Sociology Exam 1
Which of the following statements best describes the sociological perspective?
It examines where society is located in a broad stream of events.
It emphasizes the social environments in which people live and examines the environments that influence their lives.
It stresses common sense when examining societies and moves beyond generalizations.
It focuses on an individual's biography as it relates to a person's inherited mechanisms and instincts.
What did C. Wright Mills mean when using the term "history"?
An individual's experiences within a specific setting
A record of past events, especially those relating to humans
The artifacts that a society leaves behind as it changes
Each society's location in a broad stream of events
Maurice is a college educated male who works in a bank. This statement describes Maurice's
External influences
Internal mechanisms
Global context
Social location
What is the definition of society?
A group of people who believe in the same form of government
A group pf people who practice the same religion
A group who are racially homogeneous
A group of people who share a culture and heritage
Asha is an American teenager who believes that every teen should have a cell phone. What caused her to develop his attitude?
Internal mechanisms
Gender
External influences
Instinct
Studying how material goods and services are made and delivered to consumers is part of which social science?
Economics
Anthropology
Psychology
Political science
________ places more emphasis on artifacts than a sociologist does.
Science
Psychology
Anthropology
Economics
What differentiates a sociologist from a psychologist when looking how people adjust to life?
Sociologists rely on common sense
Sociologists emphasize internal mechanisms
Sociologists focus on emotions
Sociologists stress external influences
What is the third goal of science?
Making predictions of what will happen
Explaining why things happen
Making generalizations that apply to broader groups
Looking for patterns or recurring events
A sociologist is collecting data to try to figure out why the girls in a certain part of the country drop out of school sooner than in others part of the country. What does she need to do in order to make generalizations and predict behavior?
Place emphasis on individual behavior to interpret the data
Rely on common sense when interpreting the data
Look for patterns when interpreting the data
Use local superstition to interpret the data
During the Russian Revolution the common people rose up against the aristocracy. This is an example of
Marxist Communism
Class conflict
Social darwinism
Social integration
What is the use of objective, systematic observations to test theories?
Sociological perspective
Positivism
Scientific method
Common sense
What term is used for the idea that as societies evolve only the most fit people to adapt and survive to reproduce?
Class conflict
Positivism
Capitalism
Social Darwinism
How did Max Weber differ from Karl Marx in his views regarding social change?
Weber believed social integration was caused social change rather than class conflict.
Weber believed religion was the force behind social change rather than economics
Weber believed class conflict was the driving force of social change rather than religion
Weber believed economics was the driving force behind coal change rather than religion
In the context of sociology, the term ______ means studying behavior with empathy.
Biography
Bourgeoisie
Positivism
Verstehen
A college student might be quite happy in a room the size of a cell; however, a prisoner would be depressed in the same room. What is this an example of?
Social integration
Subjective meaning
Verstehen
Class conflict
What did Durkheim call a group's recurring patterns of behavior?
Subjective meaning
Class conflict
Social integration
Social facts
What is a benefit of Verstehen?
It is easy to replicate
It contributes to gaining insight into behavior
It helps eliminate bias
It helps create generalizations
Durkheim emphasized _______ while Weber stressed _______.
Social facts; subjective meaning
Subjective meaning; social facts
Social facts; social integration
Social integration; social facts
Rodney works as a sociologist for a large corporation where he develops and implements solutions designed to improve relations between employees. What type of sociology is he practicing?
Public
Basic
Pure
Applied
What is the end goal of basic sociology?
Generate reform
Criticize society
Gain knowledge
Implement solutions
Why were many early female sociologists ignored by the academic sociologists?
The female sociologists emphasized objective research
The female sociologists were too emotional about the objects of their research
The female sociologists were not as well educated men
The female sociologists focused on social reform
_______ analyze how social life depends on the way we define ourselves and others.
Social reformers
Applied sociologists
Functional analysts
Symbolic interactionists
Which of the following statements is a manifest function of China's one-child policy?
Parents were devoted more resources to the one child they were allowed.
Most of the population was born before 1979, resulting in an aging population.
Fewer female babies were born due to sex selection.
He overall birthrate declined, thus controlling overpopulation.
An unintended result that harms a system is a
Manifest function
Latent function
Latent dysfunction
Manifest dysfunction
What is the main concept of functional analysis?
Society is comprised of groups for scarce resources.
Society no longer functions like a living organism.
Society is a whole unit with parts that work together.
Society is dependent on symbols and how we define them.
How can conflict theory contribute to explaining the high divorce rate in the United States?
Divorced women are no longer stigmatized by society.
Modern women do not view marriage as a lifelong commitment.
When women go to work, family ties are weakened.
Women no longer accept men's natural superiority.
What is one of the two major trends in sociology?
Research vs Reform
Application vs research
Globalization of capitalism
Diversity of orientation
How high sociology be influenced by globalization?
Sociologists will use more micro level analysis
Sociologists will focus local reform
Sociologists will apply less macro level analysis
Sociologists will try harder to define universal principles
Identify an affect of globalization
Sociology is becoming less important on a local level
Reform is becoming more important than research
Our welfare is no longer tied to other nations
People across the world are interconnected
What is the reasons for dividing sociology into phases?
Develop diverse orientations
Identify major social trends
Help sociologist reach agreements
Forster globalization of sociology
A group's beliefs, values, and patterns of behavior are known as its
Sociological perspective
Nonmaterial culture
Cultural diversity
Material culture
Traveling to a foreign country may cause ______ due to cultural differences.
Nonmaterial culture
Culture shock
Ethnocentrism
Cultural diversity
Suzanne does not agree with some of the elements of other cultures, but is learning to accept that though cultures are different, different does not make them wrong. She is practicing
Diversity
Ethnocentrism
Symbolism
Cultural relativism
Ethnocentrism can create in-group loyalties, but can also cause what negative result?
Apathy
Discrimination
Culture shock
Confusion
Different cultures around the world have customs that may seem strange to foreigners but natural to those who are part of that culture. How would you best describe this phenomenon?
Culture colors our perception of reality and is a fundamental basis for our decision making
People are ethnocentric and cannot understand different cultures
Language barriers increase the perceived between cultures
Society shares a universal culture
Why do sociologists often use the term symbolic culture to refer to nonmaterial culture?
The terms are mistaken used synonymously
Nonmaterial culture is a subset of symbolic culture
Symbolic culture only covers nonverbal forms of communication within a culture
Elements of nonmaterial culture, such as language and gestures, are also known as symbols
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that
Immigrants will quickly assimilate to a new culture
People cannot fully understand something they do not have a word for
Gestures are not universal
Language allows human experience to be cumulative
Ricard is taught to always say please and thank you when asking for or receiving something from another person. What is this an example of?
Value
Norm
Folkway
Sanction
College students are a _______ within a broader mainstream culture.
Counterculture
Subculture
Cluster culture
Material culture
The Mormon practice of polygyny categorized them as a ________ before they discontinued the practice to become a state
Taboo
Subculture
Folkway
Counterculture
Members of dominant cultures will often _______ members of a counterculture.
Hide from
Attempt to join with
Ridicule and isolate
Try to convert
Because the United States is made up of many religious, ethnic, and interest groups, it is known as a
Technology center
Pluralistic society
Subculture
Value cluster
Which of the following is one of the 10 core values identified by Williams (1965)?
Collectivism
Equality
Isolationism
Moralistic
The presence of racism and sexism in the united Staes is an example of the presence of ______ within culture.
Subculture
Emerging values
Value contradictions
Value cluster
When do emerging values such as self-fulfillment and concern for the environment tend to occur?
When an economy produces adequate surpluses
Only after value contradictions have been solved
Before meeting their basic needs
Once and ideal culture has been reached
People usually fall short of reaching the cultural ideal. Because people do not work as hard as they could, they are considered to be following
Culture wars
Real culture
Value contradictions
Counterculture
Research by George Murdock found that some activities are present in all cultures
But define the activities differently
But the specific customs differ between groups
And are conducted the same way in both groups
And these activities have biological bases
Anthropologists find some universal human activities, _______________.
And most societies perform the activities in similar ways
And believe most human behavior is found in every group
But no universal way of doing these activities
Suggest a strong genetic component to human behavior
The insect taboo is often pointed to as an example of a cultural universal. While no society permits generalized incest for its members, anthropologists find ___________.
Most groups ignore the incest taboo
Some groups permit activities that others would label as incest
Very little difference between groups in the definition of incest
Incest is better understood in high income countries
The example that people with the gene DRD2 are more likely than people without this gene to abuse alcohol is an example of which of the following?
Cultural universals
Counterculture
Genetics informed sociology
Value cluster
A framework of thought in which human behavior is thought to be the result of natural selection and biology is known as ________.
Cultural universalism
Sociobiology
Real culture
Sapir-whorf hypothesis
Sociobiologists are studying the extent to which __________ influence our behavior.
Genes
Peers
Media
Diet
When new technology emerges, it ultimately impacts
Sociobiology
Nonmaterial culture
Countercultures
Cultural relativism
What term is used to describe the idea that the parts of a culture change at different rates?
Cultural lag
Global culture
Cultural levelling
Cultural diffusion
________ is an example of cultural lag that still exists today.
The nine month school year
Capitalism
Isolated culture
The development of smart textiles
Travel and global communication have allows cultures to commingle easily and adopt aspects of other cultures. This is an example of what process?
New technology
Cultural levelling
Cultural lag
Emerging values
The direction of cultural diffusion is primarily from
Other parts of the world to the west
The east to the other parts of the world
Europe to the other parts of the world
The West to the other parts of the world
Our ________ determines our specific behavior, values, and ways of thinking.
Culture
Language
Biology
Nature
Which of the following depicts a real child?
A baby being raised in an orphanage with limited stimulation and human contact
A teenager found locked in a room tied to a chair who never learned to walk
A child who lived his whole life in a small windowless space communicating only his mute mother
A child living alone in the woods, unable to speak, walking, on all fours, and impervious to the cold
If a child does not learn language or experience human bonding by the age of ______, he or she will not develop normal intelligence
9
5
3
13
At what stage will a child start to recognize letters, but will not know what the letters mean?
Sensorimotor
Concrete operational
Per operational
Formal operational
Which of the following is an example of the second stage of role taking?
Mary dresses up in a white coat and pretends to be a doctor
Kyle is learning to count
Kevin is mimicking his mothers facial expressions
Casey is joining a soccer team
Charmaine is convinced that people find her boring. What is this an example of?
The third stage of role taking
The concrete operational stage of role taking
An element of the looking-glass self
The I and me parts of the self
What are the stages of role taking?
Sensorimotor, preoperational, operational
Sensorimotor, play, others
I, me , others
Imitation, play, team games
According to Mead, why is play important to developing self?
Play helps us learn to judge how other evaluate us
We learn to separate our bodies from the environment
We learn to take on the other through play
Play natures the development of abstract thinking
Who developed the technique of treating emotional problems through the exploration of the subconscious?
Ekman
Freud
Piaget
Kohlberg
According to Freud, what happens when a person's superego gets out of control?
The person bounces back and forth between instant gratification and rigid conformity
The person becomes overly rigid in conforming to society's rules
The person seeks immediate fulfillment of wants and needs
The person breaks society's rules and norms
The ______ stage of morality is mostly a western concept
Post conventional
Amoral
Conventional
Pre conventional
What are the levels used by sociologists to analyze social life?
Material culture and non material culture
Personality and emotions
Values, norms, and sanctions
Macro sociology and micro sociology
A sociologist studying how a group of students interacts with one another when they are together would be using which level of analysis?
Micro sociology
Social class
Macro sociology
Material culture
The analysis of __________ would be considered a micro level of analysis.
Social classes
Friendships within a group
Mechanical solidarity
Social institutions
Bernard is a sociologist focusing on macro sociology. What is he most likely to analyze?
Parolees and where they fall within the U.S. Social class system
The isolation felt by patients in mental institutions
Communication styles on college campuses
The interaction between employees in the workplace
Regardless of our feelings at any particular moment, social _____ guides our actions and behaviors.
Status
Class
Structure
Institution
The status inherited by a baby born into a royal family is considered an
Ascribed status
Master status
Status symbol
Achieved status
Conflict theorists believe the primary purpose of _______ is to preserve the social order.
Status inconsistencies
Social institutions
Social class
Social structure
A Gemeinschaft scoret places greater importance on _________ than Gesellschaft societies.
Short term relationships
Impersonal associations
Personal connections
Self interest
Assumptions about a person based on their physical characteristics are based on
Status symbols
Stereotypes
Social class
Body language
As opposed to a definition of reality, a social construction of reality is based on
Role performance
Interactions with others
Cultural expectations
Subjective interpretation
As societies increase in size, they
Become gemienschaft societies
Move from mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity
Experience no change in their social structures
Move from organic solidarity to mechanical solidarity
What is the second step in the research model?
Defining the problem
Collecting the data
Selecting a topic
Formulating a hypothesis
Most, but not all, sociologists agree that it is unethical to
Falsify results
Harm participants
Plagiarize work
Misrepresent themselves
C.Wright Mills said that theory without research is
Just a collection of data
Abstract and empty
The same as common sense
Represents life as it is
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