NBDHE board exam questions Part I
If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were sectioned, what would be the result in the tissue or regions supplied by the nerve?
A. Loss of sensation
B. Loss of motor control
C. Loss of sensation and movement
D. Partial loss of sensation and movement
Corticospinal tract
A. Fibers are located in grey columns of the cord
B. Fibers come from neuron cell bodies located in the spinal cord
C. Fibers synapse with neurons in the cerebellar cortex
D. Fibers are descending fibers from the cells in the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe
Which oral health concern is NOT shared by members of BOTH child and adolescent populations?
A. Dental caries
B. Dental development
C. Controlling risk factors for disease
D. periodontitis
The primary motor area of the brain is the
A. Precentral gyrus
B. Postcentral gyrus
C. Temporal lobe
D. Occipital lobe
Which of the following pathogens connected to periodontal disease is the MOST common?
A. Prevotella intermedia
B. Campylobacter rectus
C. Fusobacterium nucleatum
D. prophyromonasgingivalis
Which of the following periodontal indices would be used to complete a full mouth periodontal assessment?
A. PI or Russell Index
B. PDI or Ramfjord Index
C. PSR
D. CPITN
Which of the following functions are conducted in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord, that is, in the fasciculus graciles and cuneatus?
A. High degree of location
B. Vibratory sense
C. Fine gradations of pressure
D. All of the above
The neurotransmitter substance released at the postganglionic terminal of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is
A. norepinephrine
B. epinephrine
C. cholinesterase
D. acetylcholine
Bilabial creates the sounds associated with the letters b, p, and m. It is created when lips are pressed together. These and other speech sounds are considered:
A. Sound gradation
B. Anatomic sound formation
C. Sound irregularities
D. Anatomic speech mechanisms
All of the following are types of palpation used in an extraoral/intraoral examination EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A. bilateral
B. lateral
C. digital
D. bidigital
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are released from
A. Preganglionic and postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system
B. Neuromyal junction
C. Postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla
D. All of the above
All of the following are autonomic effects on the body except regulation of
A. Hear rate
B. Digestive secretion
C. Skeletal muscle tone
D. Glandular secretion
Increased fluid in tooth tubules that deform pulp nerve endings and lead to pain response, is a component of what theory?
A. Ad-hoc theory
B. Cold tooth theory
C. Hydrodynamic theory
D. Dental plaque organism theory
Extreme excitement in a patient may have the following effects on organ systems:
A. Increased blood pressure
B. Increases gastrointestinal activity
C. Relaxation of smooth muscles in bronchi
D. A and C
An increase in parasympathetic activity
A. Increases salivation
B. Increases gastrointestinal activity
C. Decreases heart rate
D. All of the above
Hormones
A. Catalyze intracellular biochemical reactions
B. Enter into chemical reactions without being degraded or depleted
C. Are chemical substances that are produced by endocrine glands, travel through the circulatory system, and exert their influence on specific structures
D. All of the above
Calcium homeostasis is maintained by
A. Mineralocorticoids and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
B. Aldosterone and parathyroid hormone
C. Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
D. Calcitonin and glucagon
Calcitonin
A. Potentiates the effect of parathyroid hormone
B. Is secreted by the thyroid gland
C. Is released in response to excess serum calcium
D. only B and C are correct descriptions
Which hormone is LESS involved in a stress reaction
A. epinephrine
B. norepinephrine
C. cortisone
D. thyroxin
Cortisol
A. Increases the flux of amino acids in the body
B. Mobilizes stored fat
C. Promotes glucogenesis
D. All of the above
Insulin has all of the following effects EXCEPT
A. Promotes glucose entry into cells, therefore has a hypoglycemic effect
B. Promotes transport of amino acids into cells, therefore increases protein synthesis
C. Promotes transport of fatty acids into cells, therefore has a lipogenic effect
D. Promotes liver glycogenolysis, therefore has a hyperglycemic effect
Antidiuretic hormone is released in direct response to
A. Extracellular potassium levels
B. Extracellular sodium levels
C. Hyperosmolarity of extracellular fluids
D. hypo-osmolarity of extracellular fluids
Aldosterone
A. Increases reabsorption of water in the distal tubule of the kidney
B. Increases reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium
C. Increases reabsorption of sodium and hydrogen ions
D. Decreases reabsorption of sodium in the proximal tubule
Ovulation
A. Is dependent on a high concentration of LH in the blood
B. Occurs exactly 12 days after the end of menstruation
C. Occurs in one of the uterine tubes
D. Is dependent on high concentrations of estrogen in the blood
Which of the following secretes progesterone?
A. Anterior pituitary gland
B. Corpus luteum
C. Corpus albicans
D. Graafian follicles
With inspiration
A. Volume of the lungs increases, pressure increases
B. Volume of the lungs decreases, pressure increases
C. Volume of the lungs increases, pressure decreases
D. Volume of the lungs decreases, pressure decreases
During inspiration
A. Intrapleural pressure decreases while intraalveolar pressure increases
B. Both intrapleural and intra-alveolar pressure decreases
C. Intrapleural pressure increases while intraalveolar pressure decreases
D. Both intrapleural and intra-alveolar pressure increase
Respiratory tidal volume is
A. The amount of air exchanged in the lungs with a normal breath
B. approximately 1 liter
C. The maximum amount of air that can be inspired
D. The volume of air left in the lungs after expiration
Which of the following has the highest PCO2?
A. Atmospheric air
B. Expired air
C. Venous blood
D. Intracellular fluid
Oxygen is carried in the blood
A. As oxyhemoglobin
B. Dissolved in plasma
C. As carbaminohemoglobin
D. Both a and b
Carbon dioxide is carried in blood by all of the following EXCEPT
A. As carbaminohemoglobin
B. Dissolved in plasma
C. As bicarbonate
D. As carbonic acid
Increased potential for periodontal disease is from:
A. Food impaction and texture of tooth surface
B. Brushing of teeth and food impaction
C. Brushing of teeth and texture of tooth surface
D. Bacteria and brushing of teeth
Alveolar ventilation is increased by all of the following EXCEPT
A. Decreased blood pressure
B. Decreased blood pH
C. increased PCO2 of arterial blood
D. Metabolic alkalosis
Which of the following is not a known possible side effect of tooth whitening?
A. Tooth abfraction
B. Tooth sensitivity
C. Root resorption
D. demineralization
Which of the following is not a leukocyte?
A. neutrophil
B. thrombocyte
C. eosinophil
D. basophil
A patient with controlled insulin-dependent diabetes is categorized by which ASA classification?
A. ASA II
B. ASA III
C. ASA IV
A patient with type AB blood can give a transfusion to type
A. O
B. A
C. B
D. AB
A normal differential blood count shows about 20-25 percent of which of the following?
A. basophils
B. erythrocytes
C. lymphocytes
D. monocytes
The physiological concept that refers to the maintenance of a constant environment is
A. hemostasis
B. Dynamic equilibrium
C. homeostasis
D. interdependence
The organelles that contain enzymes capable of digesting and destroying cellular debris
A. Endoplasmic reticulum
B. Golgi apparatus
C. mitochondria
D. lysosomes
Transport of water across a cell membrane
A. osmosis
B. Facilitated diffusion
B. Facilitated diffusion
D. diffusion
The direction and rate of diffusion of an ion is influenced by the
A. Concentration gradient
B. Hydrostatic pressure gradient
C. Electrical gradient
D. All of the above
Active transport differs from facilitated diffusion in that active transport
A. Moves a substance against a concentration gradient
B. Requires a carrier
C. Requires energy from magnesius adenosine triphosphate (Mg ATP)
D. All of the above
All of the following are derived from endoderm EXCEPT
A. Epithelial parts of the respiratory system
B. Epithelial parts of the gastrointestinal system
C. Epithelium in the mouth
D. Epithelium of the pharynx
What are two different types of cementum?
A. Papillary and acellular
B. Gingiva and cellular
C. Acellular and cellular
C. Acellular and cellular
Which of the following is derived from the mesoderm?
A. epidermis
B. Nervous system
C. Adrenal medulla
D. Connective tissue
The sequential cleaning, packaging, sterilization, and storage of instruments is:
A. Instrument markup
B. Instrument prepping
C. Instrument processing
D. Instrument make-ready
There are many ethical theories. What theory argues that rules for conduct should be based on consequences of action?
A. teleological/utilitarian ethics
B. Deontologic ethics
C. Virtue ethics
D. Rule deontology ethics
What ethical theory focuses on morality of the act rather than the situation or consequences of actions?
A. teleological/utilitarian ethics
B. Deontologic ethics
C. Virtue ethics
D. Rule deontology ethics
There are several behavior management techniques. Which one requires consent?
A. Voice control
B. Brief appointment time
C. hand-over-mouth
D. distraction
Agent-host-environment theory states that disease is a result of an imbalance in one or all three factors, I.e., agent, host, and/or environment. However, there are three parts to these factors. What are they?
A. primary, secondary, and tertiary
B. first, second, and third
C. primary, tertiary, and final
D. primary, secondary, and final
Which term BEST characterizes a lesion which is elevated and anchored by a narrow stalk?
A. polyp
B. papilla
C. pedunculated
D. patch
The developmental period in which teeth and the palate are most susceptible to teratogenic agents is the
A. Third through the fifth week
B. Fourth through the seventh week
C. Fourth through the eighth week
D. Eighth through the tenth week
Gingival and buccal mucosa
A. Simple squamous epithelium
B. Stratified squamous epithelium
C. Cuboidal epithelium
D. Stratified columnar epithelium
What three zones of carious dentin are capable of remineralization?
A. Normal dentin, transparent dentin, and infected dentin
B. Turbid dentin, infected dentin, and sub-transparent dentin
C. Normal dentin, subtransparent dentin, and transparent dentin
D. Transparent dentin, turbid dentin, and infected dentin
What type of gingival disease can occur on a periodontium with no attachment loss and is not progressive?
A. Dental plaque
B. non-plaque-induced gingival lesions
C. Chronic periodontitis
D. Necrotizing periodontal diseases
What type of charge does ionizing radiation carry?
A. positive
B. negative
C. Negative or positive
D. neutral
What type of connective tissue is present in scar tissue
A. loose
B. Dense fibrous
C. lymphatic
D. reticuloendothelial
How do aerosols enter the body?
A. Broken skin
B. tears
C. inhalation
D. hand-to-mouth
To be effective against periodontal pathogens, a local delivery of antibiotic must do which of the following?
A. Access all areas of the pocket
B. Access the bloodstream for systemic circulation
C. Be used simultaneously with a systemic antibiotic
D. Be of a very low concentration to avoid antibiotic resistance
What kind of grant stipulates how the funds are intended to be used in a community health project?
A. Line item grant
B. Formula grant
C. Block grant
D. Earmark grant
What kind of cell types line the vascular channels of the body
A. Stratified squamous epithelium
B. endothelium
C. mesothelium
D. Transitional epithelium
In long bones, the process whereby cartilage cells are replaced by bone cells, organic matrix is laid down, and calcium and phosphate are deposited is known as
A. Intramembranous ossification
B. Endochondral ossification
C. osteoporosis
D. erythropoiesis
What kind of joint, is described by the following: joint cavity present; bone ends covered by cartilage; may be separated by a disk; freely movable?
A. synarthrotic
B. diarthrotic
C. cartilaginous
D. dynphysis
Which kind of study tests a hypothesis to determine a cause?
A. experimental
B. longitudinal
C. descriptive
D. prospective
Which kind of hypothesis is used to determine the likelihood that an anticipated result or condition would happen regardless of experimental intervention?
A. ANOVA
B. P-value
C. ANCOVA
D. T-test
Which of the following is NOT associated with a skeletal muscle?
A. sarcolemma
B. myofibrils
C. Intercalated disk
D. mitochondria
Actin and myosin are proteins contained within a
A. myofibril
B. myofilament
C. fiber
D. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
A single motor neuron and the muscle cells supplied by its axon branches is termed
A. An efferent neuron
B. A motor unit
C. A motor end plate
D. A sarcoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following glial cells are responsible for myelin formation in the central nervous system?
A. Ependymal cells
B. oligodendrocytes
C. microglia
D. Schwann cells
Depolarization occurs with
A. Transfer of sodium ions to the inside of a neuron
B. Transfer of potassium ions to the outside of a neuron
C. A reversal of charge across the nerve cell membrane making the outside of the fiber positive with respect to the inside
None of the above
Choose the correct pairing of filler particle size:
A. macrofill - 1-10 microns
B. minifill - 0.001 microns
C. midifill - 0.1-1 microns
D. microfil - 0.01-0.1 microns
systemic fluoride is absorbed by the ______ and excreted through the ____.
Choose the items listed in the correct order which best fill in the blanks.
A. Kidneys, small intestine
B. esophagus, small intestine
C. Small intestine, kidneys
D. kidneys, stomach
When numerical data in descriptive statistics is plotted with a normal curve, which value is the highest?
A. mean
B. median
C. mode
D. None of the above
Conduction occurs when a stimulus reduces the membrane potential to a critical level. This level is called
A. summation
B. threshold
C. Action potential
D. facilitation
Which tract exerts a facilitative influence on motor neurons in the anterior horn?
A. Lateral corticospinal tract
B. Ventral corticospinal tract
C. Lateral reticulospinal tract
D. Medial reticulospinal tract
All of the following terms are associated with the ventricles of the heart EXCEPT
A. Chordae tendineae
B. Papillary muscle
C. Sinoatrial node
D. Purkinje system
The sinoatrial node is the normal pacemaker of the heart because
A. The region has a lower difference between resting membrane potential and threshold than other regions of the heart
B. This region has a more rapid 'sodium leakage', initiating spontaneous depolarization before other areas
C. This region recovers from the previous refractory period more rapidly than other areas
D. All of the above
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