HPCT Prelim Part 2

Recommended fixative for acid mucopolysaccharides.

Gas produced by the oxidation of methyl alcohol.

Which fixative composition is removed to improve cytoplasmic details?

For fixing brain tissues.

Best general tissue fixative.

Pale yellow powder which dissolves in water to form a strong oxidizing solution.

Excessive yellow staining of tissues.

White crystalline precipitates due to prolonged standing.

Brown/black granular deposits that may obscure microscopic details.

For bacteriologic smears.

For routine post mortem tissues.

For BM biopsies.

To study early degenerative processes and tissue necrosis.

Preserved proteins.

Best fixative for tissue containing iron granules.

Traditional

Rapid examination

Optimum working temperature for cryostat

For tissue with TB

Optimum condition for sectioning tissues.

CARDINAL SIGNS

Large accumulation of pus

Creamy fluid composed of large number of PMNs and necrotic tissue debris.

Small accumulation of pus.

Accumulation of serous fluid.

Hypertension of the mucosa.

Purulent exudate

Serum secretion from serosal mesothelial cells.

Admixture of ood and other elements of exudate/bacterial infection and others.

Exudation of large amount of fibrinogen.

Excessive lack of nutritional supply which leads to wasting of tissues.

Blood supply to an organ/tissue becomes reduced below critical level.

Inactivity or diminished function of a tissue/organ which leads to narrowing of the blood vessels.

Persistent pressure on the organ/tissue which may directly injure the cells.

Prolonged overwork.

Regressive alteration in adult cells manifested by variation in size, shape, and orientation.

Continuous abnormal proliferation of the cells without control.

Incomplete/defective development of tissue/organ.

Transformation in one type of adult cell to another.

Used as criterion toward malignancy.

Failure of an organ to reach its full, mature size.

Failure of an organ to form an opening.

An increase in size of an organ or tissue due to increase in the number of cells.

Non-appearance of an organ.

Increase in size of tissues or organs.

TISSUE TUMORS (Benign)

TISSUE TUMORS (Malignant)

TISSUE TUMORS (Malignant)

Tumor perforates visceral peritoneum or directly invades other organs/structures.

Primary tumor cannot be assessed.

Tumor invades submucosa

No evidence of primary tumor

Tumore invades muscularis propria.

Metastased in four or more regional lymph nodes.

No regional lymph node metastases.

Regional lymph nodes could not be assessed.

Programmed cell death.

Pathologic cell death

Due to disease or injury.

Helps eliminate unwanted cells.

Necrosis of tissue rich in liquid.

Tombstone formation

Chalky white appearance

Yellow, cheesy, crumbly material.

Sulfide gas formation