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Endocrine semester 1

Create a vibrant and educational infographic depicting various hormones of the endocrine system, highlighting their fun<wbr>ctions and interactions in the human body, suitable for a biology quiz. Include illustrations of the pancreas, thyroid, and adrenal glands.

Endocrine System Mastery Quiz

Test your knowledge of the endocrine system with this comprehensive quiz designed for students and enthusiasts alike! With 56 carefully crafted questions, you will explore key concepts, hormones, and physiological processes that regulate our body functions.

Whether you're preparing for exams or just want to gauge your understanding, this quiz offers:

Multiple choice questions covering a wide range of topics
Instant feedback on your answers
A fun way to reinforce your learning

56 Questions14 MinutesCreated by LearningMind42

Which of the following is the physiological function of leptin?

Acting in the hypothalamus as a neurotransmitter that regulates water excretion by the kidneys

Acting as a hormonal signal that reports the amount of energy stored in adipose tissue to the brain

Acting as a paracrine signal between cells in the pancreatic islets to regulate insulin secretion

Acting as an autocrine signal promoting the growth of liver cells following hepatic injury

Which of the following is the physiological function of G proteins?

Acting as receptor molecules for water soluble hormones on the surface of target cells

Producing cyclic AMP from ATP

Serving as a molecular signal to adenylate cyclase that a hormone has bound to its receptor

Serving as the final molecule in the protein kinase cascade

Why is the insulin receptor located on the surface membrane of muscle cells?

This location reduces the need for amplification of the insulin signal within the cell

The half-life of insulin is too short for it to enter the cell

Insulin is almost completely bound to a carrier protein in the blood plasma

Insulin is not soluble in the lipid membrane of the cell

Which of the following is the reason why neural communication between cells is much faster than endocrine communication between cells?

The diffusion distance across the synapse is short compared to the transport distance in the circulation

Neurotransmitter molecules are much more potent (stronger) than the molecules that serve as hormones

Neurotransmitters have longer half-lives than hormones

Neurotransmitter molecules are more soluble in water than the molecules that serve as hormones

Which of the following is the reason why the response of a target cell to a steroid hormone is slower than the response to a protein hormone?

Steroid hormones are packaged in secretory vesicles within the tissue of origin

The response to a steroid hormone requires new protein synthesis within the target cell

Steroid hormones are inactivated more rapidly than protein hormones within the target cell

Steroid hormones operate through a longer second messenger cascade than protein hormones

Which of the following hormones is secreted in a circadian pattern?

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Glucagon

Luteinizing hormone

Testosterone

Which of the following statements is true for hormones that are bound to carrier proteins in the blood plasma?

Only the free (unbound) hormone is biologically active

Estrogen decreases the synthesis of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) by the liver

Only water-soluble hormones require carrier proteins for transport in blood plasma

All of the above

Which of the following is the most reliable way to prove that a gland is secreting an excessive amount (too much) of hormone?

Measure the blood hormone level at the time of day when hormone secretion is expected to be at its highest

Measure the level of the hormone in a random urine sample collected in the physician’s office

Measure the blood hormone level after performing a procedure or giving a drug designed to suppress hormone secretion

Measure a molecule with a short plasma half-life that is related to the hormone

The ACTH stimulation test is most useful to diagnose which of the following conditions:

Pituitary ACTH-dependent cortisol hypersecretion (Cushings disease)

An aldosterone-secreting adrenal adenoma

Primary adrenal insufficiency

Acortisol-secreting adrenal adenoma

Which of the following is the reason why luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion by anterior pituitary cells stops when gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH) is administered in a continuous pattern instead of a pulsatile pattern?

Loss of second messenger molecules linking the GnRH receptor to LH secretion

Loss of GnRH receptors from the surface membrane of anterior pituitary cells

Rapid destruction of GnRH molecules after they bind to their receptors

Inactivation of the LH gene in the nucleus of anterior pituitary cells

Which of the following responses to insulin is observed even at the lowest blood insulin concentration in non-diabetic individuals?

Stimulation of muscle glucose uptake

Inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis

Stimulation of muscle glycogen synthesis

Inhibition of lipolysis

Individuals with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) may have an acidosis, but it is less severe than the acidosis seen in individuals with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). What is the reason for this?

Ketoacidosis does not occur in patients with HHS, but circulatory failure due to extreme dehydration may lead to excessive production of lactic acid

Acidic ketone bodies are excreted more rapidly by the kidneys in patients with HHS than in patients with DKA

Patients with HHS come to medical attention earlier than patients with DKA

Patients with HHS are usually younger than patients with DKA

Which of the following adaptations allows a person to survive a prolonged period of fasting (starvation)?

The liver develops the ability to make glucose from fatty acids

The brain develops the ability to use ketone bodies as an energy source

The rate of fatty acid release from adipose tissue decreases over time

All of the above

All except one of the following is a function of insulin in the fed state. Which one is not a function of insulin?

Inhibition of gluconeogenesis by the liver

Stimulation of glucose uptake by muscle

Stimulation of glucose uptake by the brain

Stimulation of protein synthesis by muscle

Which of the following enzymes is activated by the decrease in the insulin/glucagon ratio as an individual enters the fasted state?

Hormone sensitive lipase

Ketogenic enzymes

Gluconeogenic enzymes

All of the above

Which of the following statements about the pathogenesis and treatment of obesity is true?

Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of obesity

Most obesity is due to deficient leptin secretion

Reducing the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages has no effect on the development of obesity in a population

Appetite decreases as body fat mass is lost following restriction of food intake

Which of the following is the reason why exercise is useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Exercise increases insulin secretion by activating the sympathetic nervous system

Exercise increases insulin secretion by stimulating the paracrine effect of somatostatin on the beta cells of pancreatic islets

Exercise causes muscle cells to synthesize the Glut 2 glucose transporter in addition to the Glut 4 glucose transporter

Exercise causes the Glut 4 glucose transporter to move to the surface membrane of muscle cells even in patients with severe insulin resistance

Which of the following is the best way to prove that a patient with symptoms of hypoglycemia has an insulin-secreting islet cell tumor?

Demonstrate a fasting blood glucose level less than 0.6 g/L using a glucometer that the patient takes home

Demonstrate a blood glucose level less than 0.5 g/L with a blood insulin level that is not completely suppressed during a prolonged fast

Look for a pancreatic tumor with a CT scan of the abdomen

Obtain a medical history that the patient’s symptoms of hypoglycemia are more severe following exercise

Which of the following statements regarding insulin sensitivity is true?

Obesity causes insulin resistance by decreasing the synthesis of glucose transporter molecules in muscle and fat cells

An increase in insulin secretion is usually not able to compensate for a decrease in insulin sensitivity

Most obese individuals are insulin resistant but not diabetic

Genetic factors are much more important than lifestyle factors in determining insulin sensitivity

Which of the following is the reason why the serum potassium level is normal or high when a patient presents with diabetic ketoacidosis even though a large amount of potassium has been lost in the urine?

Excess hydrogen ions move into the cells of the body causing intracellular potassium ions to move out of the cells into the blood plasma

The high osmolarity of blood plasma causes water to move into the cells, which raises the plasma concentration of potassium ions

The large numbers of glucose molecules in blood plasma bind potassium and raise both the bound and free plasma potassium concentration

All of the above

Which of the following molecules can not be converted to glucose?

Glycerol

Alanine

Fatty acid

Lactate

Which of the following words best describes the hormonal effects of insulin?

Catabolic

Anabolic

Mixed catabolic/anabolic

None of the above

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Electron transport

Glycolysis

Lipolysis

All of the above

24. When is glucose metabolized anaerobically?

Always in red blood cells

Within large tumors

Under conditions of reduced blood flow to organs

All of the above

Which of the following is an effect of insulin?

Stimulation of lipolysis

Stimulation of gluconeogenesis

Stimulation of ketogenesis

Stimulation of glycogen synthesis

Which of the following is an effect of glucagon?

Inhibition of glycogenolysis

Stimulation of gluconeogenesis

Inhibition of ketogenesis

σ� All of the above

The maximum insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity index data of four individuals is shown on the following graph. Which individual is diabetic?

IndividualA

IndividualB

IndividualC

IndividualD

Which of the following molecules can be synthesized directly or indirectly from pyruvate?

Lactate

Glucose

Beta-hydroxy butyrate

All of the above

An obese individual without diabetes has which of the following when compared to a lean individual without diabetes?

Ahigher fasting plasma insulin level

Alower fasting plasma insulin level

The same fasting plasma insulin level

Avariable fasting plasma insulin level

When an obese individual loses weight by voluntarily decreasing food intake which of the following does this person experience?

Decreased appetite and decreased 24-hour energy expenditure

Increased appetite and increased 24-hour energy expenditure

Increased appetite and decreased 24-hour energy expenditure

Decreased appetite and increased 24-hour energy expenditure

Which of the following statements about the prevalence of obesity is true?

It is decreasing in developed countries and increasing in developing countries

It is increasing in all countries

It is increasing faster in developed than in developing countries

It is stable in all countries

Why is dehydration more severe in patients who come to the hospital with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) than in patients who come to the hospital with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Patients with HHS are generally younger than patients with DKA and can tolerate dehydration better

Patients with HHS have lower insulin secretion than patients with DKA and therefore lose more sodium and water in the urine

Patients with HHS have lower plasma glucose levels than patients with DKA but their renal threshold for glucose excretion is also lower

Patients with HHS do not have symptoms of severe acidosis and therefore seek medical attention later than patients with DKA

Which of the following statements about the treatment of obesity is true?

After an obese patient loses about 10% of baseline weight by food restriction it is easy to avoid regaining the lost weight

Bariatric surgery is generally less effective than weight loss drugs for achieving weight loss

Community efforts to promote healthy lifestyles have been shown to reduce obesity in populations

Combining exercise with decreased food intake is not more effective than decreasing food intake alone in achieving weight loss

Which of the following statements about body weight regulation is true?

Serotonin is the major endocrine feedback signal from adipose tissue that tells the brain how much fat is stored in the body

The brain actively adjusts food intake and energy expenditure to maintain a stable adipose tissue mass

Most human obesity is due to autosomal recessive inheritance of a defective leptin gene

Environmental factors have little influence on an individual’s body fat mass

Which of the following is the largest component of total daily energy expenditure?

The energy expended in digesting and absorbing food

The energy expended in performing voluntary physical activity

The energy expended at rest to maintain organ function and body temperature

The energy expended in performing involuntary physical activity

If you give an intravenous injection of thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) to a healthy individual and then measure thyroxine levels in the person’s blood 48 hours later which of the following would you observe?

An increased total thyroxine level and a decreased free thyroxine level

An increase in both the total and the free thyroxine levels

An unchanged total thyroxine level and an increased free thyroxine level

An increased total thyroxine level and an unchanged free thyroxine level

Why does the body store most of its energy in fatty acids instead of glycogen?

Fatty acids have a higher energy density than glycogen

Fatty acids can be used acutely as an energy source by the brain

Fatty acids can be metabolized both aerobically and anaerobically

All of the above

Which of the following can cause a decrease in gluconeogenesis by trapping pyruvate as lactate?

Hypoxia

Excessive alcohol intake

Metformin

All of the above

Which of the following is the molecular defect that causes the androgen insensitivity syndrome?

Inability to synthesize a functional testosterone molecule

Inability to synthesize a functional androgen receptor molecule

Inability to synthesize a functional luteinizing hormone (LH) molecule

Congenital absence of the testes

Which of the following is not a health problem associated with obesity?

Osteoarthritis

Calcific aortic stenosis

Depression

Cirrhosis

Which of the following sets the limit on the amount of time an individual can survive prolonged starvation?

Depletion of glycogen stores in the liver and muscle

Organ, heart and respiratory muscle dysfunction due to protein catabolism

Loss of ability of the brain to use ketone bodies as an energy source

Progressive loss of the ability of the liver to perform gluconeogenesis

Which of the following is the molecular defect that causes pseudohypoparathyroidism?

Loss of function of the Gprotein that couples hormone receptors to adenylate cyclase

Loss of function of the parathyroid hormone receptor

Loss of function of adenylate cyclase

Loss of function of the protein kinase Athat is activated by binding cyclic AMP

The combination of greatly increased food consumption accompanied by rapidly developing obesity, diabetes insipidis and hypogonadism suggests which of the following diagnoses?

An adrenal tumor

Apituitary infarction

Apituitary tumor

Ahypothalamic tumor

Which of the following especially characterizes deterioration of glucose tolerance from impaired to type 2 diabetes:

Insulin resistance

Adecrease in first phase insulin release

Failure of the insulin secretory response to glucose to increase linearly as a function of hyperglycemia

Hyperglucagonemia

The rate of glucose utilization after an overnight fast in type 2 diabetes:

Occurs mainly in skeletal muscle

Is increased in the brain

Is increased in proportion to hyperglycemia

Increases in response to therapy

The fatty liver:

Is insulin resistant and therefore overproduces glucose and VLDL

Is most often due to alcohol

Receives most of its free fatty acids from visceral adipose tissue

Decreases by the same relative amount as body weight by weight loss

The main cause of a low HDL cholesterol concentration in type 2 diabetes is:

Increased catabolism of HDL particles

Low lipoprotein lipase activity

Increased production of VLDL

Visceral adiposity

Which of the following insulin secretion abnormalities is found in obese individuals with normal glucose tolerance?

Diminished second-phase release

Abnormal oscillatory secretion pattern

Decrease in maximal insulin secretory capacity

None of the above

Which one of the following is not a mechanism by which hyperglycemia exerts its adverse effects on β-cells:

Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within β-cells

Oxidative stress-induced alteration of genes transcription and proteins expression

Increased β-cells apoptosis

Decreased neogenesis

Which of the following oral antidiabetic agents would be unlikely to raise insulin concentrations in type 2 diabetic patients?

Sulfonylureas

Meglitinides

Gliptins (DPP-4 inhibitors)

Metformin and thiazolidinediones

None of the above

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