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Dental Research 2 6DDB part 2 (prof. Vorn Vutha)

1. In order to save time and money, psychologists collect their data by?

σ� The use of censuses

σ� The use of prevalence

σ� Using poorly paid student helpers

σ� Stopping people in the street

σ� The use of samples

2. The specific statistical methods that can be used to summarize or to describe a collection of data is called?

σ� Analytical statistics

σ� Experimental study

σ� Inferential statistics

σ� Descriptive statistics

σ� All of the above

3. Non-sampling errors are introduced due to technically faulty observations or during the………………of data?

σ� Processing

σ� Sequencing

σ� Interview

σ� Collection

σ� Analysis

4. Data is simply the numerical results of any scientific……………?

σ� Observation

σ� Collection

σ� Analysis

σ� Researches

σ� Measurement

5. The……………….process would be required to ensure that the data is complete and as required?

σ� Editing

σ� Tabulating

σ� Analysis

σ� Ordering

σ� All of the above

6. A sample is a portion of the………..population that is considered for study and analysis?

σ� Fixed

σ� Random

σ� Selected

σ� Total

σ� Distribution

7. Both the sampling as well as the non-sampling errors must be reduced to a minimum in order to get representative a sample of the………as possible?

σ� Population

σ� Group

σ� Universe

σ� Region

σ� Ethics

8. A variable is any characteristic which can assume…………value?

σ� Fixed

σ� Different

σ� Assumed

σ� Similar

σ� Good

9. The basic objective of a sample is to draw………….about the population from which such sample is drawn?

σ� Parameters

σ� Conclusion

σ� Inferences

σ� Characteristics

σ� Introduction

10. What is the defining characteristic of experimental research?

σ� Resistance to manipulation

σ� Manipulation of the independent variable

σ� The use of open-ended questions

σ� Focuses only on local problems

σ� All are not correct

11. Which of the following includes examples of quantitative variables?

σ� Age, temperature, income, height

σ� Grade point average, anxiety level

σ� Gender, religion, ethnic group

σ� d. Age, temperature, income, height, Grade point average, anxiety level

12. Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable?

σ� Age

σ� Grade point average

σ� Annual income

σ� Religion

σ� Nationality

13. What is the opposite of a variable?

σ� A constant

σ� An extraneous variable

σ� A dependent variable

σ� A data set

σ� All are correct

14. The strongest evidence for causality comes from which of the following research methods?

σ� Ethnography

σ� Experimental

σ� Causal-comparative

σ� Correlational

σ� All are correct

15. A numerical value used as a summary measure for a sample, such as sample mean, is known as a ?

σ� population parameter

σ� sample parameter

σ� sample statistic

σ� population mean

σ� None of the above answers is correct.

16. Since the population size is always larger than the sample size, then the sample statistic?

σ� can never be larger than the population parameter

σ� can never be equal to the population parameter

σ� c. Can never be zero

σ� can never be smaller than the population parameter

σ� All are not correct

17. The mean of a sample is?

σ� always equal to the mean of the population

σ� always smaller than the mean of the population

σ� computed by summing the data values and dividing the sum by (n - 1)

σ� computed by summing all the data values and dividing the sum by the number of items

σ� All are not correct

18. The sum of the percent frequencies for all classes will always equal?

σ� One

σ� the number of classes

σ� the number of items in the study

σ� 100

σ� None of the answers is correct.

19. In a five number summary, which of the following is not used for data summarization?

σ� the smallest value

σ� the largest value

σ� the median

σ� the 25th percentile

σ� the mean

20. Since the mode is the most frequently occurring data value, it ?

σ� can never be larger than the mean

σ� is always larger than the median

σ� is always larger than the mean

σ� must have a value of at least two

σ� All are not correct.

21. Mu is an example of a?

σ� population parameter

σ� sample statistic

σ� population variance

σ� mode

σ� All are not correct

22. The mean of a sample is?

σ� always equal to the mean of the population

σ� always smaller than the mean of the population

σ� computed by summing the data values and dividing the sum by (n - 1)

σ� computed by summing all the data values and dividing the sum by the number of items

σ� All are not correct

23. The difference between the largest and the smallest data values is the?

σ� Variance

σ� interquartile range

σ� range

σ� coefficient of variation

σ� All are not correct

24. Which of the following is not a measure of central location?

σ� Mean

σ� Median

σ� Variance

σ� Mode

σ� All are not correct.

25. If a data set has an even number of observations, the median?

σ� cannot be determined

σ� is the average value of the two middle items

σ� must be equal to the mean

σ� is the average value of the two middle items when all items are arranged in ascending order

σ� All are not correct.

26. The sum of deviations of the individual data elements from their mean is?

σ� always greater than zero

σ� always less than zero

σ� sometimes greater than and sometimes less than zero, depending on the data elements

σ� always equal to zero

σ� All are not correct.

27. The value that has half of the observations above it and half the observations below it is called the?

σ� Range

σ� Median

σ� Mean

σ� Mode

σ� All are not correct.

28. The most frequently occurring value of a data set is called the?

σ� Range

σ� Mode

σ� Mean

σ� Median

σ� All are not correct.

29. A tabular summary of a set of data showing the fraction of the total number of items in several classes is a?

σ� frequency distribution

σ� relative frequency distribution

σ� frequency

σ� cumulative frequency distribution

σ� All are not correct.

30. The standard deviation of a sample of 100 observations equals 64. The variance of the sample equals?

σ� 8

σ� 10

σ� 6,400

σ� 4,096

σ� All are not correct.

31. The variance of a sample of 81 observations equals 64. The standard deviation of the sample equals?

σ� 0

σ� 4096

σ� 8

σ� 6,561

σ� All are not correct.

32. Refer to Exhibit 3-2. The median is?

σ� 5

σ� 6

σ� 7

σ� 8

σ� All are not correct.

33. Refer to Exhibit 3-2. The mode is?

σ� 5

σ� 6

σ� 7

σ� 8

σ� All are not correct.

34. Refer to Exhibit 3-2. The mean is?

σ� 5

σ� 6

σ� 7

σ� 8

σ� All are not correct

35. Refer to Exhibit 3-3. The range is?

σ� 1

σ� 2

σ� 10

σ� 12

σ� All are not correct

36. Refer to Exhibit 3-4. The mean is?

σ� 35

σ� 670

σ� 10

σ� 67

37. Which of the following is not a measure of dispersion?

σ� the range

σ� the variance

σ� the standard deviation

σ� a +b + c

σ� All are not correct

38. The measure of dispersion that is influenced most by extreme values is?

σ� the variance

σ� the standard deviation

σ� the range

σ� the interquartile range

σ� All are not correct.

39. When should measures of location and dispersion be computed from grouped data rather than from individual data values?

σ� as much as possible since computations are easier

σ� only when individual data values are unavailable

σ� whenever computer packages for descriptive statistics are unavailable

σ� only when the data are from a population

σ� All are not correct.

40. The descriptive measure of dispersion that is based on the concept of a deviation about the mean is?

σ� the range

σ� both a and b

σ� the standard deviation

σ� All are not correct.

σ� the interquartile range

41. On matters of academics (knowledge) a researcher should consider himself as?

σ� Entirely dependent on the teacher

σ� Open minded and radical

σ� Fairly knowledgeable

σ� A status quo maintainer

σ� All are not correct

42. Given the N values in a series, the geometric mean is ?

σ� The third root of the product of N values.

σ� The square root of the product of N values

σ� The fourth root of the product of N values

σ� The Nth root of the product of N values

σ� All are not correct

43. Which of the measures given here are based on every item of the series?

σ� Range

σ� Standard deviation

σ� Quartile deviation

σ� Mean

σ� All of them

44. A researcher selects a probability sample of 100 out of the total population. It is ?

σ� A cluster sample

σ� A random sample

σ� A systematic sample

σ� A stratified sample

σ� A multistage sampling

45. If x is 4 and the distribution is 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, the sum of squared deviations from the x will be?

σ� 8

σ� 10

σ� 6

σ� 12

46. Generalized conclusion on the basis of a sample is technically known as ?

σ� Statistical inference of external validity of the research

σ� Parameter inference

σ� Data analysis and interpretation

σ� All are correct

47. A statistical measure based upon the entire population is called parameter while measure based upon a sample is known as ?

σ� Sample parameter

σ� Inference

σ� Standard deviation

σ� Statistic

σ� All are correct

48. If x is 48, Median is 47, Mode value will be ?

σ� 44

σ� 50

σ� 45

σ� 49

σ� 60

49. Since the population size is always larger than the sample size, then the sample statistic?

σ� can never be larger than the population parameter

σ� can never be equal to the population parameter

σ� can never be zero

σ� can never be smaller than the population parameter

σ� All are correct

50.  is an example of a?

σ� population parameter

σ� sample statistic

σ� population variance

σ� mode

σ� All are not correct

51. The stages of a malignant disease (cancer) is recorded using the symbols 0, I, II, III, IV. We say that the scale used is ?

σ� Alphanumeric

σ� Numerical

σ� Ordinal

σ� Nominal

σ� Category

52. The fundamental statistical indicators are ?

σ� Mean and D. Standard deviation

σ� Median

σ� Variance

σ� Mode

σ� Range

53. If the average of a series of values is 10 and their variance is 4, then the coefficient of variation (= the ratio standard deviation / average) is?

σ� 40%

σ� 20%

σ� 80%

σ� 10%

σ� 90%

54. The median of a series of numerical values is?

σ� Equal to the average

σ� A graph or hart

σ� A number

σ� A frequency table

σ� A distribution table

55. The median of a series of numerical values is?

σ� A value for which half of the values are higher and half of the values are lower

σ� The value located exactly midway between the minimum and maximum of the series

σ� The most commonly encountered values among the series

σ� A measure of the eccentricity of the series

σ� A measure of central tendency

56. Relative risk?

σ� Shows the relationship between a factor assumed to influence the occurrence of disease, and the disease

σ� is the ratio of the risk of disease for those exposed and those not exposed to that risk factor

σ� Cannot be greater than 1

σ� is expressed as a percentage

σ� is proportion

57. If on a group of 457 patients, for a risk factor we calculated a Relative Risk RR= 12.74, the possibility of developing the disease being investigated is?

σ� very high when exposed to the factor

σ� very small when exposed to the factor

σ� the same in the case of exposure in the case of non-exposure

σ� lower in the exposed than in the unexposed, RR being less than 100

σ� Equal in the exposed

58. The result of a statistical test, denoted p, shall be interpreted as follows?

σ� the null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p <0.05

σ� the null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p> 0.05

σ� the alternate hypothesis H1 is rejected if p> 0.05

σ� the null hypothesis H0 is accepted if p <0.05

σ� None of the above answers is correct.

59. If, after performing a Student test for comparison of means, we obtain p = 0.0256, then?

σ� We reject H0 and accept H1

σ� We accept H0

σ� We reject H1

σ� We cannot decide

σ� We can decide

60. Which of the following are goals of vaccination?

σ� Prevent infection

σ� Prevent disease

σ� Prevent transmission

σ� All are correct

σ� a. And c. above

61. A “benefit” of research may accrue?

σ� To the participant

σ� To his/her family

σ� To society

σ� All are correct

σ� a. And b. above

62. The most important element of ethical research on human subjects is?

σ� Beneficence

σ� Justice

σ� A methodologically sound study design

σ� Informed consent

63. Surveillance data must be?

σ� Rapidly collected

σ� Use simple case definitions

σ� Provide very precise estimates

σ� All are correct

σ� a. And b. above

64. The requirements for an effective surveillance system include?

σ� A diagnostic algorithm

σ� Staff members

σ� A sampling frame

σ� All are correct

65. A good surveillance system should provide information about?

σ� Who is being infected

σ� Where the infected individuals are

σ� How rapidly infection is spreading

σ� All are correct

σ� a. And c. above

66. Most surveillance systems use which of the following study designs?

σ� Cohort

σ� Serial cross-sectional

σ� Mortality

σ� Syndromic

σ� a. And c. above

67. Results of surveillance should be distributed to?

σ� Decision makers

σ� The public

σ� The data collectors

σ� All are correct

σ� a. And b. above

68. The most important goal of a behavioral intervention is?

σ� Change in behavior

σ� Comprehensive coverage

σ� Effective use of behavioral theory

σ� Sustained behavior change

σ� Change in belief

69. The stages of a malignant (cancer) is recorded using the symbols 0, I, II, III, IV. We say that the scale used is:

σ� Alphanumeric

σ� Numerical

σ� Ordinal

σ� Nominal

70. The fundamental statistical indicators are:

σ� Mode and Median

σ� Variance

σ� Mean and standard deviation

σ� Range

71. The average of series of numerical values is:

σ� The Sum of the values divided by their number

σ� Lower than the minimum value in the series

σ� Lower than the average value in the series

σ� An indicator of measurement of the values of the series

72. Standard deviation:

σ� Is measured using the unit of sample

σ� Is measured using the squared unit of the variable

σ� Is values generally comparable with mode value

σ� Is the square root of variance

73. The median of a series of numerical values is:

σ� Equal to the average

σ� A number

σ� A graph or chart

σ� A frequency table

74. The median of a series of numerical values is:

σ� A measure of centricity

σ� Half of the values are higher and half of the values are lower

σ� The most commonly encountered values among the series

σ� The value located exactly between minimum and maximum of series

75. The result of a statistical test, denoted p , shall be interpreted as follows:

σ� The null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p > 0.05

σ� The null hypothesis H0is accepted if p < 0.05

σ� The alternate hypothesis H1 is rejected p > 0.05

σ� The null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p < 0.05

76. If, after performing a student test for comparison of means, we obtain p=0.0250, then:

σ� We reject Ho and accept H1

σ� We accept H0

σ� We reject H1

σ� We cannot decide

77. A study was Conducted in Cambodia to find out the proportion of blacks and white Cambodian in Cambodia. This variable chosen is:

σ� Nominal

σ� Ordinal

σ� Continuous

σ� Discreet numerical

σ� Dichotomous

78. The median of the following data, is: 1,2,4,6,8,10,11,13:

σ� 6

σ� 8

σ� 7

σ� 10

σ� 9

79. A household survey of two families was conducted by students of 4th year DDs. In her collected data, the ages of heads of families were: 32,34,35,36,36,42,44,46,48 and 52. The mean age of heads of families is:

σ� 36

σ� 38.5

σ� 40

σ� 40.5

σ� 42

80. For a survey, a village is divided into 5 lanes, each lane is sampled randomly. It is an example of:

σ� Simple random Sampling

σ� Standard random Sampling

σ� Systematic random Sampling

σ� Cluster random Sampling

σ� Quasi random sampling

81. Tools of measurement in Epidemiology are:

σ� Rates and Ratios

σ� Rates, Ratios and proportions

σ� Rates and proportions

σ� Ratios and proportion

82. If there had been 3,000 new cases of dental caries in population of 30,000 in a year, then the incidence rate would be:

σ� 50 per 1,000 per year

σ� 100 per 1,000

σ� 100 per 1,000 per year

σ� 50 per 1,000

83. Observing the distribution of disease or health _ related characteristics in human population with respect to time, place and person is known as:

σ� Analytical epidemiology

σ� Descriptive epidemiology

σ� Experimental epidemiology

σ� Intervention studies

84. Cross _ sectional study is also known as:

σ� Longitudinal study

σ� Incidence study

σ� Prevalence study

σ� Follow _ up study

85. The epidemiology method which provide background data for planning, organizing and evaluating preventive and curative services is:

σ� Analytical epidemiology

σ� Experimental epidemiology

σ� Descriptive epidemiology

σ� Ecological studies

86. Case control studies are often called as:

σ� Prospective studies

σ� Retrospective studies

σ� Follow _ up studies

σ� Ecological studies

87. Which one of the following is correct about case control method?

σ� The study is expensive

σ� Long follow _ up period is often needed

σ� Yields incidence rates and attributable risk

σ� It uses a control or comparison group

88. The process by which the controls are selected in such a way the they are similar to case with regard to certain pertinent selected variables is known as:

σ� Randomization

σ� Matching

σ� Blinding

σ� Fixing

89. The components of epidemiology are:

σ� Disease frequency

σ� Distribution of disease

σ� Determinants of disease

σ� Frequency, distribution and determinants of disease

90. Cohort study is also known as:

σ� Longitudinal study

σ� Prospective study

σ� Incidence study

σ� Prevalence study

91. Which one of the following is correct about cohort study?

σ� Identified prior to the appearance of disease under investigation

σ� The study proceeds backwards form effect to cause

σ� It uses a control or comparison group

σ� Both exposure and outcome have occurred prior to the study

92. The basic approach in cohort studies is to work from:

σ� Causes to effect

σ� Effect to cause

σ� Cause to effect and effect to cause are correct

σ� Exposed to non-exposed

93. Which one of the following is correct about cohort study:

σ� Starts with the disease

σ� Involves fewer number of subjects

σ� Yields incidence rate

σ� Relatively in expensive

94. Pilot study is done to:

σ� Find the feasibility in conducting study

σ� Determine the sample size

σ� Find the unknown effect

σ� Find the all of those

95. The “unusual” occurrence of disease in a community clearly in excess of “Expected occurrence” is known as:

σ� Endemic

σ� Pandemic

σ� Exotic

σ� Epidemic

96. The level of resistance of a community or group of people to a particular disease is known as:

σ� Active immunity

σ� Passive immunity

σ� Herd immunity

σ� Combination of Active and passive

97. Experimental studies are:

σ� Cohort and case _ control studies

σ� Prevalence and incidence studies

σ� Randomized controlled Trials and Non-Randomized Trials

σ� Cohort and prevalence studies

98. Matching is done to:

σ� Eliminate bias in sampling

σ� Eliminate confounding factors

σ� Stratified sampling

σ� Quota sampling

99. Picking every 5th or 10th unit at regular intervals is:

σ� Random sampling

σ� Systemic sampling

σ� Stratified Sampling

σ� Quota Sampling

100. Hypothesis is:

σ� a theory

σ� an Experiment

σ� a report

σ� a supposition from an observation

101. Risk factors related to dental caries are:

σ� Bacteria, host susceptibility, food and time

σ� Bacteria, periodontal disease, food

σ� Host, time and gingival disease

σ� Environment and oral hygiene

102. Mean and standard deviation come be worked out only if data is on?

σ� Interval or Ratio scale

σ� Dichotomous scale

σ� Nominal scale

σ� Ordinal scale

103. If we reject Null Hypothesis, when actually it is true, it is known as?

σ� Type I error

σ� Type II Error

σ� Power

σ� Specificity

104. Find the mode in the following data set (11,12,13,14,14)

σ� 11

σ� 12.8

σ� 13

σ� 14

105. Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency?

σ� Mean

σ� Mode

σ� Range

σ� Median

106. Standard deviation is the square of:

σ� Mode

σ� Standard error

σ� Variance

σ� Regression

107. A circle divided into sector proportional to the frequency of items shown is called:

σ� Bar chart

σ� Pie chart

σ� Histogram

σ� Frequency polygon

108. Correlation coefficient is a number between:

σ� +1 and +2

σ� 0 and +1

σ� -1 and 0

σ� -1 and +1

109. In biostatistics, group of individuals taken for study is called as:

σ� Block

σ� Population

σ� Group

σ� Flock

110. Variables whose values can be expressed numerically are called:

σ� Quantitative variable

σ� Qualitative variable

σ� Absolute variable

σ� Continuous variable

111. Flower color is a:

σ� Quantitative variable

σ� Qualitative variable

σ� Absolute variable

σ� Continuous variable

112. Quantitative Variables that has only fixed or finite values are called:

σ� Quantitative variable

σ� Discrete variable

σ� Absolute variable

σ� Continuous variable

113. Height of students in a class is a:

σ� Qualitative variable

σ� Discrete variable

σ� Absolute variable

σ� Continuous variable

114. In inferential statistics, we study:

σ� The method to make decisions about population based on sample results

σ� How to make decisions about mean, Median or mode

σ� How a sample is obtained from a population

σ� How to make decisions about range and standard deviations

115. In descriptive statistics, we study:

σ� The description of decision making process

σ� The methods for organizing, displaying and describing data

σ� How to describe the probability distribution

σ� How to describe the non-probability distribution

116. When data are collected in a statistical study only a portion or subset of all elements of interest we are using:

σ� A Sample

σ� A Parameter

σ� A Population

σ� A Parameter and A population

117. In Statistic, a sample means:

σ� A portion of the sample

σ� A portion of the population

σ� all the items under investigation

σ� all the items under analysis

118. The height of a student is 1.65m. This is example of…….:

σ� Qualitative data

σ� Categorical data

σ� Continuous data

σ� Discrete data

119. Data in the population Census Report is:

σ� Grouped data

σ� Ungrouped data

σ� Secondary data

σ� Primary data

120. Statistics is a numerical quantify, which is calculated from:

σ� Population

σ� Sample

σ� Data

σ� Observations

121. Which one of the following measurement dose not divide a set of observations into equal parts?

σ� Quartiles

σ� Standard Deviations

σ� Percentiles

σ� Deciles

122. You ask five of your classmates about their height, on the basis of this information, you stated that the average height of all students in your faculty is 1.65m. This is example of:

σ� Descriptive statistics

σ� Inferential statistics

σ� Parameter

σ� Population

123. In statistics, a population consists of:

σ� All people living in a country

σ� All people living in the area under study

σ� All subjects or objects whose characteristics are being studied

σ� All people are investigated

124. Which one is the not measure of dispersion:

σ� The range

σ� 50th Percentile

σ� Inter – quartile Range

σ� Variance

125. Mu is an example of a:

σ� population parameter

σ� Sample Statistic

σ� Population variance

σ� Standard population

126. The difference between the largest and the smallest data values is the:

σ� Variance

σ� Interquartile range

σ� Coefficient of variation

σ� Range

127. The Sum of the percent frequencies for all classes will always equal:

σ� One

σ� The number of classes

σ� The number of items in the study

σ� 100

128. In a five-number summary, which of the following is not used for data summarization?

σ� The Smallest value

σ� The largest value

σ� The median

σ� The 25th Percentile

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