Dental Research 2 6DDB part 2 (prof. Vorn Vutha)
1. In order to save time and money, psychologists collect their data by?
The use of censuses
The use of prevalence
Using poorly paid student helpers
Stopping people in the street
The use of samples
2. The specific statistical methods that can be used to summarize or to describe a collection of data is called?
Analytical statistics
Experimental study
Inferential statistics
Descriptive statistics
All of the above
3. Non-sampling errors are introduced due to technically faulty observations or during the………………of data?
Processing
Sequencing
Interview
Collection
Analysis
4. Data is simply the numerical results of any scientific……………?
Observation
Collection
Analysis
Researches
Measurement
5. The……………….process would be required to ensure that the data is complete and as required?
Editing
Tabulating
Analysis
Ordering
All of the above
6. A sample is a portion of the………..population that is considered for study and analysis?
Fixed
Random
Selected
Total
Distribution
7. Both the sampling as well as the non-sampling errors must be reduced to a minimum in order to get representative a sample of the………as possible?
Population
Group
Universe
Region
Ethics
8. A variable is any characteristic which can assume…………value?
Fixed
Different
Assumed
Similar
Good
9. The basic objective of a sample is to draw………….about the population from which such sample is drawn?
Parameters
Conclusion
Inferences
Characteristics
Introduction
10. What is the defining characteristic of experimental research?
Resistance to manipulation
Manipulation of the independent variable
The use of open-ended questions
Focuses only on local problems
All are not correct
11. Which of the following includes examples of quantitative variables?
Age, temperature, income, height
Grade point average, anxiety level
Gender, religion, ethnic group
d. Age, temperature, income, height, Grade point average, anxiety level
12. Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable?
Age
Grade point average
Annual income
Religion
Nationality
13. What is the opposite of a variable?
A constant
An extraneous variable
A dependent variable
A data set
All are correct
14. The strongest evidence for causality comes from which of the following research methods?
Ethnography
Experimental
Causal-comparative
Correlational
All are correct
15. A numerical value used as a summary measure for a sample, such as sample mean, is known as a ?
population parameter
sample parameter
sample statistic
population mean
None of the above answers is correct.
16. Since the population size is always larger than the sample size, then the sample statistic?
can never be larger than the population parameter
can never be equal to the population parameter
c. can never be zero
can never be smaller than the population parameter
All are not correct
17. The mean of a sample is?
always equal to the mean of the population
always smaller than the mean of the population
computed by summing the data values and dividing the sum by (n - 1)
computed by summing all the data values and dividing the sum by the number of items
All are not correct
18. The sum of the percent frequencies for all classes will always equal?
One
the number of classes
the number of items in the study
100
None of the answers is correct.
19. In a five number summary, which of the following is not used for data summarization?
the smallest value
the largest value
the median
the 25th percentile
the mean
20. Since the mode is the most frequently occurring data value, it ?
can never be larger than the mean
is always larger than the median
is always larger than the mean
must have a value of at least two
All are not correct.
21. Mu is an example of a?
population parameter
sample statistic
population variance
mode
All are not correct
22. The mean of a sample is?
always equal to the mean of the population
always smaller than the mean of the population
computed by summing the data values and dividing the sum by (n - 1)
computed by summing all the data values and dividing the sum by the number of items
All are not correct
23. The difference between the largest and the smallest data values is the?
Variance
interquartile range
range
coefficient of variation
All are not correct
24. Which of the following is not a measure of central location?
Mean
Median
Variance
Mode
All are not correct.
25. If a data set has an even number of observations, the median?
cannot be determined
is the average value of the two middle items
must be equal to the mean
is the average value of the two middle items when all items are arranged in ascending order
All are not correct.
26. The sum of deviations of the individual data elements from their mean is?
always greater than zero
always less than zero
sometimes greater than and sometimes less than zero, depending on the data elements
always equal to zero
All are not correct.
27. The value that has half of the observations above it and half the observations below it is called the?
Range
Median
Mean
Mode
All are not correct.
28. The most frequently occurring value of a data set is called the?
Range
Mode
Mean
Median
All are not correct.
29. A tabular summary of a set of data showing the fraction of the total number of items in several classes is a?
frequency distribution
relative frequency distribution
frequency
cumulative frequency distribution
All are not correct.
30. The standard deviation of a sample of 100 observations equals 64. The variance of the sample equals?
8
10
6,400
4,096
All are not correct.
31. The variance of a sample of 81 observations equals 64. The standard deviation of the sample equals?
0
4096
8
6,561
All are not correct.
32. Refer to Exhibit 3-2. The median is?
5
6
7
8
All are not correct.
33. Refer to Exhibit 3-2. The mode is?
5
6
7
8
All are not correct.
34. Refer to Exhibit 3-2. The mean is?
5
6
7
8
All are not correct
35. Refer to Exhibit 3-3. The range is?
1
2
10
12
All are not correct
36. Refer to Exhibit 3-4. The mean is?
35
670
10
67
37. Which of the following is not a measure of dispersion?
the range
the variance
the standard deviation
a +b + c
All are not correct
38. The measure of dispersion that is influenced most by extreme values is?
the variance
the standard deviation
the range
the interquartile range
All are not correct.
39. When should measures of location and dispersion be computed from grouped data rather than from individual data values?
as much as possible since computations are easier
only when individual data values are unavailable
whenever computer packages for descriptive statistics are unavailable
only when the data are from a population
All are not correct.
40. The descriptive measure of dispersion that is based on the concept of a deviation about the mean is?
the range
both a and b
the standard deviation
All are not correct.
the interquartile range
41. On matters of academics (knowledge) a researcher should consider himself as?
Entirely dependent on the teacher
Open minded and radical
Fairly knowledgeable
A status quo maintainer
All are not correct
42. Given the N values in a series, the geometric mean is ?
The third root of the product of N values.
The square root of the product of N values
The fourth root of the product of N values
The Nth root of the product of N values
All are not correct
43. Which of the measures given here are based on every item of the series?
Range
Standard deviation
Quartile deviation
Mean
All of them
44. A researcher selects a probability sample of 100 out of the total population. It is ?
A cluster sample
A random sample
A systematic sample
A stratified sample
A multistage sampling
45. If x is 4 and the distribution is 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, the sum of squared deviations from the x will be?
8
10
6
12
46. Generalized conclusion on the basis of a sample is technically known as ?
Statistical inference of external validity of the research
Parameter inference
Data analysis and interpretation
All are correct
47. A statistical measure based upon the entire population is called parameter while measure based upon a sample is known as ?
Sample parameter
Inference
Standard deviation
Statistic
All are correct
48. If x is 48, Median is 47, Mode value will be ?
44
50
45
49
60
49. Since the population size is always larger than the sample size, then the sample statistic?
can never be larger than the population parameter
can never be equal to the population parameter
can never be zero
can never be smaller than the population parameter
All are correct
50.  is an example of a?
population parameter
sample statistic
population variance
mode
All are not correct
51. The stages of a malignant disease (cancer) is recorded using the symbols 0, I, II, III, IV. We say that the scale used is ?
Alphanumeric
Numerical
Ordinal
Nominal
Category
52. The fundamental statistical indicators are ?
Mean and D. Standard deviation
Median
Variance
Mode
Range
53. If the average of a series of values is 10 and their variance is 4, then the coefficient of variation (= the ratio standard deviation / average) is?
40%
20%
80%
10%
90%
54. The median of a series of numerical values is?
Equal to the average
A graph or hart
A number
A frequency table
A distribution table
55. The median of a series of numerical values is?
A value for which half of the values are higher and half of the values are lower
The value located exactly midway between the minimum and maximum of the series
The most commonly encountered values among the series
A measure of the eccentricity of the series
A measure of central tendency
56. Relative risk?
Shows the relationship between a factor assumed to influence the occurrence of disease, and the disease
is the ratio of the risk of disease for those exposed and those not exposed to that risk factor
Cannot be greater than 1
is expressed as a percentage
is proportion
57. If on a group of 457 patients, for a risk factor we calculated a Relative Risk RR= 12.74, the possibility of developing the disease being investigated is?
very high when exposed to the factor
very small when exposed to the factor
the same in the case of exposure in the case of non-exposure
lower in the exposed than in the unexposed, RR being less than 100
Equal in the exposed
58. The result of a statistical test, denoted p, shall be interpreted as follows?
the null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p <0.05
the null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p> 0.05
the alternate hypothesis H1 is rejected if p> 0.05
the null hypothesis H0 is accepted if p <0.05
None of the above answers is correct.
59. If, after performing a Student test for comparison of means, we obtain p = 0.0256, then?
We reject H0 and accept H1
We accept H0
We reject H1
We cannot decide
We can decide
60. Which of the following are goals of vaccination?
Prevent infection
Prevent disease
Prevent transmission
All are correct
a. and c. above
61. A “benefit” of research may accrue?
To the participant
To his/her family
To society
All are correct
a. and b. above
62. The most important element of ethical research on human subjects is?
Beneficence
Justice
A methodologically sound study design
Informed consent
63. Surveillance data must be?
Rapidly collected
Use simple case definitions
Provide very precise estimates
All are correct
a. and b. above
64. The requirements for an effective surveillance system include?
A diagnostic algorithm
Staff members
A sampling frame
All are correct
65. A good surveillance system should provide information about?
Who is being infected
Where the infected individuals are
How rapidly infection is spreading
All are correct
a. and c. above
66. Most surveillance systems use which of the following study designs?
Cohort
Serial cross-sectional
Mortality
Syndromic
a. and c. above
67. Results of surveillance should be distributed to?
Decision makers
The public
The data collectors
All are correct
a. and b. above
68. The most important goal of a behavioral intervention is?
Change in behavior
Comprehensive coverage
Effective use of behavioral theory
Sustained behavior change
Change in belief
69. The stages of a malignant (cancer) is recorded using the symbols 0, I, II, III, IV. We say that the scale used is:
Alphanumeric
Numerical
Ordinal
Nominal
70. The fundamental statistical indicators are:
Mode and Median
Variance
Mean and standard deviation
Range
71. The average of series of numerical values is:
The Sum of the values divided by their number
Lower than the minimum value in the series
Lower than the average value in the series
An indicator of measurement of the values of the series
72. Standard deviation:
Is measured using the unit of sample
Is measured using the squared unit of the variable
Is values generally comparable with mode value
Is the square root of variance
73. The median of a series of numerical values is:
Equal to the average
A number
A graph or chart
A frequency table
74. The median of a series of numerical values is:
A measure of centricity
Half of the values are higher and half of the values are lower
The most commonly encountered values among the series
The value located exactly between minimum and maximum of series
75. The result of a statistical test, denoted p , shall be interpreted as follows:
The null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p > 0.05
The null hypothesis H0is accepted if p < 0.05
The alternate hypothesis H1 is rejected p > 0.05
The null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p < 0.05
76. If, after performing a student test for comparison of means, we obtain p=0.0250, then:
We reject Ho and accept H1
We accept H0
We reject H1
We cannot decide
77. A study was Conducted in Cambodia to find out the proportion of blacks and white Cambodian in Cambodia. This variable chosen is:
Nominal
Ordinal
Continuous
Discreet numerical
Dichotomous
78. The median of the following data, is: 1,2,4,6,8,10,11,13:
6
8
7
10
9
79. A household survey of two families was conducted by students of 4th year DDs. In her collected data, the ages of heads of families were: 32,34,35,36,36,42,44,46,48 and 52. The mean age of heads of families is:
36
38.5
40
40.5
42
80. For a survey, a village is divided into 5 lanes, each lane is sampled randomly. It is an example of:
Simple random Sampling
Standard random Sampling
Systematic random Sampling
Cluster random Sampling
Quasi random sampling
81. Tools of measurement in Epidemiology are:
Rates and Ratios
Rates, Ratios and proportions
Rates and proportions
Ratios and proportion
82. If there had been 3,000 new cases of dental caries in population of 30,000 in a year, then the incidence rate would be:
50 per 1,000 per year
100 per 1,000
100 per 1,000 per year
50 per 1,000
83. Observing the distribution of disease or health _ related characteristics in human population with respect to time, place and person is known as:
Analytical epidemiology
Descriptive epidemiology
Experimental epidemiology
Intervention studies
84. Cross _ sectional study is also known as:
Longitudinal study
Incidence study
Prevalence study
Follow _ up study
85. The epidemiology method which provide background data for planning, organizing and evaluating preventive and curative services is:
Analytical epidemiology
Experimental epidemiology
Descriptive epidemiology
Ecological studies
86. Case control studies are often called as:
Prospective studies
Retrospective studies
Follow _ up studies
Ecological studies
87. Which one of the following is correct about case control method?
The study is expensive
Long follow _ up period is often needed
Yields incidence rates and attributable risk
It uses a control or comparison group
88. The process by which the controls are selected in such a way the they are similar to case with regard to certain pertinent selected variables is known as:
Randomization
Matching
Blinding
Fixing
89. The components of epidemiology are:
Disease frequency
Distribution of disease
Determinants of disease
Frequency, distribution and determinants of disease
90. Cohort study is also known as:
Longitudinal study
Prospective study
Incidence study
Prevalence study
91. Which one of the following is correct about cohort study?
Identified prior to the appearance of disease under investigation
The study proceeds backwards form effect to cause
It uses a control or comparison group
Both exposure and outcome have occurred prior to the study
92. The basic approach in cohort studies is to work from:
Causes to effect
Effect to cause
Cause to effect and effect to cause are correct
Exposed to non-exposed
93. Which one of the following is correct about cohort study:
Starts with the disease
Involves fewer number of subjects
Yields incidence rate
Relatively in expensive
94. Pilot study is done to:
Find the feasibility in conducting study
Determine the sample size
Find the unknown effect
Find the all of those
95. The “unusual” occurrence of disease in a community clearly in excess of “Expected occurrence” is known as:
Endemic
Pandemic
Exotic
Epidemic
96. The level of resistance of a community or group of people to a particular disease is known as:
Active immunity
Passive immunity
Herd immunity
Combination of Active and passive
97. Experimental studies are:
Cohort and case _ control studies
Prevalence and incidence studies
Randomized controlled Trials and Non-Randomized Trials
Cohort and prevalence studies
98. Matching is done to:
Eliminate bias in sampling
Eliminate confounding factors
Stratified sampling
Quota sampling
99. Picking every 5th or 10th unit at regular intervals is:
Random sampling
Systemic sampling
Stratified Sampling
Quota Sampling
100. Hypothesis is:
a theory
an Experiment
a report
a supposition from an observation
101. Risk factors related to dental caries are:
Bacteria, host susceptibility, food and time
Bacteria, periodontal disease, food
Host, time and gingival disease
Environment and oral hygiene
102. Mean and standard deviation come be worked out only if data is on?
Interval or Ratio scale
Dichotomous scale
Nominal scale
Ordinal scale
103. If we reject Null Hypothesis, when actually it is true, it is known as?
Type I error
Type II Error
Power
Specificity
104. Find the mode in the following data set (11,12,13,14,14)
11
12.8
13
14
105. Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency?
Mean
Mode
Range
Median
106. Standard deviation is the square of:
Mode
Standard error
Variance
Regression
107. A circle divided into sector proportional to the frequency of items shown is called:
Bar chart
Pie chart
Histogram
Frequency polygon
108. Correlation coefficient is a number between:
+1 and +2
0 and +1
-1 and 0
-1 and +1
109. In biostatistics, group of individuals taken for study is called as:
Block
Population
Group
Flock
110. Variables whose values can be expressed numerically are called:
Quantitative variable
Qualitative variable
Absolute variable
Continuous variable
111. Flower color is a:
Quantitative variable
Qualitative variable
Absolute variable
Continuous variable
112. Quantitative Variables that has only fixed or finite values are called:
Quantitative variable
Discrete variable
Absolute variable
Continuous variable
113. Height of students in a class is a:
Qualitative variable
Discrete variable
Absolute variable
Continuous variable
114. In inferential statistics, we study:
The method to make decisions about population based on sample results
How to make decisions about mean, Median or mode
How a sample is obtained from a population
How to make decisions about range and standard deviations
115. In descriptive statistics, we study:
The description of decision making process
The methods for organizing, displaying and describing data
How to describe the probability distribution
How to describe the non-probability distribution
116. When data are collected in a statistical study only a portion or subset of all elements of interest we are using:
A Sample
A Parameter
A Population
A Parameter and A population
117. In Statistic, a sample means:
A portion of the sample
A portion of the population
all the items under investigation
all the items under analysis
118. The height of a student is 1.65m. This is example of…….:
Qualitative data
Categorical data
Continuous data
Discrete data
119. Data in the population Census Report is:
Grouped data
Ungrouped data
Secondary data
Primary data
120. Statistics is a numerical quantify, which is calculated from:
Population
Sample
Data
Observations
121. Which one of the following measurement dose not divide a set of observations into equal parts?
Quartiles
Standard Deviations
Percentiles
Deciles
122. You ask five of your classmates about their height, on the basis of this information, you stated that the average height of all students in your faculty is 1.65m. This is example of:
Descriptive statistics
Inferential statistics
Parameter
Population
123. In statistics, a population consists of:
All people living in a country
All people living in the area under study
All subjects or objects whose characteristics are being studied
All people are investigated
124. Which one is the not measure of dispersion:
The range
50th Percentile
Inter – quartile Range
Variance
125. Mu is an example of a:
population parameter
Sample Statistic
Population variance
Standard population
126. The difference between the largest and the smallest data values is the:
Variance
Interquartile range
Coefficient of variation
Range
127. The Sum of the percent frequencies for all classes will always equal:
One
The number of classes
The number of items in the study
100
128. In a five-number summary, which of the following is not used for data summarization?
The Smallest value
The largest value
The median
The 25th Percentile
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