According to the lecture, Social Constructionists employ a relativistic definition of crime whereby "Crime is ..."

According to the lecture, what is the source of incarceration disparities in the US?

According to the Labeling Theory, once an individual has been labeled "criminal" , that individual will be subject to or engage in all of the following *EXCEPT*:

In response to negative criticism of an overly harsh criminal justice process negatively shaming those labeled "criminal", Braithwaite proposed the idea of:

The conflict model that assumes that there are several power centers and not just one, small, all-encompassing powerful elite is:

Information that should be irrelevant to legal decision-making, but that may play an important role due to systemic or personal bias is called:

While not expressly concerned with crime, Marx's Conflict Theory assumed criminalizing certain behaviors was just another tool used by the Bourgeoisie to __________ the Proletariat.

Quinney's Social Reality Theory argues that "reality is a state of mind" and that "there is no reason to believe in the objective existence of anything." Statements about subjectivity like these draw heavily upon the European tradition of:

According to Quinney's Social Reality Theory, most of the crimes that are policed and prosecuted in the US would be called _____________. These "crimes of the powerless" mostly include property and violent crimes committed by the Proletariat against the Proletariat.

According to Chambliss's Legal Reality Theory, attempts at bureaucratic efficiency compromise the idealized goal of impartial law enforcement. He called this realistic need to demonstrate utility while minimizing costs the:

According to ___________________, female crime and delinquency will grow as society becomes more egalitarian because women will be socialized to embrace traditional male qualities of greed, violence, and criminality.

According to Hagan's Power Control Theory, almost all people are initially indoctrinated into the patriarchal system by:

Messerschmidt uses gender to construct a unique theory of crime that he calls "Doing Gender." In his model, the dominant cultural script that compels men to strive for competitive individualism, independence, aggressiveness, and authority/control over others (all strong correlates of crime) is called:

According to Cornish and Clarke's Rational Choice Theory, the most important determinant of crime is:

The "routine" in Cohen and Felson's Routine Activities Theory refers to:

Using a security camera to reduce crime in Routine Activities Theory is an example of a(n):

According to Biosocial examinations of crime, researchers theorize that criminals differ genetically from non-criminals in:

The attempt to isolate the effects of nature from the effects of nurture motivate research like:

According to Evolution Psychology, males have adopted two alternative behavioral strategies to ensure reproduction. The one that encourages a lack of long-term commitment, the use of violence, and greater dishonesty (all strong correlates of crime) is:

According to the lecture on Psychological Theories of crime, a "psychopath" has all of the following characteristics *EXCEPT*

Persistence in offending due to __________ continuity is the result of carrying the same constellation of problematic traits and behaviors from childhood into adulthood

Persistence in offending due to __________ continuity is when an individual becomes ensnared in a deviant lifestyle due to the long-term, negative consequences of earlier delinquency and crime

Moffit's Developmental Taxonomy is an example of a theory integration that combines:

According to Moffitt's Developmental Taxonomy, the small group of individuals that engages in anti-social behavior at every point in life is called the:

According to Moffitt's Developmental Taxonomy, ______________________ are the larger group, containing nearly 90% of delinquents

According to Moffitt's Developmental Taxonomy, Adolescent-Limited offenders tend to engage in benign, low-level offenses with little to no long-term consequences. Examples of these rebellious forms of delinquency include all of the following *EXCEPT*:

Sampson's and Laub's Age-Grade Theory of Informal Social Control is a theory integration that combine elements from all of the following theories *EXCEPT*:

While Sampson and Laub acknowledge the possibility of underlying pathological differences in childhood, they argue that agents of informal social control like _________________ can overcome negative child effects like difficult temperament.

According to Sampson and Laub's Age-Grade Theory of Informal Social Control, the three adult institutions of social bonding, or "Turning Points", that can lead to desistance including all of the following *EXCEPT*:

According to Sampson and Laub's Age-Grade Theory of Informal Social Control, as an individual accrues more and more _____________ by investing in meaningful adult institutions, he or she will grow less likely to offend because the risks become too "costly"