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Quizzes > Society & Culture

True statement about affirmative action: test your knowledge

Quick, free affirmative action policies quiz. Instant results.

Editorial: Review CompletedCreated By: Paula BrownUpdated Aug 23, 2025
Difficulty: Moderate
2-5mins
Learning OutcomesCheat Sheet
Paper art illustration of quiz about affirmative action policies with checkmarks and crosses on coral background.

This quiz helps you check which statements about affirmative action policies are true and which are not. You will see results right away as you answer. If you want more practice with this style, try our which statement is true page, or test your knowledge of rules and policies in the rule-based access control quiz.

Which of the following best defines affirmative action in the context of U.S. policy?
A policy that prohibits all forms of discrimination in hiring and education.
A requirement that all federal agencies use numerical quotas for hiring.
A set of measures aimed at improving opportunities for historically marginalized groups.
A funding program for students based solely on athletic achievements.
Affirmative action refers to policies that take factors including race, gender, or national origin into consideration to benefit underrepresented groups. It aims to address past discrimination and promote diversity. It is not solely a funding or athletic program, and quotas are not always required.
The term 'affirmative action' was first introduced in U.S. law by which President?
Franklin D. Roosevelt
John F. Kennedy
Richard Nixon
Lyndon B. Johnson
President Kennedy first used 'affirmative action' in Executive Order 10925 to ensure equal employment opportunity. The term was introduced in 1961 to address systemic discrimination in federal contracting. Subsequent orders under Presidents Johnson and Nixon expanded those provisions.
Which federal agency is responsible for enforcing affirmative action requirements for federal contractors?
Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP)
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Department of Education
The OFCCP, part of the Department of Labor, enforces affirmative action and nondiscrimination obligations of federal contractors and subcontractors. It conducts compliance evaluations and complaint investigations. The EEOC enforces discrimination laws for private and federal employees, but not contractor obligations.
What was the primary goal of affirmative action policies when they were first implemented?
To reduce government spending on social programs
To limit immigration from certain countries
To address historical discrimination and promote diversity
To establish a national educational curriculum
Affirmative action was first implemented to correct systemic discrimination and ensure that qualified members of marginalized groups had access to employment and education. It also aimed to promote diversity in workplaces and campuses. It was not related to immigration policy or curriculum standardization.
Which of the following social movements directly influenced the development of affirmative action policies?
The Antiwar Movement
The Civil Rights Movement
The Prohibition Movement
The Temperance Movement
The Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s highlighted racial discrimination and led to landmark legislation and executive orders aimed at ensuring equal opportunities. Leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. advocated for systemic change that included employment and educational equity. Other movements were not directly tied to affirmative action's origins.
What key principle did Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) establish regarding affirmative action?
Strict racial quotas are unconstitutional but race can be one of many factors
Affirmative action violates the Commerce Clause
Race may be the sole determining factor in admissions
Quotas are required for all public universities
In Bakke, the Supreme Court struck down use of strict racial quotas in admissions but affirmed that race could be considered as part of a holistic evaluation to foster diversity. The decision applied strict scrutiny under the Equal Protection Clause. It did not require quotas or involve the Commerce Clause.
Which standard of judicial review does the Supreme Court apply to affirmative action policies under the Equal Protection Clause?
Intermediate scrutiny
Rational basis review
No scrutiny
Strict scrutiny
Race-based affirmative action policies undergo strict scrutiny, the highest standard, requiring a compelling government interest and narrow tailoring. Diversity in higher education has been recognized as a compelling interest in cases like Grutter v. Bollinger. Rational basis or intermediate scrutiny are not applied to race classifications.
Which case ruled that the University of Michigan's undergraduate point system was too mechanistic and thus unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause?
Regents of UC v. Bakke
Fisher v. University of Texas
Gratz v. Bollinger
Grutter v. Bollinger
In Gratz v. Bollinger (2003), the Court held that Michigan's undergraduate admissions point system, which automatically awarded points based on race, was not narrowly tailored to achieve diversity. This violated strict scrutiny. Grutter was about the law school's holistic review, which was upheld.
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 applies to affirmative action in which context?
Only private corporations with no government interaction
Only those receiving federal financial assistance
All institutions regardless of federal funding
Only federal government agencies
Title VI prohibits discrimination on race, color, or national origin in programs or activities receiving federal financial assistance. Universities not receiving such funds are not bound by Title VI, though other legal constraints may apply. Private entities without federal ties are outside its scope.
Which Supreme Court case affirmed that achieving a 'critical mass' of minority students is a compelling interest for diversity in higher education?
Gratz v. Bollinger
Fisher v. University of Texas
Regents of UC v. Bakke
Grutter v. Bollinger
In Grutter v. Bollinger (2003), the Court upheld the University of Michigan Law School's admissions policy, recognizing student body diversity as a compelling interest and approving use of race as one holistic factor to achieve a 'critical mass.' The decision affirmed that such programs must be narrowly tailored with individualized consideration. This ruling confirmed strict scrutiny can be satisfied in higher education contexts.
What key clarification did the Supreme Court provide in Fisher v. University of Texas II (2016) regarding race-conscious admissions?
Admissions policies are exempt from judicial review
Race can be considered only if race-neutral alternatives are insufficient
Race can be the deciding factor regardless of other criteria
Race may be used to create exact numerical quotas
In Fisher II, the Supreme Court clarified that race-conscious admissions must demonstrate that race-neutral alternatives would not achieve sufficient diversity before considering race. This reinforced strict scrutiny's narrow tailoring requirement. The decision emphasized that universities bear the burden of proving necessity. It also reaffirmed that quotas remain unconstitutional.
Which decision suggested that affirmative action programs should not remain in place indefinitely, implying they should have an endpoint?
Grutter v. Bollinger
Fisher v. University of Texas
Gratz v. Bollinger
Regents of UC v. Bakke
In Grutter, Justice O'Connor's opinion noted that affirmative action admissions programs should have a sunset provision, roughly 25 years, because the goal is remediation of discrimination rather than permanent classification. This language suggested AA policies require periodic review. The statement indicated programs cannot remain in effect indefinitely. This has guided subsequent debates on policy duration.
What did California's Proposition 209 (1996) accomplish regarding affirmative action in public institutions?
It required racial quotas in state universities
It prohibited state institutions from considering race, sex, or ethnicity
It mandated federal approval for all AA programs
It funded additional scholarships based on race
Proposition 209, approved by California voters in 1996, amended the state constitution to ban state institutions from using race, sex, or ethnicity in public employment, contracting, and education decisions. This effectively ended affirmative action in California's public sector. The measure remains a key example of state-level prohibition of race-conscious policies.
Which argument is NOT a legally recognized justification for affirmative action under current Supreme Court precedent?
Achieving equal outcomes
Promoting diversity
Enhancing educational benefits
Redressing past discrimination
The Supreme Court has recognized remediation of past discrimination and the educational benefits of diversity as compelling interests. However, achieving equal outcomes or proportional representation is not a valid legal justification, as strict scrutiny demands narrow tailoring to specific interests. Programs must be designed to address identified discrimination, not to ensure uniform results.
In the 2023 Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard decision, what was the Supreme Court's ruling on race-conscious admissions?
The Court ruled that race-conscious admissions violate Title VI and the Equal Protection Clause
The Court upheld race as a factor under strict scrutiny
The Court deferred to university discretion without any review
The Court allowed quotas if no more than 10%
In Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard (2023), the Supreme Court held that Harvard's race-conscious admissions program violated Title VI and the Equal Protection Clause because it lacked sufficiently individualized, narrowly tailored analysis. The Court found no compelling justification under strict scrutiny, striking down consideration of race in admissions. This ruling effectively prohibits race-based preferences across all universities receiving federal funds. It marks a significant shift in affirmative action jurisprudence.
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Study Outcomes

  1. Understand Fundamental Principles -

    Grasp the historical context, goals, and rationale behind affirmative action policies to recognize which is a true statement about affirmative action policies.

  2. Analyze Legal Definitions -

    Examine key legal terms, criteria, and regulatory frameworks that govern affirmative action in education and employment.

  3. Distinguish Facts from Myths -

    Identify and correct common misconceptions by separating accurate statements from false beliefs about affirmative action.

  4. Recall Landmark Court Decisions -

    Memorize major Supreme Court rulings and legislative acts that have shaped the scope and application of affirmative action policies.

  5. Evaluate Real-World Impacts -

    Assess how affirmative action initiatives affect diversity, equity, and inclusion in academic institutions and workplaces.

  6. Apply Critical Reasoning -

    Use logical analysis and evidence-based thinking to answer true or false questions in the affirmative action quiz with confidence.

Cheat Sheet

  1. Legal Foundations of Affirmative Action Policies -

    The backbone of affirmative action policies lies in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Supreme Court's decision in Regents of University of California v. Bakke (1978), which banned rigid quotas but allowed race-conscious admissions for diversity. Mnemonic: "Bakke Bans Boxes" helps you remember this balance between banning quotas and permitting holistic review. Sources: Oyez; Harvard Law Review.

  2. Strict Scrutiny & Diversity Rationale -

    Any race-based classification in affirmative action policies triggers strict scrutiny, requiring a compelling governmental interest and narrowly tailored methods, as affirmed in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003). Use the formula "Compelling Interest + Narrow Tailor = Diversity Goal" to keep the doctrine straight. Sources: SupremeCourt.gov; American Bar Association Journal.

  3. Quota vs. Holistic Review -

    Quotas - fixed seat allocations by race - are deemed unconstitutional, while holistic review considers race as one factor among many without set percentages. Remember the QHR mnemonic (Quota vs. Holistic Review) to quickly differentiate the two approaches. Sources: U.S. Department of Education; Stanford University research.

  4. Debunking Reverse Discrimination Myths -

    Affirmative action policies aim to level the playing field and do not grant unearned preference over more qualified candidates, as clarified by Title VII guidelines and EEOC case law. Think "Fair Field" to recall that AA ensures equitable access, not guaranteed advantage. Sources: Equal Employment Opportunity Commission; Cornell Legal Information Institute.

  5. Measuring Impact with Data -

    Longitudinal studies report a 10 - 15% rise in underrepresented minority enrollment at selective institutions after implementing affirmative action policies. Use the "Ten-Fifteen Boost" mnemonic to remember the typical increase range. Sources: Journal of Higher Education; National Center for Education Statistics.

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