Endocrinology
Endocrinology Growth Quiz
Test your knowledge on endocrinology and the fascinating aspects of growth and development! This quiz covers vital topics such as growth hormone fun
Prepare for engaging questions that help enhance your understanding of human growth and hormonal health:
- Fetal growth and hormonal influences
- Growth disorders and their characteristics
- Puberty signs in boys and girls
- Hypoglycemia symptoms in newborns and infants
During fetal life, Growth hormone (GH) is secreted readily, but the most important role in fetal growth is highlighted by:
Thyroid hormone
State of insulin
Growth hormone
Estrogen
Prolactin
The functions of growth hormone (GH) in metabolic effects for adolescence and adulthood growth are:
Stimulation of bone remodeling
Stimulation of lipolysis and fat utilization for energy expenditure
Growth and preservation of lean tissue mass and muscle function
Facilitation of normal lipid metabolism
All answers are correct
Growth disorders in childhood generally display one or more of the following characteristics:
Short stature with normal tempo of growth
Short stature with normal growth rate but evidence for prior slowed tempo of growth
Abnormal growth rate with or without short stature
Growth acceleration
All answers are correct
The actions of GH influences four major areas of development are:
Bone metabolism
Linear growth
Adipose tissue
Development of muscle
All answers are correct
The best method to assess biological age or maturity status in children is
Skeletal maturation
Weight
Hormonal
Behavior of patient
Amount of alimentation
The skeleton develops from cartilage in the prenatal period to fully developed bone in early adulthood, Growth of these long bones occurs through proliferation of cartilage cells in:
Metaphysis
Epiphyseal Plate
Diaphysis
1/3end of bone
2/3end of bone
The x-ray`s site most often used to determine the amount of bone development is localize at:
The x-ray of the hand–wrist area of the left hand
The x-ray of femur bone
The x-ray of tibia bone
The x-ray of peroneal bone
The x-ray of hip
Why the x-ray of the hand –wrist area of left hand is the most often used to determine the bone development?
It contains multiple bones for examination and is reasonably typical of the skeleton as a whole
The radiation exposure is minimal
Because it contains multiple bones for examination and is reasonably typical of the skeleton as a whole and the radiation exposure is minimal
It have both sites
It is the long bone
Puberty is the process of physical changes through which a child's body matures into an adult body, the physical signs of puberty in girls are:
Breast development
Pubic hair
Menstruation and fertility
Body odor and acne
All answers are correct
Precious puberty is girls if breast development is before the age of …..years:
8
9
10
12
14
This is not true in cause of constitutional delay of puberty:
Is familial
No spontaneous puberty follow up
Markedly delay bone age
Elevated early morning testosterone
No answer are correct
In boys with delayed puberty testosterone injection should be started at this age:
10
12
14
16
13
Cause of precocious puberty with growth retardation is:
Adrenal adenoma
Hypothyroidism
Neuro tuberculosis
Hydrocephalus
All are not correct
This is not a cause of central precocious puberty
Hypothyroidism
Cranial irradiation
Hydrocephalus
Craniopharyngeoma
All are not correct
FSH production is inhibited by :
Estrogen
GnRH
Inhibin
LH
Progesteron
In boys with precocious puberty and prepubertal LH level this is the investigation of choice
CT scan for adrenal gland
MRI of brain
Field of vision testing
FSH level
All answer are correct
The hypothalamus is part of which bodily system
Autonomic nervous
Endocrine
Exocrine
Central nervous
Circulatory
Lutenizing hormone releasing factor and follicule stimulating hormone releasing factor are secreted by :
The pituitary gland
The adrenal gland
The hypothalamus
The ovaries
All answer are correct
Muscle growth during puberty occurs :
Only in males
Only in females
In both genders
Very slowly in females
All answer are correct
A late development in the pubertal sequence of females is
Breast development
Growth of pubic hair
Menarche
Growth spurt
All answer are correct
The sequence of sexual maturation for both males and females adolescents are described …..stages:
Piagetian
Tanner
Masters and Johnson
Freudian
All are not correct
The analogous process in male to female menarche is :
Penis growth
First Ejaculation
Development of the testing
The voice change
Pubic hair
A contributor to the new mortality and morbidity in adolescence is :
Chronic illness
Hormone dysfunction
Substance abuse
Physical disabilities
Dental difficulties
Signs of hypoglycaemia in newborns and infants
Apnea/tachypnea
Cyanosis
Drowsiness
Hopothermia
All answers are correct
Signs of hypoglycaemia in children and adolescents in Autonomic
Hunger
Nausea
Palpitation
Pallor
All answers are correct
Signs of hypoglycaemia in children and adolescents in Neuroglycopenic
Dizziness
Drowsiness
Coma
Loss of coordination
All answers are correct
Causes of hypoglycaemia in newborns and infants
Infection/sepsis
Hypothermia
Medication in the mother
Hyperinsulinism
All answers are correct
Causes of hypoglycaemia in children and adolescents
Accelerated starvation (ketotic hypoglycaemia)
Malnutrition
Liver failure
Toxins
All answers are correct
Which one of the following is not an adverse effect of salbutabul?
Tachycardia
Tolerance
Hypokalemia
Hypertension
Hypoglycemia
After giving insulin, what is the most critical observation that needs to be made?
Tachycardia
Bradycardia
Hyperglycemia
Dyspnea
Hypoglycemia
What is a test you get at the doctor to see if you have hypoglycaemia?
X.ray
MRI
CT Scan
Urine test
Blood test
Secretory product associated with pancreatic alpha cells:
Insulin
Somatostatin
Pancreatic polypeptide
Insulin and somatostatin
Proglucagon
Which one is the most dangerous?
Hyperglycemia
Severe headache
Anxiety
Tachycardia
Hypoglycemia
Which hormone make hypoglycaemia?
Glucagon
T3T4
TSH
Somatostatin
Insulin
Which hormone make hyperglycemia?
Cortisol
Insulin
TSH
Somatostatin
Glucagon
What causes hypothyroidism?
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Severe iodine deficiency
Use of certain medications, radiation therapy
Thyroid surgery
All answers are correct
What are symptoms of Hypothyroidism?
Swelling of the thyroid gland
Fatigue
Vague aches and pain
Dry skin , thinning hair
All are correct
How is hypothyroidism diagnosis?
Blood test (TSH T3 T4)
Ultrasound thyroid
Thyroid scan, MRI
Physical exam
All answers are correct
What is medication hypothyroidism treated?
Rocephine
Porpranolol
Gentamicine
Rifampicine
Levothyroxines
What are complications of hypothyroidism?
Heart problems
Infertility
Join pain, obesity
Developing baby (congenital hypothyroidism)
All answers are correct
Hypothyroidism in pregnancy is least likely associate with?
Recurrent abortion
PIH
Preterm labor
None all
Polyhydramnios
A patient is 6 hours post operation from a thyroidectomy. The surgical site is clean, dry and intact with no excessive swelling note. What position is best for this patient to be in?
Fowler’s
Prone
Trendelenburg
High-Fowler’s
Semi-Fowler’s
Which of the following singe and symptoms cause concern and requires nursing intervention for a patient who recently had a thyroidectomy?
Drowsiness, Goiter
Heart rate of 35, blood pressure 60/43, temperature 95.3’F
Irritable, diarrhea, constipation
Soft hair
Heart rate of 120, blood pressure 220/102, temperature 103.2’F
Which of the following side effects are possible for a patient taking an anti-thyroid medication?
Fatigue
Tachycardia
Skin discoloration
Joint pain and eczema
Agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia
In women , hypothyroidism can affect pregnancy by:
Reducing the chance of getting pregnant
Making miscarriage more likely
Making labor and delivery more difficult
None
Boosting the chance of getting pregnants
A person with untreated hypothyroidism may also suffer from
Low blood pressure
Low blood sugar
None
High bilirubin
High Cholesterols
The pituitary gland is also known as the :
Hypophysis
Infundibulum
Hypothalamus
Neurohypophysis
Thalamus
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary stimulated the adrenal grand to release :
FSH
Glucagon
Insulin
Grow hormone
Cortisol
Sigh of Cushing disease include:
Moon face
Osteoporosis
Acne
Red striae
All answers are corrects
The most common cause of Cushing disease is :
Alcohol abuse
Steroid use
Genetic disposition
Adenoma( benign tumor)
All answer are not corrects
Which one of the following is the earliest manifestation of Cushing disease?
Loss of diurnal variation
Increased ACTH
Increased plasma cortisol
Increased urinary
Decreased ACTH
Cushing disease presents with
Increased ACTH, increased cortisol
Decreased ACTH, decreased cortisol
Increased ACTH, decreased cortisol
Increased catecholamine
Decreased catecholamine
A patient with Cushing syndrome might present with any of the following except one
A buffalo hump
Moon facies
Glucose intolerance
Osteoporosis
Skin bronze
Which of the following patients are at risk for developing Cushing syndrome?
A patient with a tumor pituitary gland
A patient taking glucocorticoid for several week
A patient with a tuberculosis
A patient with an adrenalectomy
All answer are not corrects
A patient with Cushing syndrome will be undergoing an adrenalectomy
Glucocorticoid therapy
Avoiding avocado and pear
Declomycin therapy
Symptoms of Grave diseases
All answer are not corrects
Normal plasma ACTH level is
10 -50 pg/ml
70 pg/ml
80 pg/ml
90 pg/ml
100pg/ml
In human have chromosomes :
Both males and females have 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes
Females have two X chromosomes (46,XX)
Males have one X and one Y chromosome (46,XY)
The male and female are differ in their sex chromosome complement
All are correct
The hormones regulating sex development are produced by:
The placenta, adrenal glands and developing gonads
Thyroid gland
Placenta
Ovary
Testicle
Testosterone is synthesis from cholesterol, cholesterol can reach the mitochondria directly(placenta), but in the adrenal cortex and developing testis cholesterol needs to be actively transported across the mitochondrial membrane by:
Albumin
Immunoglobulin
Steroid acute regulatory protein (StAR)
Alanine
Aspartic acid
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) are referring to a number of conditions in which the adrenal glands have problems making:
ACTH
Prolactin
TSH
Cortisol (adrenal cortex)
Growth hormone
In congenital adrenal hyperplasia, the Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) will be:
Increase (by feedback of low cortisol level)
Decrease
Normal level
Absent
Not intact
The two adrenal glands sit above the kidneys and are made up of two distinct parts ( adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla) they produce the hormones:
Adrenal and noradrenaline
Mineralocorticoids
Aldosterone
Cortisol
All answers are correct
Physical symptoms findings of simple virilising congenital adrenal hyperplasia:
Signs of early puberty
Body odor
Very oily/greasy hair
Pubis and axillary hair growth
All answers are correct
Percentage of the total cortisol produced by the adrenal glands at different times of the day in children is higher at time:
12:01 – 18:23
18:01 – 23:02
23:05 – 5:10
5:01 – 6:10
6:00 – 12:00
The most common form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia is:
Salt-wasting CAH (SWCAH)
Simple virilising CAH
Non-Classical Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia also known as Late-Onset Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
11β-hydroxylase deficiency
18-hydroxylase deficiency
What can we found in blood measurement in the case of salt-wasting crisis?
A very high ACTH
A very high 17-hydroxyprogesterone
11-deoxycortisol is low
Cortisol is low
All answers are correct
As we know, the CAH is a condition that adrenal gland can`t make cortisol, so we need to replace the cortisol and aldosterone which is lacking. Which one is the active form of cortisol
Cortisone acetate
Cortisol binding globulin
Cortisol binding albumin
Unbound cortisol (free cortisol)
No answer is correct
Cortisol plays an important role in raising blood glucose but the most important factors which raise blood glucose quickly are:
Cortisol
Growth hormone
Glucagon
Adrenalin
Glucagon and adrenalin
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis:
Hypothalamus (CRH) → pituitary gland (ACTH) → adrenal gland → cortisol
Hypothalamus (CRH) → adrenal gland → cortisol pituitary gland (ACTH)
Hypothalamus (CRH) → adrenal gland → pituitary gland (ACTH) → cortisol
Pituitary gland (ACTH) → Hypothalamus (CRH) → cortisol → adrenal gland
Pituitary gland (ACTH) → Hypothalamus (CRH) → adrenal gland → cortisol
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a genetic condition, the mean of autosomal recessive is:
This means both parents carry one abnormal gene copy each so that when the sperm fertilises the egg there is a 1 in 4 chance the two abnormal genes will be present (affected individual), a 1 in 4 chance both normal genes will come together and a 1 in 2 chance an abnormal will meet a normal (carrier state).
Name given to a person where one of the pairs of chromosomes carries an abnormality of a gene.
The ability to form sperm in males and to create an egg in females.
If you inherit the abnormal gene from only one parent, you can get the disease. Often, one of the parents may also have the disease.
Means that the organism has two copies of the same allele for a gene.
Cause of primary adrenocortical insufficiency:
Adrenal steroid biosynthesis deficiency: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia(CAH), congenital hypoaldosteronism
Adrenal hypoplasia (congenital adrenal aplasia, X-linked adrenal hypoplasia)
ACTH unresponsiveness, adrenoleucodystrophy
Tuberculosis, Adrenal hemorrhage of the newborn, Addison’s disease)
All answers are correct
Signs and symptoms of glucocorticoid deficiency, which one is not true?
Fasting hypoglycemia
Abdominal pain
Nausea, vomiting
Fatigue
Hyperglycemia
Signs and symptoms of mineralocorticoid deficiency
Weight loss, muscle weakness
Nausea, vomiting, anorexia
Salt craving, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, acidosis
Hypotension
All answers are correct
Beside human, hypoadrenocortism or Addison’s disease also happens in one of these animals
Dog
Pig
Cow
Horse
Sheep
Acute adrenocortical insufficiency is a life”threatening emergency that necessitates immediate treatment. Treatment of the Addisonian crisis consists of the following except:
Fluid therapy and electrolyte stabilization
Glucocorticoid replacement therapy
Treatment of gastrointestinal hemorrhage
Mineralocorticoid replacement therapy
Chemotherapy
Clinical signs: weakness, gastrointestinal hemorrhage (abdominal pain), hypoglycemia. Gastrointestinal signs are often waxing and waning in nature.
Endocrinology
Urinalysis
Thoracic radiographs
Diagnosis
No correct answer
Addisonian crisis present with these symptoms except:
Sudden penetrating pain in the legs, lower back, or abdomen
Severe vomiting and diarrhea, resulting in dehydration, low blood pressure
Convulsions, syncope , hypoglycemia, confusion, psychosis, severe lethargy
Hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia
Malignant hypertension
Choose the best answer, primary adrenal insufficiency and hypocortisolism is also called:
Addison's disease
Endocrine disorder
Adrenal crisis
Parkinson's disease
Adrenal agenesis
Addison's disease is usually associated with the development of other autoimmune diseases below except:
Type I diabetes
Thyroid disease (Hashimoto's thyroiditis)
Celiac disease
Vitiligo
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Causes of adrenal insufficiency are all described below except:
Adrenal destruction such as autoimmune
Particular infections (tuberculosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis), or the deposition of abnormal protein in amyloidosis.
Adrenal dysgenesis
Impaired steroidogenesis
Congenital heart disease
Treatment of Addison’s disease involves the following except:
Replacing the missing cortisol, sometimes in the form of hydrocortisone tablets, or prednisone
Treatment is usually lifelong. In addition, many patients require fludrocortisone as replacement for the missing aldosterone.
People with Addison's are often advised to carry information on them such as information card for the attention of emergency medical services
For crisis: Standard therapy involves intravenous injections of glucocorticoids and large volumes of intravenous saline solution with dextrose (glucose).
Insulin therapy
Which one is the frequency rate of Addison's disease in the human?
1 in 100,000
10 in 100,000
20 in 100,000
30 in 100,000
50 in 100,000
Prognosis of Addison’s disease, which one is not true?
Outcomes are typically good when treated
Most can expect to live relatively normal lives
Someone with the disease should be observant of symptoms of an "Addison's crisis"
Individuals with Addison's disease have more than a doubled mortality rate while individuals with Addison's disease and diabetes mellitus have an almost 4 time increase in mortality compared to individuals with only diabetes
It’s a lifelong cure disease
Insulin causes the blood glucose levels to fall, but glucagon causes those levels to rise. The relationship between the two hormones would be said to be :
Permissive
Antagonistic
Synergistic
Expressive
All answer are corrects
The risk factors for type 1 diabetes mellitus include :
Family history
Inactivity
Obesity
Alcoholism
Premature birth
Type 1 diabetes mellitus was previously called :
Diabetes insipidus
Adult-onset diabetes
Non-insulin dependent diabetes
Juvenile-onset diabetes
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
When a pregnant woman develops diabetes mellitus it is called :
Diabetes insipidus
Gestational diabetes
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Juvenile-onset diabetes
Having a high blood glucose level is called :
Hypoglycemia
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Hyperglycemia
Macrosomia
Microsomia
Physical symptoms of type 1 diabetes include :
Unexplained weight loss
Frequent urination
Increased thirst
Blurred vision
All answers are corrects
Complications of type 1 diabetes can affect major organs in the body :
Heart
Blood vessels
Kidneys
Eyes
All answers are corrects
After a meal, blood glucose levels increase and stimulate the secretion of which hormone?
Insulin
Pancreatisome
Glucagon
Glycogen
Protein
Midmorning, blood glucose levels fall and stimulate the secretion of which hormone?
Glucagon
Insulin
Pancreatisome
Glycogen
Protein
Type 1 diabetes …….. :
Involves the immune system attacking and killing pancreas cells that make insulin
Occurs only with obesity
Occurs only in adults
Lowers cells sensitivity to insulin
Lowers cells sensitivity to protein
Which of the following regimens offers the best blood glucose control for persons with type 1 diabetes?
A single anti-diabetes drugs
Once daily insulin injections
A combination of oral anti-diabetic medications
Three or four injections per day of different types of insulin
Use antibiotic every days
Among female children and adolescents, the first sign of type 1 diabetes may be :
Rapid weight gain
Constipation
Genital candidiasis
Insomnia
Fever
Blood sugar is well controlled when Hemoglobin A1C is:
7%
12%-20%
180 mg/dl
90-130 mg/dl
200 mg/dl
Hyperinsulinemia may be caused by all of the following except :
An insulinoma
Nesidioblastosis
Insulin resistance
Type 1 diabetes
All answer are corrects
How to diagnose of type 1 diabetes?
Check blood sugar
Check blood pressure
Check blood culture
Check ultra sound of abdomen
Check x-ray of lung
Diabetes type 2 is long-term metabolic disorder that is
With high blood sugar,
With insulin resistance,
Increased thirst,
Frequent urination
All answers are correct
The complication type 2 diabetes are
Heart disease,
Strokes,
Diabetic retinopathy
Kidney failure
All answers are correct
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