BIO211 Exam 2 Prep

A detailed illustration of bone and muscle tissue structures with labels for osteoblasts, osteoclasts, chondrocytes, myofibrils, and sarcomeres, set against a scientific background.

BIO211 Exam 2 Prep Quiz

Test your knowledge and understanding of bone growth, cellular functions, and muscle tissue with our comprehensive BIO211 Exam 2 Prep Quiz. Designed for students preparing for their exams, this quiz covers key concepts, making it a valuable study tool.

62 questions across multiple formats
Focuses on cellular biology, histology, and physiology
Enhances your exam readiness

62 Questions16 MinutesCreated by LearningBone34

Which is not a process or function of chondrocytes?

In what region of the epiphyseal plate do chondrocytes increase in size?

Zone of hypertrophic cartilage

Zone of calcified cartilage

Zone of proliferating cartilage

Zone of resting cartilage

In what region of the epiphyseal plate do chondrocytes undergo apoptosis?

Zone of proliferating cartilage

Zone of hypertrophic cartilage

Zone of resting cartilage

Zone of calcified cartilage

In what region of the epiphyseal plate do chondrocytes increase in size?

Zone of hypertrophic cartilage

Zone of proliferating cartilage

Zone of calcified cartilage

Zone of resting cartilage

Identify the correct cell lineage for the bone cells.

Osteoprogenitor cells --> osteoblasts --> osteocytes

Osteoprogenitor cells --> osteoblasts --> osteoclasts Osteoprogenitor cells --> osteoblasts --> osteocytes --> osteoclasts

Osteoblasts --> osteocytes --> osteoclasts

Osteoprogeintor cells --> osteoclasts --> osteocytes

Osteoprogenitor cells --> osteoblasts --> osteocytes --> osteoclasts

Identify the bone cell that is responsible for maintaining bone by communicating with neighboring cells through gap junctions.

Identify which is not a characteristic of osteoclasts.

Cells are derived from a monocyte lineage

Cells secrete collagen and osteocalcin

The lysosomes of the osteoclasts release acids to dissolve the hydroxyapatite of the ECM

Cells fuse together to form a larger cells for more surface area

Active cells exhibit a ruffled plasma membrane for more surface area

Define endochondral ossification.

Development of a cartilage bone

replacement of bone with cartilage

Interstitial growth of the bone

Replacement of cartilage with bone

Development of new blood vessels

What cell type is responsible for making the hyaline cartilage model for long bones during fetal development?

What cell type contains numerous lysosomes and functions to resorb bone?

Identify the incorrect statements pertaining to growth of a long bone.

Chondroblasts undergo mitosis in the zone of proliferation.

Lengthening of the long bone is termed appositional growth.

Chondrocytes enlarge in the zone of hypertrophy.

Cartilage is resorbed and replaced by bone in the zone of calcification.

Growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate.

Identify the incorrect statements pertaining to endochondral ossification during development of the fetus.

Chondroblasts are responsible for making the hyaline cartilage model.

Osteoclasts remove cartilage and osteoblasts produce organic collagen to be calcified.

Endochondral ossification is the replacement of cartilage with bone.

A blood supply first at the epiphysis followed by a blood supply at the diaphysis allows cells to arrive at ossification centers.

Chondrocytes die after the cartilage becomes calcified.

Chondroblasts grow the cartilage model by proliferation and hypertoprhy.

Identify the incorrect statements pertaining to the role of bone in blood calcium homeostasis.

Acids released from the lysosomes [of osteoclasts] dissolve calcium from the collagen.

Calcium and phosphorus released from the collagen are taken up by osteoclasts and released into the blood via exocytosis.

Osteoblasts fuse together and their membranes become ruffled when activated.

Bone is the major storage site for calcium and phosphorus.

Part of the resorption process is enzymes degrade collagen of the extracellular matrix.

Osteoclast activity is increased when parathyroid hormone binds to the parathyroid hormone receptor on the osteoclasts' membrane.

Identify which statement is incorrect about calcium homeostasis.

Bone is the primary target tissue of parathyroid hormone

Osteoblasts are responsible for synthesizing hydroxyapatite

Parathyroid hormone targets the kidneys to increase reabsorption of Ca2+ back into the blood rather than by secretion into urine

Bone is the storage site of approximately 99% of the calcium in the body

Osteoclasts are responsible for breaking down the extracellular matrix of bone by releasing acids and enzymes

Billy broke his tibia. With the break there will be blood clot formation and small bone fragments that need to be removed from the wound site before healing will occur. What cell types will be responsible for clearing the wound of debris? Think this through based on wound healing and bone resorption.

What is the structural spring-like protein that stabilizes the thick filament and assists in recoil of the sarcomere?

Tropomyosin

Elastin

Titin

Dystrophin

Which organelle is important for storage of intracellular calcium ions?

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Rough sarcoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondria

To stimulate a skeletal muscle contraction, acetylcholine must cross the ______ of the neuromuscular junction and bind to receptors within the junctional folds of the sarcolemma.

When ADP + Pi are attached to the myosin head, what movement does myosin undergo?

When Pi dissociates and only ADP is attached tot he myosin head, what occurs during the muscle contraction?

When ADP dissociates from myosin, what occurs during the muscle contraction?

The neuron that excites a skeletal muscle fiber is a ___________________________.

Somatic motor neuron (afferent neuron)

Somatic sensory neuron

Central nervous system motor neuron

Somatic motor neuron (efferent neuron)

Influx of ___________________ into the synaptic end bulb of the neuron causes the synaptic vesicles to release _____________________.

Na+, acetylcholine

Na+, Ca2+

Ca2+, Na+

Ca2+, acetylcholine

The nurotransmitter released from the synaptic end bulb of the neuron binds to receptors in the junctional folds of the sarcolemma which are . . .

During an action potential, the change in voltage of the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber from resting membrane potential (-90mV) to threshold (-55mV) is the result of . . .

Voltage-gated Na+ channels opening

Ligand-gated K+ channels opening

Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels opening

Ligand-gated Na+ channels opening

Voltage-gated K+ channels opening

During the depolarization phase of an action potential, the voltage changes from -55mV to +75mV as a result of . . .

Voltage-gated Na+ channels opening

Voltage-gated K+ channel opening

Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels opening

Ligand-gated K+ channels opening

Ligand-gated Na+ channels opening

During the repolarization phase of an action potential, the voltage of the cell membrane becomes negative as a result of . . .

Ligand-gated Na+ channels opening

Ligand-gated K+ channels opening

Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels opening

Voltage-gated Na+ channels opening

Voltage-gated K+ channels opening

Identify which protein covers the myosin binding sites on actin when the muscle is in a relaxed state.

Tropomyosin, regulatory protein

Troponin, regulatory protein

Tropomyosin, contractile protein

Tropomyosin, structural protein

Troponin, structrual protein

Acetylcholine receptors located in the junctional folds of the sarcolemma are . . .

Identify the type of ion channels located in the transverse tubules of the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle fibers.

Ligand-gated K+ channels

Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels that signal to the Ca2+ channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Ligand-gated Na+ channels

Voltage-gated K+ channels

voltage-gated Na+ channels

Identify the connective tissue that surrounds the long bones and contains blood vessels.

Which type of bone contains trabeculae and protects the bone marrow? This type of bone is commonly located in the epiphyses of long bones.

Compact bone

Spongy bone

Identify the correct cell lineage for the bone cells.

Osteoprogenitor cells -> osteoblasts -> osteoclasts

Osteoblasts -> osteocytes -> osteoclasts

Osteoprogenitor cells -> osteoclasts -> osteocytes

Osteoprogenitor cells -> osteoblasts -> osteocytes

Osteoprogenitor cells -> osteoblasts -> osteocytes -> osteoclasts

Identify the bone cell that is responsible for secreting the organic portion of the extracellular matrix.

Identify the bone cell that is responsible for maintaining bone by communicating with neighboring cells through gap junctions.

During calcification of bone, what does hydroxyapatite bind to in the extracellular matrix?

Identify the two minerals needed when bones are growing or remodeling.

What proteins are secreted by the osteoblasts to make the organic portion of the extracellular matrix of bone?

Collagen

Elastin

Calcitonin

Osteocalcin

What type of cells do osteoblasts become when these cells become embedded into the extracellular matrix they synthesized (produced) and secreted?

How would you identify if a long bone that was presented to you was from an older aged person?

Presence of an epiphyseal plate

Presence of an epiphyseal line

Presence of red bone marrow in the medullary cavity and epiphyses

Absence of bone marrow

Presence of yellow bone marrow in the medullary cavity

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BIO211 Exam 2 Prep

BIO211 Exam 2 Prep Quiz

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