CH23
Naturalist writer Émile Zola believed that a novelist should approach the task of writing like
A scientist conducting an experiment
A politician campaigning for office
A theologian in search of the divine
An industrial worker performing a job in a factory
Darwinism contributed to the growth of secularism by
Attacking the validity of Christianity's moral teachings
Exposing the character of Christian leaders as deeply flawed
Advocating an end to organized religion
Calling into question the reliability of the Bible as an authority in scientific questions
Ludwig Feuerbach argued in The Essence of Christianity that
The "Absolute Spirit" was the source of ultimate truth
A religious world-view was the cornerstone of philosophy
The starting point of philosophy ought to be human beings and the material world
In religion, human beings find their true nature
In the nineteenth century, the Catholic church
Felt threatened by the forces of modernity
Wholeheartedly supported the work of scholars who subjected biblical texts to critical analysis
Failed to address the problems faced by the working class in the new industrial age
Issued a public condemnation of many of its own doctrines in "The Syllabus of Errors"
According to Marx, class conflict is really conflict over
Values and ideology
Ethnic identity
Political principles
Ownership of the means of production
Critics of Marx note that economic explanations of history fall flat in trying to account for the emergence of
Modern nationalism
Contemporary terrorism
Modern imperialism
All of the above
Pierre Joseph Proudhon saw pre-industrial society as
A necessary predecessor to the advanced industrial society of which he dreamed
The only period worse than the industrial era in which he lived
A superior age in which government took its rightful role as provider for the people
A time when workers were free from the exploitation of capitalists
In the opinion of John Stuart Mill, free speech
Should be limited to those who could be trusted to speak the truth
Was necessary for the well-being of both the individual and society
Was desirable within limits
Was a luxury that could not be afforded in the modern world
Thomas Hill Green differed from earlier liberals in that he
Advocated social reform initiated by the state
Believed that protection of private property should be the main concern of government
Believed in the primacy of a free-market economy
Believed that class conflict was the essence of historical change
The nineteenth-century feminist movement has its roots in
Liberalism
Conservatism
Romanticism
Communism
John Stuart Mill argued in favor of
Absolute equality in the voting system
A suspension of state-sponsored labor regulations
Prohibitions against state intervention in matters of education and health
The active participation of all citizens in political life
The work of Elizabeth Gaskell in exposing the plight of the industrial workers is associated with
Naturalism
Realism
Anarchism
Positivism
The positivists believed that
Because society operates according to scientific laws, it can be understood, but not changed
General rules for human society can be derived from the examination of empirical data
Religion should be abolished because it plays no part in satisfying basic human needs
Human behavior is so diverse that it can be understood only through the application of pure reason
Auguste Comte is seen as the principal founder of
Sociology
Economics
Psychology
Political science
The principle of electromagnetic induction was discovered by
Heinrich Hertz
Michael Faraday
Dmitri Mendeleev
John Dalton
In the late nineteenth century, Darwin's ideas were applied to society in order to
Buttress economic individualism and justify the superiority of successful business leaders
Stress that cooperation among living organisms is often crucial to their survival
Criticize war as an "unnatural" struggle for survival among nations
Attack the arguments of racists by showing that in nature all species are equal
Marxism and liberalism shared the belief that
Individuals should be freed from the prejudices and ignorance of the past
Education and self-discipline were the means through which human society progressed
Violence and struggle were the means by which human society progressed
Human nature was essentially bad and unable to free itself from irrationality
According to Marx, capitalism would eventually cease to exist only after
Capitalists increasingly shared their wealth with workers until everything was owned in common
Society became polarized into a small group of wealthy capitalists and a vast and desperate proletariat
Workers obtained political power through democratic processes and abolished the capitalist system
The proletariat became richer, while the bourgeoisie became poorer, with the result that workers would then control the system
Herbert Spencer and other critics of the new liberalism argued that
Individual liberty was unimportant compared with the general welfare of society
The state was the source of all good
State intervention of any kind should be rejected
Capitalism must be replaced with socialism
In The Subjection of Women (1869), John Stuart Mill argued that
Woman's nature justified the social and political inferiority of women
Male dominance of women constituted a blatant abuse of power
The progress of humanity could be assured only through the continued subjugation of women to the duties of household and family
The demand for women's rights would dangerously undermine the ideals of marriage
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