Pathology Unit 1

The determination of the nature of a disease

The predicted course and outcome of a disease

When the signs/symptoms occur

Progresses slowly and is long-lived

Disease or abnormal state that develops from another disease

Signs and symptoms begin again after its apparent cessation

Sudden onset and short-lived

When signs/symptoms stop

Diseases that end in death

Disease can result from

The study of disease

The study of the physiological processes leading up to disease

Subjective measurements that a patient perceives

Objective information that can be measured

Rapid pulse, increased BP, and fever are examples of symptoms

Dizziness, headache and nausea are examples of symptoms

Signs and symptoms occur concurrently in most diseases

The combination of signs and symptoms is referred to as a

The aftermath or results from a particular disease

Measure of the disability and extent of the illness caused by a disease

Mortality is the number of deaths that result from a disease over a period of time

Prevalence is

The study of the occurrence, transmission, distribution and control of a disease is called

The cause of a disease

The cause along with the development of disease

Idiopathic means the cause of the disease is unknown

_______ predispose an individual to the development of a disease.

Treatment can be aimed at ___________.

Health is body's ability to defend itself against infectious agents, foreign cells, and abnormal body cells.

Present at birth and provides immediate, short-term protection

Acquired immunity responds to antigens of specific pathogens.

Skin, phagocytosis, and natural killer cells are all types of nonspecific defenses

The body's protective response. It is beneficial unless it becomes chronic or hyperactive. Can result from trauma, pathogens, chemical agents, allergens, foreign substances and poor nutrition.

In inflammation ______ happens immediately, followed by ______.

_____ are our primary lymphocytes.

Antibodies are formed by white blood cells called

T-cells mature in the ________ and are stored in the lymphatic system, primarily in the spleen.

Adaptive immunity is divided into

A foreign substance that, when introduced to the body, is recognized as "nonself" and activates the immune system.

Disease-causing microorganisms are called

_____ has many benefits including slowing the growth rate of pathogens, increasing the effect of interferons, and stimulating antibody production.

Specific immunity is also called

Vaccines are less likely to produce immunity in older people because of reduced antibody production.

__________ is when individuals develop antibodies to their own tissues or self antigens.

The condition in which the human body performs its vital functions.

______ is relatively stable conditions under fluctuating environmental conditions.

____ is associated with a "butterfly" rash across the face.

Autoimmune disease associated with hardening, thickening and shrinking of the skin.

__________ scleroderma has signs and symptoms referred to as CREST.

Sjogren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune, inflammatory disease of glands and other tissues.

AIDS stands for

Infectious disease are caused by

Pathogens can be transmitted by

When diseases affect large numbers over a specific area

An extreme immune response to a harmless antigen

When a disease affects several large areas worldwide

Reservoir is the source of an infectious agent

Reservoirs for disease can be which of the following:

Harbor the disease but do not show signs and symptoms

Diseases that are transmitted from generations such as mother to child

Diseases that are transferred from infected reservoir to humans

Due to a puncture, injection, bite or surgery where the microorganism is allowed under the tissue

Physicians are required to report certain disease to the CDC.

Another term for hospital acquired infections.

______ is the most important means of preventing the spread of nosocomial infections.

Hospital or self imposed by staying home

Separation of infected persons from the healthy population

The most effective way to protect personal and public health.

Subcellular organisms made up only of RNA or a DNA nucleus covered with proteins.

Viruses are considered living organisms

Viruses cannot be destroyed by pharmacological means

Microscopic, single-celled organisms that contain no nucleus or organelles.

Bacteria can mutate which results in stronger or weaker strains

Single-celled organisms which have a membrane around their nucleus

Most protozoa cause disease

Can be single-celled or multi-celled. Have filaments called mycelia specialized to absorb nutrients.

Fungi spores are known allergens

Wormlike animals including flatworms and roundworms

Helminth transmission is usually through ingestion of feces contaminated food or water.

Infectious agents composed only of protein

Prions affect the brain or neural tissue

Treated with antibiotics

In order to prevent antibiotic resistant illnesses, it is important to stop taking an antibiotic once symptoms improve and you no longer feel sick.

Antiviral drugs work by

Fungi cells are similar to human cells

Antifungals often affect human cells as well as the fungi

_______ is the best method for control of disease

Protozoa can often be treated with antibiotics

Medications for helminths

The Gates Foundation has done lots of work to combat malaria and polio around the world

A disease is said to be re-emerging when it comes back after seemingly being erradicated.

Another term for tumor is neoplasm

Benign tumors are cancerous

Malignant tumors are cancerous tumors that divide slowly and usually stay in one spot

Benign tumor of adipose tissue

Benign tumor of muscle- called fibroid tumor in the uterus

Benign tumor of a gland which can stimulate secretion of a hormone

Benign tumor of epithelial cells (wart)

Benign tumor from hyperplasia of blood or lymph tissue (port wine stains or strawberry marks

Benign tumor that occur in the meninges surrounding the brain

Cachexia is a condition caused by a malignant tumor where growth of the tumor uses up the body's nutrients causing the patient to become weak and emaciated.

Malignant tumor of epithelial cells

Malignant tumor of connective tissue

_____ refers to cancer spreading to other parts of the body

Sarcomas typically spread through lymph vessels and Carcinomas usually spread through the blood stream

All of the following are known risk factors for cancer EXCEPT

Radiation from UV sunlight is the main cause of nonmelanoma

Immunosuppressive medications decrease the function of the immune system and decrease the risk for development of cancer

Which of the following is NOT a general warning sign of cancer

Cancer cells occur when mutations to genes responsible for cell replication happen, causing cell division to continue indefinitely

There are several tests that can accurately diagnose cancer

Biopsy is where a sample of tissue is removed and viewed under a microscope

Malignant tumors are graded on a scale of 1 to 4 with higher number indicating a higher amount of abonormality

Removes all of the cancerous tissue and is performed to cure the patient

Done to sustain the patient or alleviate pain

May be done to remove precancerous tissue

Some cancers need hormones to grow

Cancer fighting foods include all of the following EXCEPT

Cancer prevention strategies include all EXCEPT

Not using tobacco is the single most avoidable risk for cancer

Not using tobacco is the single most avoidable risk for cancer