Chapter 5

The reticular region of the dermis

Is called the reticular region

Consists of primarily of adipose tissue

Contains collagen fibers and elastic fibers

A and B are correct

A and C are correct

Fingerprints

Appear during the 3rd and 4th week of development

Are formed as the dermis conforms to the underlying subcutaneous layer

Are unique to each individual and maintain a constant pattern throughout life

Decrease friction between the skin and smooth surfaces

Are studied by a field of science called dermatology

Which of the following is a benign , localized overgrowth of melanocytes that usually appears during childhood or adolescence?

A patient with liver disease has elevated level of bilirubin in his blood. How may the presence of bilirubin affect the skin color?

He may have erythema (reddened skin)

He may have jaundiced (or yellowed) skin

He may have pallor (or very pale) skin

He may have cyanotic (or blue-tinted) skin

He may have vitiligo (or irregular white spots) on his skin

An obstetrician has just delivered a baby boy and is concerned because he is cyanotic. Which of the following statements explains the term cyanotic and why the doctor is concerned?

Cyanotic means that the skin and mucous membranes have an abnormal bluish tint

Cyanotic means that the skin has an abnormal yellowish tint

Cyanotic skin and mucous membranes reflect a lack of adequate oxygen circulation

A and c are correct

A and b are correct

Which of the following is not true of hair?

It is not found on the palmar surfaces of the manus or digits

It is found in the eyebrows and on the scalp

It is found in the axillae and around the external genitalia

It is composed of rows of living cells bonded together by intracellular proteins

Its distribution is controlled by genetic ad endocrine factors

What is the function of hair?

Protect the scalp from UV radiation and heat loss

Help detect light touch

Protect the nostrils, ear canals and eyes from foreign particles

A and B are correct

A, B, and C are correct

Which of the following structures associated with hairs is correctly paired to it function?

Sebaceous gland: produce perspiration to cool the skin

Arrector pili muscle: raise hair in response to cold or emotional stress

Hair root plexus: provide blood to the hair shaft so it can grow

A and B are correct

A, B, and C are correct

Which of the following is true of hair growth?

Scalp hair grows for 2 to 6 months before resting for 3 years

At any given time, 85% of the scalp hairs are resting

Normal hair loss in the adult is around 100 hairs a day

Hair growth and replacement cycles are unaffected by stress and diet

Hair shafts contain living cells

All of the following are true except:

A fetus miscarried at 15 weeks will not have lanugo

Hair follicles develop between nine and twelve days after conception

Vellus, or "peach-fuzz" hairs are found on much of a young child's body

Terminal hairs develop at puberty

Terminal hairs include the hairs on the scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes as well as whiskers

Sebum

Is a watery secretion used to cool the body

Is a waxy substance produced by glands in the ear canal

Is produced by sebaceous glands that are, in most cases, attached to hair follicles

Contains primarily carbohydrates and salts

Promotes evaporation of water from the skin

Acne

Is an inflammation of sebaceous glands

Is caused by viruses attacking the cells of the sebaceous glands

Is more commonly associated with the elderly

Is usually found in sebaceous glands inhibited by androgen hormones

Is never associated with permanent scaring of the epidermis

Which of the following is true of eccrine sudoriferous glands?

They are less numerous than apocrine sudoriferous glands

Their primary function is to assist in regulation of body temperature

They are found on the glands of the penis, glans clitoris, nails bed and the margins of the lips

They produce perspiration that contains mostly lipids

They play a major role in eliminating nitrogenous wastes such as urea, uric acid, and ammonia

Apocrine sudoriferous glands

Are really holocrine glands

Are most active before puberty

Are least active during emotional stress or sexual excitement

Are found in the axillae, inguinal areas, areolae and the bearded regions of the face

Produces a less viscous and less salty secretion than eccrine sweat glands

Which of the following is not true of nails?

They consist of a free edge , a nail body and a nail root

They are plates of lightly packed, hard, nonkeratinized dermal cells

Their thick lunula appears white because it obscures the underlying vasculature

Their growth occurs from the nail matrix deep to the nail root

They help us grasp and manipulate objects

Which of the following is not a function of the skin?

Regulates body temperature

Participates in synthesis of vitamin a

Serves as the first and foremost barrier to disease

Excretes some waste products

House sensory receptors

The epidermis

Is the deepest layer of the cutaneous membrane

Is composed of stratified squamous epithelium

Has four or five layers of cells

Is highly vascular

Contains adipoctyes and collagen fibers

Keratinocytes are the predominant cells in the:

The function of keratin is to:

Arrange the layers of the epidermis in order from the most superficial to deepest. 1. Stratum spinosum 2. Stratum granulosum 3. Stratum corneum 4. Stratum basale 5. Stratum lucidum

Which layer of the epidermis consists of 25-30 layers of dead, flattened keratinocytes?

Which of the following is present in thick skin but not in thin skin

Skin grafts

Are required when the remaining stratum basale cannot repair the damaged area

Are most successful when the donated skin comes from an uninjured part of the patient

May use skin replacement products grown from donated foreskins

A and B are correct

A, B, and C are correct

Place the following events of keratinization and epidermal growth in order of occurrence: 1. New cell push toward surface 2. Stratum basale cells divide 3. Dead cells are shed 4. Cells reach stratum granulosum and undergo apoptosis 5. Tonofilaments converted to keratin by keratohyalin

The average length of time for a cell to be produced by the stratum basale, rise to the surface, become keratinized, and slough off is about how long?

The dermis

Is superficial to the epidermis

Is deep to the subcutaneous layer

Contains fibroblasts, macrophages, and a few adipocytes

Is avascular and poorly innervated

Is divided into aerolar and dense regular layers

The superficial portion of the dermis

Is called the papillary region

Includes touch receptors called Meissner's corpuscles

Has decreased surface area due to the presence of dermal papillae

A and B are correct

A,B, and C are correct

How does skin contribute to regulation of body temperature?

Releasing perspiration, which evaporates and carries away heat

Altering blood flow to the dermis, which adjusts how much heat will radiate from the body

Shivering, which produces heat

A and B are correct

A, B, and C are correct

Each of the following is a protection provided by the skin except:

It promotes dehydration

It protects underlying tissues from abrasions and chemicals

It prevents UV radiation from reaching underlying tissues

It secretes substances that kill microbes

It contains cells that trigger immune responses to microbes

Which of the following is true of cutaneous sensations?

They arise beneath the skin

They include touch, pressure, itch, and tickle

They cannot warn the body of possible injury

They exclude tactile discs, corpuscles of touch and hair root plexuses

All of the statements are true

How does aging affect the integumentary system?

Numbers of Langerhans cells increase dramatically

Numbers of functioning melanocytes increase

Elasticity and extensibility decrease

Dermal thickness increases

Growth of hair and nail accelerates

Nourishment to cells in the epidermis is provided by:

Blood vessels running through the stratum basale

Keratinocytes

Blood vessels in the dermal papillae

Bacteria that live in sebaceous glands

Both A and C are correct

Dermal papillae

Aerolar tissue, fine elastic fibers

Dense irregular connective tissue; course elastic fibers, collagen bundles

Capillary loops; free nerve endings; Meissner's corpuscles

Fibroblasts; few adipocytes

Small, rounded projections of dermis into dermis

Tissue and fibers characteristic of reticular dermis

Aerolar tissue, fine elastic fibers

Dense irregular connective tissue; course elastic fibers, collagen bundles

Capillary loops; free nerve endings; Meissner's corpuscles

Fibroblasts; few adipocytes

Small, rounded projections of dermis into dermis

Structures characteristic of papillary dermis

Aerolar tissue, fine elastic fibers

Dense irregular connective tissue; course elastic fibers, collagen bundles

Capillary loops; free nerve endings; Meissner's corpuscles

Fibroblasts; few adipocytes

Small, rounded projections of dermis into dermis

Abnormal accumulations due to excessive ingestion of vitamin A cause yellowing of skin

Most numerous sweat glands; active before and after puberty

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