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Quizzes > Programming & Software

SQL keywords across lines: can commands span lines? Quiz

Quick, free quiz to test SQL split across lines rules. Instant results.

Editorial: Review CompletedCreated By: Hunter RosenbloomUpdated Aug 23, 2025
Difficulty: Moderate
2-5mins
Learning OutcomesCheat Sheet
Paper art illustration of paper sheets code symbols and database cylinder icon on coral background representing SQL quiz

This quiz helps you check if SQL keywords can go across lines, how whitespace and semicolons affect parsing, and when single line SQL commands matter. If you want broader practice, try our sql proficiency test, take an SQL quiz online, or review fundamentals with a database true false quiz.

Are SQL statements required to be written on a single line?
Yes, every statement must fit on one line
Only in Oracle databases
No, you can span statements across multiple lines
Only when using SELECT
SQL parsers generally ignore whitespace and line breaks, so you can split statements across multiple lines for readability. This applies in most dialects including MySQL, PostgreSQL, and SQL Server. Line breaks do not affect execution as long as the statement ends with a proper delimiter.
What character is commonly used to terminate a SQL statement?
;
.
:
,
The semicolon (;) is the standard SQL statement terminator recognized by most database systems. It signals the end of a statement to the SQL parser. Some environments may allow omitting it for the last statement, but it's best practice to always use it.
Which of these allows you to comment out a single line in SQL?
/* comment */
-- comment
# comment
// comment
Both -- and # are recognized as single-line comments in many SQL dialects like MySQL. The -- style is part of the SQL standard, while # is a MySQL-specific extension. You cannot use // as a comment delimiter in standard SQL.
Can you write a multi-line string literal in SQL?
Yes, by concatenating with ||
Only in SQL Server
Yes, by using JSON syntax
No, string literals must be on one line
Standard SQL does not natively support multi-line string literals but you can split and concatenate with || or + depending on the dialect. In PostgreSQL and Oracle, || concatenates strings. SQL Server uses + for concatenation.
Which clause filters rows returned by a SELECT query?
ORDER BY
GROUP BY
HAVING
WHERE
The WHERE clause filters rows before grouping or sorting. It applies conditions directly to table columns. HAVING filters groups after aggregation.
Which SQL statement changes existing data in a table?
SELECT
INSERT
DELETE
UPDATE
UPDATE modifies data in existing rows based on specified criteria. INSERT adds new rows, DELETE removes rows, and SELECT retrieves data. UPDATE affects only the rows that satisfy the WHERE clause.
What wildcard character matches any sequence of characters in a LIKE pattern?
%
_
*
?
In SQL, % matches zero or more characters in a pattern used by LIKE. The underscore (_) matches exactly one character. ? and * are wildcards in file systems but not SQL.
True or False: SQL keywords are case-insensitive.
Only in SQL Server
True
False
Depends on the database
SQL keywords are case-insensitive by standard, so SELECT, select, and SeLeCt are equivalent. Identifiers like table names may be case-sensitive depending on the database or how they were created. Always follow your DBMS conventions.
Which DDL command creates a new table?
INSERT INTO
CREATE TABLE
ALTER TABLE
DROP TABLE
CREATE TABLE is the DDL (Data Definition Language) statement that defines a new table and its columns. ALTER TABLE modifies existing tables and DROP TABLE removes them. INSERT INTO is DML and adds rows.
What clause is used to order the result set?
ORDER BY
SORT BY
GROUP BY
FILTER BY
ORDER BY sorts the rows in ascending (default) or descending order based on column expressions. GROUP BY groups rows for aggregate functions but does not sort by default. FILTER BY and SORT BY are not standard SQL clauses.
What is the default sort order in ORDER BY?
ASC
RAND()
DESC
Unsorted
The default order for ORDER BY is ascending (ASC). You can explicitly request DESC for descending. Without an ORDER BY clause, the output order is not guaranteed.
Which function returns the number of rows in a group?
TOTAL()
COUNT()
ROWNUM()
SUM()
COUNT() returns the number of input rows matching a condition or in a group. SUM() adds numeric values, and TOTAL() is not a standard SQL function. ROWNUM is an Oracle pseudocolumn, not a function.
Which statement ends the current transaction and makes all changes permanent?
COMMIT
SAVEPOINT
BEGIN
ROLLBACK
COMMIT ends the current transaction and writes changes to the database permanently. ROLLBACK undoes changes since the last COMMIT. SAVEPOINT defines a point to which you can roll back.
Which keyword undoes changes in the current transaction?
ROLLBACK
CANCEL
UNDO
SHUTDOWN
ROLLBACK reverts all changes made in the current transaction back to the last COMMIT. UNDO and CANCEL are not valid SQL transaction commands. SHUTDOWN is used to stop the database server.
In SQL Server, which keyword separates batches of statements?
BATCH
GO
END
;
GO is a batch separator used by SQL Server tools like SSMS. It is not an SQL command but recognized by client tools to send batches. The semicolon ends a statement but not a batch.
Does the SQL standard require statements to use semicolons?
No, it's purely optional
Yes, it's mandatory by the SQL standard
Only in Oracle and SQL Server
Only for DML statements
The SQL standard defines the semicolon as the statement terminator. Some DBMS allow omitting it in certain contexts, but relying on it is nonstandard. For portability, always include the semicolon.
Which command creates a savepoint within a transaction?
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT sp1;
SAVEPOINT sp1;
CHECKPOINT sp1;
SET SAVEPOINT to sp1;
SAVEPOINT creates a named point in the current transaction you can roll back to. ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT reverts to that point but does not create it. CHECKPOINT is used for recovery, not transactions.
Can you execute multiple statements in one query string separated by semicolons?
Yes, in most command-line clients
Only in GUI tools
Only in Oracle PL/SQL blocks
No, only one statement per execution
Many CLI clients like psql or mysql allow multiple statements separated by semicolons in one input. However, some APIs (e.g., JDBC by default) disable multiple statements to prevent SQL injection. Use special flags to enable batch execution where required.
What does the EXPLAIN keyword do when prefixed to a SELECT?
Shows the query execution plan
Exports results to a file
Extracts temporary tables
Executes the query twice for testing
EXPLAIN displays the execution plan that the optimizer will use for a query, helping you analyze performance. It does not execute the query unless you use EXPLAIN ANALYZE. This works in PostgreSQL, MySQL, and other DBMSs.
Which clause restricts groups after aggregation?
WHERE
GROUP BY
FILTER
HAVING
HAVING filters grouped rows after aggregation functions are applied. WHERE cannot use aggregates directly. FILTER is used within aggregate functions in SQL:2003.
Which command removes all rows but keeps the table structure?
DROP TABLE table;
REMOVE ALL FROM table;
DELETE FROM table;
TRUNCATE TABLE table;
TRUNCATE TABLE quickly deletes all rows and resets storage without logging individual row deletions in many DBMSs. DELETE FROM without WHERE also removes rows but logs them. DROP TABLE deletes the table structure.
In PostgreSQL, how do you write a case-insensitive column alias?
AS ALIAS
AS [alias]
AS "alias"
AS `alias`
Double quotes force case sensitivity for identifiers in PostgreSQL, but they also allow lower-case preserving. Unquoted aliases are folded to lower-case. Backticks are MySQL-specific.
What is the purpose of the MERGE statement?
To merge two databases
To upsert data based on match conditions
To join two tables
To combine two result sets
MERGE performs insert, update, or delete operations conditionally based on whether rows match specified criteria. It's often called an upsert. Supported in SQL Server, Oracle, and DB2.
Which syntax starts a transaction block in PostgreSQL?
START TRANSACTION;
OPEN TRANSACTION;
TX BEGIN;
BEGIN;
Both BEGIN and START TRANSACTION start a transaction in PostgreSQL. They are synonyms as per the SQL standard. OPEN TRANSACTION and TX BEGIN are not valid.
Which function generates a unique identifier in SQL Server?
NEWID()
GUID()
GENERATE_ID()
UUID()
NEWID() produces a globally unique identifier (GUID) in SQL Server. UUID() is MySQL-specific. GUID() and GENERATE_ID() are not built-in.
What does the INFORMATION_SCHEMA provide?
End-user session logs
Performance statistics
Access to data encryption keys
Metadata about database objects
INFORMATION_SCHEMA is a standardized set of read-only views exposing metadata like tables, columns, and constraints. It's supported by most relational databases. It does not store runtime stats or logs.
Which clause would you use to limit returned rows in PostgreSQL?
TOP 10
LIMIT 10
FETCH FIRST 10 ROWS ONLY
ROWNUM <= 10
PostgreSQL supports LIMIT and the SQL:2008 standard FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY. TOP 10 is T-SQL syntax, and ROWNUM is Oracle-specific. Both LIMIT and FETCH return the first n rows.
Can you nest CTEs (WITH clauses) in SQL?
No, only one CTE per statement is allowed
Only if you enable advanced mode
Only in Oracle
Yes, CTEs can reference other CTEs defined earlier
You can define multiple CTEs in a WITH clause, and later CTEs can reference earlier ones. This supports complex queries and recursion. Most modern SQL dialects including SQL Server, PostgreSQL, and Oracle implement this.
What is a window function in SQL?
A function applied to each row's partition with OVER()
A function only in windowed tables
A function that works only on text columns
A synonym for aggregate functions
Window functions perform calculations across sets of rows related to the current row via an OVER() clause. They differ from aggregates because they do not collapse rows. Examples include ROW_NUMBER(), RANK(), and SUM() OVER(). Window functions
Which clause allows paging of query results in standard SQL?
OFFSET ... ROWS FETCH NEXT ... ROWS ONLY
LIMIT ... OFFSET ...
PAGE ... SIZE ...
ROWS BETWEEN ... AND ...
The SQL:2008 standard uses OFFSET n ROWS FETCH NEXT m ROWS ONLY for paging. LIMIT OFFSET is a vendor extension (MySQL, PostgreSQL). ROWS BETWEEN is for window frames.
What is the effect of SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED?
Prevents dirty reads but allows non-repeatable and phantom reads
Allows dirty reads
Prevents all concurrency anomalies
Prevents non-repeatable reads but allows phantom reads
READ COMMITTED isolation guarantees you only see data committed before each query begins, preventing dirty reads. It does not prevent non-repeatable or phantom reads. SERIALIZABLE prevents all anomalies.
How do you call a stored procedure in MySQL?
CALL procName();
RUN procName;
EXEC procName;
PERFORM procName;
MySQL uses CALL procedureName(parameters) to invoke stored procedures. EXEC is used in SQL Server. RUN and PERFORM are not valid in MySQL.
Which SQL feature allows embedding procedural code within SQL?
User-defined types
Stored procedures
PL/SQL or T-SQL blocks
Stored functions
PL/SQL (Oracle) and T-SQL (SQL Server) allow procedural extensions to SQL including control flow and variables. Stored procedures/functions use these dialects. User-defined types and functions only define data structures or scalar functions.
What does the EXPLAIN ANALYZE command do in PostgreSQL?
Shows the plan and executes the query, measuring runtime
Just shows the plan without execution
Executes the query twice
Exports the plan to a file
EXPLAIN ANALYZE actually executes the statement and returns the true run-time statistics along with the plan. Without ANALYZE, EXPLAIN only displays the estimated plan. This helps diagnose performance issues.
Which SQL construct handles exceptions in PL/SQL?
BEGIN...EXCEPTION...END
TRY...CATCH
ON ERROR
EXCEPTION WHENEVER
PL/SQL uses the EXCEPTION block within a BEGIN...END block to catch and handle errors. TRY...CATCH is used in T-SQL. WHENEVER is a SQL*Plus command, not PL/SQL syntax.
How do you define a recursive CTE?
WITH cte RECURSIVE AS (...)
RECURSIVE CTE (...) BEGIN
WITH RECURSIVE cte AS (...)
DEFINE RECURSIVE CTE (...)
The SQL standard and PostgreSQL use WITH RECURSIVE to define recursive CTEs. The keyword RECURSIVE must follow WITH. Other placements are invalid.
Which operator tests for NULL in SQL?
IS NULL
NULL()
= NULL
== NULL
In SQL, comparisons to NULL must use IS NULL or IS NOT NULL. = NULL is always UNKNOWN, not true. == is not a valid SQL operator for NULL.
What is parameterized SQL?
Using placeholders to pass values separately
Writing queries without semicolons
Using only stored procedures
Embedding values directly in queries
Parameterized SQL uses placeholders (like ? or :name) in statements and binds values at execution time. This prevents SQL injection and improves performance via query plan reuse. Embedding values directly is non-parameterized.
Can you execute a dynamic SQL statement within a function in PostgreSQL?
No, functions must use static SQL only
Only with superuser privileges
Only in stored procedures, not functions
Yes, using EXECUTE in a PL/pgSQL function
PL/pgSQL supports dynamic SQL via the EXECUTE command inside functions, letting you construct queries at runtime. Static SQL is the default, but EXECUTE allows flexibility. This requires care to avoid SQL injection.
What is the impact of enabling ANSI_NULLS OFF in SQL Server?
Treats NULL comparisons with = as true if both sides are NULL
Disables all NULL comparisons
Prevents inserting NULL values
Converts NULL to empty string
When ANSI_NULLS is OFF, comparisons like column = NULL evaluate as true if column is NULL. This deviates from the SQL standard, which always treats = NULL as UNKNOWN. It can break queries that rely on standard null handling.
Which permission is required to create a function in Oracle?
CREATE FUNCTION
ALTER SESSION
CREATE PROCEDURE
EXECUTE ANY PROCEDURE
Oracle requires the CREATE FUNCTION privilege to define a standalone function. CREATE PROCEDURE is used for procedures. EXECUTE privileges let you call but not create functions.
In SQL Server, how do you enable multiple active result sets (MARS)?
ALTER DATABASE SET MARS ON;
SET MARS ON;
Enable in the connection string with MultipleActiveResultSets=True
Use sp_configure 'mars', 1
MARS is enabled in the connection string by specifying MultipleActiveResultSets=True in .NET or JDBC type connections. There is no T-SQL command to toggle it dynamically. This allows multiple readers on one connection.
Which clause optimizes query execution by eliminating duplicates early?
DISTINCT
GROUP BY
UNION ALL
INTERSECT
DISTINCT removes duplicate rows from the result set. It can enable certain optimizations such as hashing or sorting early. UNION ALL does not remove duplicates, while UNION (without ALL) combines DISTINCT semantics across queries.
What mechanism does Oracle use to share execution plans across sessions?
Redo Log Buffer
Library Cache in Shared Pool
SGA Data Dictionary
PGA Memory Area
Oracle stores parsed SQL and execution plans in the library cache portion of the Shared Pool in SGA. This reuse improves performance by avoiding reparsing. The PGA is process-specific, and redo logs handle recovery.
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Study Outcomes

  1. Understand SQL Line-Break Rules -

    You'll grasp whether all sql commands must be issued on a single line or can be split across multiple lines without affecting execution.

  2. Analyze Query Complexity -

    You'll evaluate how formatting choices influence query complexity and performance in real-world scenarios.

  3. Apply Transaction Control -

    You'll master BEGIN, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK usage within both single-line and multi-line statements for robust transaction handling.

  4. Differentiate SQL Command Structures -

    You'll distinguish between SQL single-line commands and block statements while preventing syntax errors.

  5. Optimize SQL Command Syntax -

    You'll implement best practices for SQL command syntax and formatting to enhance readability and maintainability.

Cheat Sheet

  1. Statement Termination with Semicolons -

    According to the SQL-92 standard and major vendors like Oracle and PostgreSQL, the semicolon (;) marks the end of a command, not line breaks. You can write your SQL command over multiple lines and the parser will wait for the semicolon to execute. Mnemonic trick: "Semicolon Stops the Statement."

  2. Multi-line Queries for Clarity -

    SQL commands can span several lines, letting you organize SELECT, FROM, and WHERE clauses neatly without losing functionality. Academic studies (e.g., Stanford's database research) show that well-formatted queries reduce debugging time by up to 25%. Remember: "Indent to comprehend."

  3. Client-specific Parsing Rules -

    Different tools like MySQL CLI, psql, and JDBC may interpret line breaks or semicolons slightly differently - MySQL uses "DELIMITER" for stored routines, while psql relies on "\;" escapes. Always check the client's docs on multi-line input to avoid syntax errors. Quick tip: review your tool's prompt (mysql> vs psql=#) to know when it's still buffering input.

  4. Transaction Control Statements as Separate Batches -

    Commands like BEGIN TRANSACTION, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK often must appear on their own or before a semicolon to take effect - mixing them inline with DDL can lead to unexpected auto-commits (per Microsoft SQL Server docs). Be mindful that some engines auto-commit DDL immediately, so separate critical transaction control into distinct statements. Think: "One control per line keeps ACID in line."

  5. Managing Query Complexity with Formatting -

    When working with nested subqueries or CTEs (WITH clauses), multi-line formatting and comments improve maintainability; research from MIT's CSAIL highlights that code legibility cuts onboarding time for new team members. Use consistent indentation (e.g., two spaces per level) and inline comments ( - or /* */) to clarify logic. Simple rule: "Structure speaks louder than a single line."

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