OZ

The _____________ is an essential factor that indicates the ignition quality of a fuel and is also used for calculating the amount of fuel oil quantity delivered during the bunkering procedure.

Density: Every matter, whether solid, liquid or gas has a ________

Post the refining process; mechanical catalyst particles (aluminum silicate) remain in the oil and are not easy to separate.

History of Marine Heavy Fuel Oil Usage During the early 19th Century, the cargo ships, which used sails harnessing wind energy, started getting replaced by _________

The amount of heat energy thus released is the _____________ of a fuel and is measured in MJ/kg

it releases energy to rotate the ship propeller or the alternator by burning fuel inside the combustion chamber of the engine or to generate steam inside the boiler

it is the most widely used type of fuels for commercial vessels.

the basic requirement for any marine engine is to propel a ship or to generate power onboard

2 basic FUEL OIL Types:

are the most common environmental contaminant in most industrial countries.

It is a highly complex mixture of paraffin, cycloparaffinic (naphthenic)

This varies greatly in crude oils. High content of light hydrocarbons (paraffins and naphthenes) in a crude gives rise to a gasoline-like odor. A pleasant odor is produced if the crude has abundant aromatic hydrocarbons.

A gravity scale which is more commonly and widely used than the European Baume gravity scale. But they essentially measure the density of a crude oil.

This is the light transmitted through crude oils. It is yellowish to red for light oils and dark or even opaque for heavy (or low A.P.I gravity) oils

It emits brownish color, This property is important in testing for cutting, core and drilling mud samples and in well-logging interpretation, for location of different oil horizons

It may be yellow, green or blue. For example, when a paraffin base crude oil (gasoline-rich) is exposed to ultraviolet fluorescence light, it emits yellow color

the temperature at which a crude oil will no longer flow

a viscosity measured by timing the flow of a known volume of fluid from a viscosity measuring cup. (cSt)

sometimes referred to as ______ is obtained by dividing the Shear stress by the rate of shear strain. (cP)

sometimes referred to as Absolute viscosity is obtained by dividing the Shear stress by the rate of shear strain. (cP)

describes a fluids resistance to flow.

obtained by reformulating Newton's Law -

It is expressed in 'poise' or ‘centipoise’. crude oil is said to have a viscosity of 1 poise.

There are two types of viscosity:

The __________ of oil is a measure of its resistance to internal flow and an indication of its oiliness in the lubrication of surfaces.

Liquid densities _________ as temperature increases

defined as mass per unit volume of a fluid. Density is a state function and for a pure compound depends on both temperature and pressure and is shown by ρ.

a naturally occurring liquid phase of petroleum, composed principally of hydrocarbons, extracted from the earth in liquid state