrontal, and are accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and noise. It is her second episode, and both episodes were preceded by dark spots in her visual field. The first episode was 2 weeks ago. She doesn't report any numbness or tingling in her extremities, and no behavioral change or decline in school performance was noted. Her vital signs are stable, and she is afebrile. The physical examination is normal. What is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

728. A previously healthy one-year-old child is brought to the physician for a routine wellness visit. Her parents report that she drinks six glasses of whole milk a day, but is a very picky eater. She is developmentally appropriate. Her parents are concerned that she might be anemic because she frequently eats ice and sometimes dirt. On examination, her temperature is 88.6F (37 C), pulse is 118/min, and respiratory rate is 21 /min. Her height and weight are both at the 50th percentile for her age. She appears well nourished and her physical examination is unremarkable. Laboratory findings include the following. Complete blood count Hemoglobin 10.5 g/dL MCV 70 fl Reticulocytes 1.0% Platelets 250,000/mm3 Leukocyte count 6,500/mm3 Neutrophils 56% Lymphocytes 33% Monocytes 10% Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this child?

729. An inner city family has been using a neighbor to care for their 3-year-old child while the parents work. The neighbor is diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. PPD test of the 3-year-old is negative. Which of the following is indicated for the 3-year-old?

730. A 7 -year-old male child is brought to the office due to decreased urine output and lethargy for the past week. His birth and past medical histories are insignificant. His immunizations are up-to-date. Examination reveals no abnormalities. His BUN and creatinine levels are elevated. What is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

731. A 7 -day-old male infant is brought by his mother complaining of decreased movements of his right arm. She denies any trauma or fall. Pregnancy was uneventful, but delivery was complicated with shoulder dystocia. Examination reveals the presence of crepitus and bony irregularity over the clavicular area and Mora reflex is absent on the right. Which of the following is the most appropriate management?

732. An infant born at 35 weeks’ gestation to a mother with no prenatal care is noted to be jittery and irritable, and is having difficulty feeding. You note coarse tremors on examination. The nurses report a high-pitched cry and note several episodes of diarrhea and emesis. You suspect which of the following?

733. A previously healthy full-term infant has several episodes of duskiness and apnea during the second day of life. Diagnostic considerations should include which of the following?

734. A 3-year-old girl is brought to the pediatrician with complaints of abdominal pain and fever. Her mother states that the fever started 2 days ago, with the highest temperature being 39.0 C (102.2 F). She has had no vomiting or diarrhea. The mother states that her daughter has been complaining of pain on urination. On examination, she is tender in her lower abdomen, and there is some right-sided costovertebral angle tenderness. A urinalysis confirms the suspicion of a urinary tract infection. Which of the following would be the most appropriate diagnostic procedure?

735. A very concerned mother brings a 2-year-old child to your office because of two episodes of a brief, shrill cry followed by a prolonged expiration and apnea. You have been following this child in your practice since birth and know the child to be a product of a normal pregnancy and delivery, to be growing and developing normally, and to have no chronic medical problems. The first episode occurred immediately after the mother refused to give the child some juice; the child became cyanotic, unconscious, and had generalized clonic jerks. A few moments later the child awakened and had no residual effects. The most recent episode (identical in nature) occurred at the grocery store when the child’s father refused to purchase a toy for her. Your physical examination reveals a delightful child without unexpected physical examination findings. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

736. You are called to examine a 2-day old male infant due to difficulty in feeding. He becomes cyanotic and short of breath when he feeds, but turns pink when he cries. His prenatal, birth and family histories are unremarkable. His vital signs are normal. Chest auscultation is normal. His peripheral pulses are full and symmetric. What is the most likely diagnosis?

737. A 3-week-old female is brought into the emergency department with a fever and irritability. She was born after a normal pregnancy and delivery. Her mother had routine prenatal care and has no history of sexually transmitted infections. The infant's mother is 14 years old and the father is 17 years old. They are not married, and the father is not involved in the care of the infant. The infant lives with her mother and maternal grandparents at the maternal grandparents' home. You are concerned about meningitis and decide to do a lumbar puncture. The mother and maternal grandparents are present in the emergency department. Informed consent should be obtained from which of the following individuals?

738. You are seeing a 2-year-old child, brought by his father for a well-child examination. In providing age-appropriate anticipatory guidance, you should tell him which of the following?

739. A child can walk well holding on to furniture but is slightly wobbly when walking alone. She uses a neat pincer grasp to pick up a pellet, and she can release a cube into a cup after it has been demonstrated to her. She tries to build a tower of two cubes with variable success. She is most likely at which of the following age?

740. A neonate has an obviously abnormal foot. The foot is in a markedly plantar flexed position, with the sole facing the adjacent leg in a position of marked adduction. No other anomalies are noted on physical examination. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

741. A mentally retarded 10-year-old boy presents with arthritis, nephrolithiasis, and progressive renal failure. Since his first years of life, he manifested peculiar neurologic abnormalities consisting of self-mutilative biting of the lips and fingers, choreoathetosis, and spasticity. Two male relatives on his mother's side presented with a similar condition and died in their teens. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

742. A previously healthy 7-year-old girl comes to the office with complaints of episodic abdominal pain over the past several months. The pain is periumbilical and sharp but does not wake her from sleep or interfere with play. She has no fever, joint complaints, or constipation or diarrhea. Growth and development have been normal. The physical examination is within normal limits. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

743. A 4-month-old male infant is brought to the office by his parents due to progressive lethargy, poor feeding, fatigue and increasing pallor for the past four weeks. His antenatal and birth histories are unremarkable. His diet consists mainly of breast milk. His immunizations are up-to-date. His mother's blood type is O+. Physical examination reveals a webbed neck, cleft lip, shielded chest, triphalangeal thumbs, and pale mucous membranes and conjunctivae. Cardiac auscultation reveals mild tachycardia and a systolic ejection murmur over the left upper sternal border. The initial investigations reveal the following: Hb 8 g/dl Ht 26% WBCs 7,000/mm3 Platelets 300,000 /mm3 Reticulocytes 04% MCV 104 fl Blood type A - Bilirubin direct 0.1 mg/dl Bilirubin total 1.0 mg/dl What is the most likely diagnosis?

744. A 15-year-old Caucasian male is brought to the office by his mother for the evaluation of a six-month history of unstable gait and speech difficulty which are getting worse over time. His past medical history is insignificant. He is not taking any medications, and denies smoking or alcohol consumption. His blood pressure is 120/70 mmHg and pulse is 80/min. Musculoskeletal examination showed scoliosis and feet deformity with 'hammer toes.' The neurologic examination showed dysarthria, dysmetria, nystagmus, and absence of deep plantar reflexes on lower extremities. What is the most common cause of death in this patient population?

745. Over the previous 2 to 3 weeks, a very active 13-year-old white boy is noted by his family to have developed deep pains in his leg that awaken him from sleep. The family brings him to your office with a complaint of a swelling over his distal leg, which he attributes to his being kicked while playing soccer about 1 week ago. He has had no fever, headaches, weakness, bruising, or other symptoms. A radiograph of the leg is shown below. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for his pain?

746. An 18-month-old child is brought to the emergency department by his mother due to a one-day history of lethargy and anorexia. He had a fever the whole day yesterday, which responded to Tylenol (Acetaminophen). He then developed a petechial rash over his entire body, which worsened in the last few hours. He is up-to-date with his immunizations, and is an otherwise healthy baby. On examination, he is drowsy and lethargic. He has neck stiffness and appears septic. He flexes his hips when his neck is flexed. What is the most likely organism responsible for the patient's symptoms?

747. You are called to examine a one-day-old male neonate who gradually developed cyanosis over the past few hours. The infant was delivered vaginally at full term, assisted with forceps, and weighed 9 lbs. The Apgar scores were 7 and 8 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. Oxygen administration by mask does not relieve the cyanosis. Further examination reveals tachypnea, subcostal retractions, a normal S 1, single and loud S2, and no murmur. Which of the following is the most probable cause of the infant's cyanosis?

748. A 9-month-old, chubby, healthy-appearing boy is brought to the pediatrician because of episodes of colicky abdominal pain and blood-tinged stools. The pain lasts from 1 to 10 minutes and causes the infant to double up; he then appears normal until his next bout of colic. During the examination, the infant has another episode, at which time a vague mass can be felt on the right side of the abdomen, and the right lower quadrant has an "empty" feeling to deep palpation. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial step in management?

749. A 29-year-old woman presents to the delivery room in labor at 35 weeks' gestation with a temperature of 40 C (104 F). She lives on a dairy farm and is in the habit of drinking unpasteurized milk from her cows before sending it to the dairy. For the past 3 days she has been unable to attend to her chores because of fever, headache, mild diarrhea, and a general feeling of illness. When her amniotic membranes rupture, the fluid is dark, cloudy, and brownish-green. At birth, the infant has no malformations or edema, but is in severe respiratory distress. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

750. A 4-year-old girl with sickle cell disease presents to the emergency department with a temperature of 39.6 C (103.2 F). Other than irritability, the physical examination is unremarkable. Laboratory evaluations reveal a white blood cell count of 18,200/mm3, with 88% polymorphonuclear neutrophils, 10% lymphocytes, and 2% monocytes, and a hemoglobin of 7.6 g/dL. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

751. A previously healthy 13-year-old girl presents to the emergency department with an acute onset of red urine after she played soccer in the morning. Her physical examination is unremarkable. Urinalysis shows a red color; pH, 6.2; specific gravity, 1.024; glucose, negative; blood, +4; protein, trace; nitrite, negative; leukocyte esterase, negative; white blood cell, 0/hpf; red blood cell, 1/hpf. Which of the following is the most likely explanation of the red urine?

752. A 1-month-old infant is seen in a well-baby clinic. The mother states that the baby is constipated and feeds poorly. On examination, he is jaundiced, has a large posterior fontanel and an umbilical hernia, and exhibits poor muscle tone. He has gained only 300 g since discharge from the normal newborn nursery. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

753. A 7-year-old boy is referred for genetic testing because his father was diagnosed with medullary cancer of the thyroid. The father underwent a total thyroidectomy, and in the preoperative workup it was determined that he also had a pheochromocytoma, and that tumor was removed also. The father did not have parathyroid hyperplasia at the time, his phenotype was normal, and his final diagnosis was MEN-2A. The child is tested and found to have RET mutations in the peripheral white blood cells. The child has normal phenotype, normal levels of calcitonin, normal levels of catecholamines, metanephrines, and VMA, and normal levels of calcium and parathyroid hormone. Which of the following is the most appropriate management?

754. A 3-month-old male infant is brought to the emergency department by his mother because of difficulty in breathing. His mother was admitted in the hospital ten days ago due to a urinary tract infection, and he was cared for by his grandmother during that period. His mother had just been discharged from the hospital yesterday, and noticed that he was constipated and having difficulty with breastfeeding. On examination, he is afebrile. His pulse rate is 110/min, respirations are 36/min with shallow breathing efforts, and blood pressure is 90/50mm Hg. His weight is at the 35th percentile. Examination shows ptosis, dilated pupils with sluggish reaction to light, diminished deep tendon reflexes and decreased muscle tone. What is the most likely mechanism of his illness?

755. A 16-year-old College student presents to the physician's office because of a generalized malaise, sore throat and fever for the past 2 to 3 days. She is given amoxicillin prescription. Twenty-four hours later, she develops a polymorphous rash over her entire body. She has taken amoxicillin in the past for sinus disease and never had any problem. What is the most likely organism that is responsible for her symptoms?

756. An otherwise healthy 17-year-old complains of swollen glands in his neck and groin for the past 6 months and an increasing cough over the previous 2 weeks. He also reports some fevers, especially at night, and possibly some weight loss. On examination, you notice that he has nontender cervical, supraclavicular, axillary, and inguinal nodes, no hepatosplenomegaly, and otherwise looks to be fairly healthy. Which of the following would be the appropriate next step?

757. A 15-year-old girl has a round, 1-cm cystic mass in the midline of her neck, at the level of the hyoid bone. The mass is deep to the skin and moves slightly when the patient swallows. When the mass is palpated at the same time that the tongue is pulled, there seems to be a connection between the two. The mass has been present for at least 10 years, but only recently bothered the patient because it became infected. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

758. A 4-month-old baby boy arrives to the ER cold and stiff. The parents report that he had been healthy and that they put him to bed as usual for the night at the regular time. When they next saw him, in the morning, he was dead. Physical examination is uninformative. A film from a routine skeletal survey is shown below. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

759. A 6-year-old boy is often teased at school because he has stooled in his underwear almost daily for the last 3 months. He was toilet trained at 2 years of age without difficulty, but over the last 2 years he had developed ongoing constipation. His family is frustrated because they cannot believe him when he says (I didn’t know I had to go). He is otherwise normal; school is going well, and his home life is stable. His only finding on examination is significant for stool in the rectal vault. The plain radiograph of his abdomen is shown. Initial management of this problem should include which of the following?

760. A 2-year-old boy who emigrated from Eastern Europe 1 year ago is brought to the physician because of fever, cough, and night sweats for 3 weeks. The child's grandmother, who lives with him, has similar symptoms. The child's temperature is 39.2 C (102.6 F), Wood pressure is 110/65 mm Hg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 28/min. A Mantoux test is reactive, and a chest x-ray film shows a right middle lobe infiltrate and hilar lymphadenopathy. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosis?

761. A 4-month-old infant is evaluated by a dermatologist because of thick, erythematous skin with fine scaling, principally involving his face. The mother reports that the infant is "always scratching his face." An older brother and a maternal uncle had a similar condition. Screening hematologic studies show the following: Erythrocyte count 5.1 million/mm3 Leukocyte count 12,000/mm3 Segmented neutrophils 80% Bands 5% Eosinophils 3% Basophils 1% Lymphocytes 5% Monocytes 6% Platelet count 35,000/mm3 , with the comment that the platelets are smaller than normal Serum immunoglobulin studies demonstrate the following: IgA 120 mg/dL IgE 2300 IU/mL IgG 900 mg/dL IgM 15 mg/dL Patients with this condition have a significantly increased incidence of which of the following?

762. A 15-year-old athlete is in your office for his annual physical examination before the start of football season. He has no complaints, has suffered no injuries, and appears to be physically fit. On his heart examination, you note a heart rate of 100 beats per minute, and a diffuse point of maximal impulse (PMI) with a prominent ventricular lift. He has a normal S1 and S2, with an S4 gallop. He has no murmur sitting, but when he stands you clearly hear a systolic ejection murmur along the lower left sternal edge and the apex. For which of the following conditions is this examination most consistent?

763. A 16-year-old girl, accompanied by her mother, is in your office for a well-adolescent visit. The mother asks about drug and alcohol abuse. You explain that the warning signs of abuse include which of the following?

764. A 6-month-old boy presents to the Emergency Department with a three-day history of cough, congestion and low grade fever. The mother states that the baby has not been feeding well and has used only two diapers over the past 24 hours. Physical examination reveals a pale infant with a temperature of 37.8 C (100.1 F), pulse of 170/min, respirations of 60/min and oxygen saturation of 88% on room air. The patient exhibits nasal flaring, subcostal and intercostal retractions. Lung examination reveals diffuse wheezing. Cardiac examination reveals a regular but tachycardic rhythm with no murmur. Central capillary refill is four seconds. The remainder of the examination is normal. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial step in management?

765. An infant in brought to the clinic for a routine healthy visit and vaccinations. She is the product of an uncomplicated pregnancy and has been meeting development mileposts. She is feeding well, and her mother reports that the baby seems to be growing well as well. On physical examination, the infant is afebrile with stable vital signs. She can lift her head to 90 degrees, her eyes follow past the midline, she laughs, regards her own hand and has slight awareness of her mother. Which of the following is the most likely age of this infant?

766. A two-day old infant develops seizures, bulging fontanel, and focal neurologic signs. His temperature is 37 C (98F), pulse is 180/min, and capillary refill is> 2 seconds. The initial work-up reveals a hemoglobin level of 12g/dl. Transfontanel ultrasonography demonstrates a hemorrhage involving the germinal matrix, lateral ventricles, and brain parenchyma. Which of the following is the most significant risk factor for this newborn's condition?

767. A 6-year-old, fully immunized boy is brought to the emergency room with a 3-hour history of fever to 39.5°C (103.1°F) and sore throat. The child appears alert, but anxious and toxic. He has mild inspiratory stridor and is drooling. He is sitting on the examination table leaning forward with his neck extended. A lateral radiograph of his neck is shown below. Which of the following is the most appropriate immediate management of this patient?

768. A 4-year-old boy was admitted to the hospital last night with the complaint of “difficulty breathing.” He has no past history of lung infection, no recent travel, and no day-care exposure; he does, however, have an annoying tendency to eat dirt. In the emergency center he was noted to be wheezing and to have hepatomegaly. He is able to talk, relaying his concern about his 6-week-old Chihuahua being left alone at home. Laboratory studies revealed marked eosinophilia (60% eosinophils). Which of the following tests is most likely to produce a specific diagnosis?

769. A 10-year-old Caucasian boy is brought to the emergency room by his mother with right hemiplegia of sudden onset. The mother says that the child fell on a pencil in his mouth, ten hours before the onset of symptoms. His past medical history is insignificant. Family history is not significant. His blood pressure 110/60 mmHg and heart rate is 90/min. Physical examination reveals dense right hemiplegia, right hemianesthesia, and mild motor aphasia. Cardiac auscultation reveals S3. What is the most probable cause of this patient's condition?

770. A 2-day-old male infant is jaundiced. He was born at term from an uncomplicated pregnancy, and was normal at birth. He otherwise appears healthy and is feeding well. Vital signs are stable. Physical examination shows jaundice. There is no organomegaly. Laboratory investigations show: Hemoglobin 17.0 g/L MCV 88 fl Platelets 220,000/mm3 Leukocyte count 4,500/mm3 Total bilirubin 7.5 mg/dL Indirect bilirubin 6.0 mg/dL What is the most likely cause of this patient's jaundice?

771. A 2-year-old child is admitted to your hospital team. The child’s primary care doctor has been following the child for several days and has noted her to have had high fever, peeling skin, abdominal pain, and a bright red throat. You are concerned because two common pediatric problems that could explain this child’s condition have overlapping presenting signs and symptoms. Which of the following statements comparing these two diseases in your differential is true?

772. Two new mothers are discussing their infants outside the neonatal intensive care unit. Both were born at 36 weeks’ gestation. One infant weighs 2600 g (5 lb, 12 oz) while the other infant weighs 1600 g (3 lb, 8 oz). The mother of the second infant should be told that her child is more likely to have which of the following conditions?

773. A 6-month-old male is brought to the office due to fussiness and tugging at his right ear for the past 2 days. He has had a fever of 39.4 C (103 F) for the past 2 days. His past medical history is significant for recurrent ear and lung infections, oral candidiasis, and persistent diarrhea by rotavirus. His temperature is 39.4 C (103F), pulse rate is 150/min, respirations are 28/min, and blood pressure is 80/60mm Hg. Physical examination reveals an erythematous, bulging right tympanic membrane with poor mobility on pneumatic otoscopy. His lymph nodes are not palpable, and his tonsils are not visualized. His B and T lymphocyte levels are markedly reduced. The chest x-ray reveals an absent thymic shadow. What is the most likely etiology of this patient's condition?

774. A school teacher calls you to report that his 7-year-old student had about 10 episodes of eye blinking and gabbling today, which lasted approximately 30 seconds each. The child sat in his chair and did not have any postictal confusion. The teacher noticed several similar episodes during the last month, as well as a decline in the child's school performance. What type of seizure does this child have?

775. A 10-year-old girl has had a “cold” for 14 days. In the 2 days prior to the visit to your office, she has developed a fever of 39°C (102.2°F), purulent nasal discharge, facial pain, and a daytime cough. Examination of the nose after topical decongestants shows pus in the middle meatus. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

776. A 16-year-old girl is being evaluated for primary amenorrhea. Her birth history is significant for low birth weight and bilateral swelling of the hands and feet. Her blood pressure is 170/96 mmHg. She has a short stature and webbed neck. Her karyotype examination results show 22 pairs of autosomes, one X, and one Y chromosome. Which of the following statements is true regarding this patient's condition?

777. An 8-year-old girl presents with well-controlled, moderately persistent asthma. Her therapies consist of occasional use of short-acting β-agonists, daily inhaled steroids, and a leukotriene inhibitor. She presents with white patches on her buccal mucosa. You recommend which of the following?

778. A 4-year-old boy, who has a ventriculoperitoneal shunt for congenital hydrocephalus, develops fever, headache, irritability, lethargy, photophobia, and vomiting. His temperature is 39.6 C (103.2 F). He is noted to have nuchal rigidity, with the presence of both Kernig's and Brudzinski's signs. The shunt tract is erythematous on the surface. A lumbar puncture is performed and shows a WBC of 40,000/mm3 with 85% neutrophils, a glucose concentration of 48 mg/dL, and a protein concentration of 169 mg/dL. Which of the following is the most likely pathogen?

779. A 16-year-old boy presents with a temperature of 38.4 C (101 F) and low back, wrist, and knee pain. He had a sore throat 1 month earlier. His arthritis is diffuse. Pea-sized swellings are noted over the skin on his knees. He has a serpiginous erythematous area on his anterior trunk. His blood and throat cultures are negative, and his CBC is unremarkable. His antistreptolysin-O (ASO) titer is high. Which of the following is the most appropriate therapy?

780. A 2-year-old child is brought by an anxious mother to the emergency department because of difficulty in breathing for the past 12 hours. The child has a history of runny nose that started 3 days ago. He suddenly developed a progressively increasing difficulty in breathing. The mother reports that the child "sounds like a barking dog when he coughs." The child's temperature is 37.7C (99.9F), respirations are 30/min, blood pressure is 90/60mm Hg, and pulse rate is 104/min. He is coughing and using his accessory muscles of respiration. His oxygen saturation is 98% on 2L of oxygen. He is diagnosed with laryngotracheobronchitits, started on humidified oxygen, and kept in an upright position. After 20 minutes, he becomes more irritable, his oxygen saturation drops to 92%, respirations increase to 40/min, and pulse increases to 120/min. His blood pressure and temperature are unchanged. What is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

781. A 5-year-old boy is brought to the clinic by his mother because he was sent home by the school nurse. The nurse claims to have heard a murmur in his chest. The child has always been healthy, and has never had any shortness of breath, chest pain, dizziness or any other illnesses. On examination, the child appears alert, and his vital signs are stable. Auscultation of the chest reveals a grade-2 systolic ejection murmur at the left sternal border, but no other extra sounds. The murmur changes with position. What is the best next step in the management of this patient?

782. A 13-year-old boy has a 3-day history of low-grade fever, symptoms of upper respiratory infection, and a sore throat. A few hours before his presentation to the emergency room, he has an abrupt onset of high fever, difficulty swallowing, and poor handling of his secretions. He indicates that he has a marked worsening in the severity of his sore throat. His pharynx has a fluctuant bulge in the posterior wall. A soft tissue radiograph of his neck is shown. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial therapy for this patient?

783. A previously healthy 2-year-old black child has developed a chronic cough during the previous 6 weeks. He has been seen in different emergency rooms on two occasions during this period and has been placed on antibiotics for pneumonia. Upon auscultation, you hear normal breath sounds on the left. On the right side, you hear decreased air movement during inspiration but none upon expiration. Inspiratory (A) and expiratory (B) radiographs of the chest are shown below. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in making the diagnosis in this patient?

784. A 4-year-old boy presents with a history of constipation since the age of 6 months. His stools, produced every 3 to 4 days, are described as large and hard. Physical examination is normal; rectal examination reveals a large ampulla, poor sphincter tone but present anal wink, and stool in the rectal vault. The plain film of his abdomen is shown. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this child?

785. A 7 -year-old girl is brought to the physician's office by her mother due to recurrent, prolonged episodes of nausea and severe vomiting for the past 4 days. According to the mother, the vomiting starts in the early morning and recur 7 to 8 times daily. The child denies any headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea, chest pain or respiratory distress. She has had two similar episodes of vomiting and nausea in the past year, which resolved spontaneously. The mother has a history of migraines. On examination, the child is afebrile and has pallor with signs of mild dehydration. The abdomen is soft and non-tender to palpation. What is the most likely cause of this child's symptoms?

786. A father brings his 18-month-old daughter to the office for the evaluation of fever for the past 1 0 days. The father, who works as a phlebotomist, says that the temperature seems higher in the morning and again at night, often reaching 40.5C (105F), and is sometimes associated with shaking chills. He remembers that the child developed severe respiratory distress and skin rash when treated with penicillin in the past. He has heard about the development of 'liver toxicities' in children treated with aspirin, and he is interested in knowing everything about his daughter's condition. On examination, the child is in no acute distress. Her temperature is 39.4C (103F), pulse rate is 90/min, and blood pressure is 1 00/60 mmHg. Her sclerae are anicteric. There is bulbar conjunctival injection, and the oropharynx shows diffuse mucosal injection with fissuring and crusting of the lips. There are numerous hyperemic macules over her entire body, and her palms appear edematous. Based on the above description, which of the following is the most accurate statement?

787. A term newborn is delivered vaginally following a breech presentation. On physical examination, the Barlow test is positive for bilateral subluxation of the hips. There is decreased abduction of both hips. Besides breech presentation, which of the following infants are most at risk for developmental dysplasia of the hip?

788. A 4-month-old infant boy has gained only 10 ounces since birth. He has failed to gain weight with multiple formula preparations. His stools have been loose and fatty. An older sister had similar symptoms and has been repeatedly hospitalized for failure to thrive and recurrent pulmonary infections. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's gastrointestinal symptoms?

789. A 13-year-old develops fever, malaise, sore throat, and a dry, hacking cough over several days. He does not appear to be particularly sick, but his chest examination is significant for diffuse rales and rhonchi. The chest radio- graph is shown below. Which of the following is the most likely pathogen?

790. A 3-month-old, previously well male infant presents to the emergency department in January with a 2-day history of clear rhinorrhea, low-grade fever, and poor appetite, but no cough. On physical examination, there are mild subcostal retractions, coarse breath sounds heard throughout the lung fields, and scattered expiratory wheezes. The child receives an intravenous fluid bolus in the emergency department and is admitted for observation. Which of the following is the most severe, life-threatening complication of this child's illness?

791. A 14-year-old boy has pain in his left leg. An x-ray shows a tumor and a biopsy reveals histopathologic features characteristic of neural origin. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

792. A 7-year-old boy arrives at the emergency room in acute distress. Over the past 3 to 4 days he has become progressively ill with generalized fatigue and mild, mid-abdominal pain that have become steadily worse. On physical examination he has a maculopapular rash on his thighs and feet with some spread of the rash to his buttocks. The rash does not blanch and the some lesions near the ankles look petechial or bruised. His temperature is 39.0 C (102.2 F) and he is drawing his knees to his chest for relief of his stomach pains. He is nauseated and vomited once before coming to the hospital. He has semi-soft dark stool, which is guaiac-positive. The boy has not voided since early morning and cannot provide a urine sample. The doctor determines that he is 10% dehydrated and asks the nurse to start intravenous fluids. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

793. A newborn girl is noted to be drooling saliva, and she chokes violently when she is first fed. On physical examination, she is found to have abdominal distention and an imperforate anus. There is no fistula to the perineum or vagina. Examination of the urine reveals no meconium in it. Echocardiogram and renal sonogram are reported as negative for other congenital defects. X-ray films show abundant gas in the gastrointestinal tract. Pictures taken with a metal marker taped to the anus, and the baby hanging upside down, show that there is a significant distance (2.5 cm) between the blind end of the rectum and the anal marker. Before a diverting colostomy is performed, which of the following steps should be taken?

794. A newborn male has oliguria and a midline mass in the lower abdomen. What is the most likely diagnosis?

795. A 22-month-old boy who recently immigrated from Eastern Europe with his family is brought to your office by his mother who is worried that he seems to tire easily. She describes how he becomes short of breath with even mild physical activity and cannot keep up with his peers during play. The boy is at the 40th percentile for height and 20th percentile for weight. On general examination, there is no clubbing, cyanosis, or peripheral edema, but there is a harsh 3/6 holosystolic murmur over the left lower sternal border and a rumbling diastolic murmur over the cardiac apex. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his symptoms?

796. A 15-year-old Caucasian female comes to your office because her menses have not yet started. Her breast development is Tanner stage 2 and there is scant pubic hair. Physical examination is also significant for decreased femoral pulses. Which of the following is the best next step in evaluating her condition?

797. A previously healthy 3-year-old male is brought to the emergency department with abdominal pain. The abdominal pain began several hours ago. Since then, he has had several episodes in which he clutches his stomach and screams. These episodes are associated with nonbloody, nonbilious vomiting and loose, watery stools. Between the episodes, the patient denies abdominal pain and is playful. On examination, his temperature is 99.o 0F (37.2 0C), pulse is 100/min, respiratory rate is 20/min, and blood pressure is 85/50 mmHg. The child is alert and in no acute distress. Abdominal examination reveals a soft, nontender, nondistended abdomen with bowel sounds present in all four quadrants. A tubular mass is felt in the right upper quadrant, and a rectal exam is hemoccult positive. An ultrasound image of the patient's abdomen is shown below. What is the best next step in the management of this patient?

798. A 5-month-old child was normal at birth, but the family reports that the child does not seem to look at them any longer. They also report the child seems to “startle” more easily than he had before. Testing of his white blood cells (WBCs) identifies the absence of -hexosaminidase A activity, confirming the diagnosis of which of the following?

799. The family of a 4-year-old boy has just moved into your area. The child was recently brought to the emergency department (ED) for an evaluation of abdominal pain. Although appendicitis was ruled out in the ED and the child’s abdominal pain has resolved, the ED physician requested that the family follow up in your office to evaluate an incidental finding of an elevated creatine kinase. The family notes that he was a late walker (began walking independently at about 18 months of age), that he is more clumsy than their daughter was at the same age (especially when trying to hold onto small objects), and that he seems to be somewhat sluggish when he runs, climbs stairs, rises from the ground after he sits, and rides his tricycle. A thorough history and physical examination are likely to reveal which of the following?

800. A 15-month-old boy is brought into the clinic with a 1-day history of fever, decreased oral intake, and runny nose. His vital signs are within normal limits except for a temperature of 39.5 C (103.1 F). He is active and in no distress. His ears are clear bilaterally. There is a clear nasal discharge. Multiple small (1-2 mm) vesicular lesions are noted on the mucosa of the anterior tonsillar pillars and posterior palate. The rest of his examination is within normal limits. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

801. A nurse notices that a 1-week-old, premature infant in the neonatal unit is experiencing migratory jerks of the extremities. She picks the infant up and can feel that the muscle jerks are continuing to happen, even when she holds an involved extremity still. After about 5 minutes, the jerking movements stop. Which of the following is the most appropriate first step in diagnosis?

802. A neonate develops severe cyanosis that begins within minutes of birth. Blood drawn one hour after birth shows metabolic acidosis with respiratory acidosis. A chest x-ray film shows a narrow base to the great vessels and the heart resembles an egg on its side. ECG is normal. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

803. A 13-year-old boy is seen for right knee pain that has persisted for the past 2 months despite the use of over-the-counter analgesics. His mother states that he has been limping since he started to have the pain. The pain is of insidious onset, but its intensity sometimes suddenly increases. On physical examination, the boy is obese; his weight is higher than the 90th percentile. Flexion of the right hip causes marked outward rotation and reproduces the pain. Internal rotation of the right hip is limited, and the right leg is slightly shortened compared with the left leg. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

804. A 2-week-old male infant is brought to the office by his mother due to fever and vomiting for the past two days. He appeared normal until two days ago. He is being breastfed. He was born at 32 weeks gestation and weighed 2.7kg (6 Ib) at birth. On examination, he is ill-looking, lethargic, and febrile. His abdomen is distended, bowel sounds are absent, and stool is guaiac-positive. An abdominal x-ray demonstrates pneumatosis intestinalis. What is the most likely diagnosis of this patient?

805. A 5-year-old Mexican female child is brought to the office for the evaluation of a pruritic vulva for the past fifteen days. The pruritus is felt mostly during the night. Her 4-year-old cousin who visited them four weeks ago has a similar complaint. On examination, there is no vaginal discharge, but the vulva is erythematous. The rest of the physical examination is normal. What is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

806. A 2-year-old boy is brought into the emergency room with a complaint of fever for 6 days and the development of a limp. On examination, he is found to have an erythematous macular exanthem over his body as shown in image A, ocular conjunctivitis, dry and cracked lips, a red throat, and cervical lymphadenopa- thy. There is a grade 2/6 vibratory systolic ejection murmur at the lower left sternal border. A white blood cell (WBC) count and differential show predominant neutrophils with increased platelets on smear. Later, he develops the findings as seen in image B. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

807. The parents of a 5-year-old boy come to the physician concerned about their child's recurrent leg pains. The boy has been complaining for several weeks about pain in both legs, usually occurring soon after going to bed. He derives relief from rubbing his legs and knees. He does not limp and is able to participate in sports activities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

808. A young black male with sickle cell trait is preparing for his travel to West Africa from North America. While obtaining his visa, he is advised by the health inspector to obtain some immunizations, although his chances of getting a certain tropical disorder are low. What disease has the sickle cell trait been shown to convey protection against?

809. A 5-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother. One week ago, he developed a low grade fever followed by persistent bouts of coughing that last 20-30 minutes each. The coughing spells are severe, unresponsive to antitussive medications, and appear to worsen with eating and drinking cold liquids. On physical examination, there is subconjunctival hemorrhage and extensive subcutaneous emphysema over the anterior chest. What is the most likely organism responsible for this child's illness?

810. A 4-year-old girl is brought to the pediatrician’s office. Her father reports that she suddenly became pale and stopped running while he had been playfully chasing her and her pet Chihuahua. After 30 minutes, she was no longer pale and wanted to resume the game. She has never had a previous episode and has never been cyanotic. Her physical examination was normal, as were her chest x-ray and echocardiogram. An ECG showed the pattern seen on the next page, which indicates which of the following?