Pathophysiology 2022

A visually engaging illustration representing cellular processes and pathophysiological concepts, featuring abstract images of cells, tissues, and biochemical interactions in a vibrant color palette.

Pathophysiology Challenge 2022

Test your knowledge on pathophysiology with our engaging quiz! This quiz covers essential concepts related to human health, disease mechanisms, and cellular processes. Perfect for students and professionals alike, it’s an opportunity to assess and reinforce your understanding of key topics.

Multiple choice questions
Designed for health professionals and students
Test your understanding of critical concepts

24 Questions6 MinutesCreated by StudyingCell201

The desired colloid osmotic pressure can be thrown out of balance by:

Faulty production of albumins by the liver

Production of immunoglobulins during humoral immune response

Inflammatory vascular reaction

Increased hydrostatic blood pressure

The value of blood pH reflects:

The ratio of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid concentrations

The acid base status of the peripheral tissue

In the large part the effectiveness of ventilation and gas exchange in the lungs

Reflects exclusively the efficiency of metabolic mechanisms in maintaining the acid base balance

Water in the human organism:

Moves almost freely between various spaces according to universal rules

Is located predominantly in the intracellular fluid waterspace

Requires energy to be appropriately distributed between various fluid spaces

Helps in ion transport

What Starling has described in his equation was:

Movement of water between the cell and the interstitial space

Water movement between the capillary blood vessel and the interstitial space in inflammation

A method to calculate the capillary blood pressure

Forces deciding about the water distribution across the capillary wall

Movement of particles across the semipermeable membrane depends on their:

Concentration on both sides of the membrane

Size in relation to membrane permeability

The electrical charge

Hydrostatic pressure

The desired movement of water and solutes in the organism between:

The water spaces can be related to the potassium concentration gradient

The intravascular fluid and interstitial fluid is described by Starlings law

The extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid depends on the activity of NAK ATPase

The water spaces usually does not require energy

Choose true about compensation mechanisms in acid base balance :

Compensation mechanism in respiratory acidosis may be retention of bicarbonates

Compensation mechanism in respiratory alkalosis may be excretion of fixed acids

In metabolic acidosis may be hyperventilation

In metabolic alkalosis cannot be excretion of bicarbonates

Typical features of necrosis include:

Loss of cell membrane integrity

Loss of lipids distribution asymmetry in cell membrane

Swelling of the organelles

Shrinking of the cell

FAS receptor:

Is also known as FADD

Is triggered by TNF

Is never expressed on NK or CTL cells

Is capable of inducing apoptosis in cells shortly after proliferation

Inappropriate regulation of apoptosis may lead to development of:

Disturbance of tolerance to self antigens

tissue degenerative processes

Neoplastic diseases

Disturbances in immunity to infections

Choose true:

Apoptosis is possible even when the cell is extremely damaged

apoptosis is developing slower than ususal if caspases are not activated

Apoptosis can be prevented by the reduced expression of BCL2 gene

Apoptosis can be initiated by deprivation of physiological stimuli

Malfunction of the p53 related system may lead to:

Atrophy of the tissue

inability to trigger apoptosis in damaged cells

Increased proliferation rates in the affected cells

Cancer development

Apoptosis in the neoplastic cells:

In needed for the balanced, effective neoplastic growth

Can not be reduced in order to allow for tumor development

Can be diminished by overexpression of BAX genes

If difficult to trigger can be substituted by cytotoxic action by TC cells or NK cells

the development of metastatic tumors depends strongly on:

The ability to induce new blood vessel growth

Adjusting to the adhesion properties of neoplastic cells to the new tissue

Effective penetration through the tissue base membranes and blood vessel walls

The ability to develop immortalization of neoplastic cells

The frequency of fully grown neoplasms development in human:

Is limited by the small number of cells attempting the neoplastic transformation in the lifetime

Is increased due to activity of the immune system immune surveillance

Is kept down by the need of large number of cells undergoing the same neoplastic transformation at the same time

Is decreased by the high probability of developing lethal mutations in transforming cells

The neoplasm will grow effectively provided that several events including the following will happen in the cell:

P53 or some of its related genes are damaged

The telomerase will effectively elongate the telomers

The BCL2 or its related proteins are excessively expressed

The expression of the MHC II will decrease markedly on the cell surface

neoplastic cells can be recognized and destroyed by lymphocytes thanks to:

Presence of inappropriate proteins encoded by mutated proto- oncogenes

Presence of antigens encoded by genes from oncogenic virus

Expression of proteins typically found in other cell types including embryonic cells

insufficient expression of MHC molecules on tumor cells

Typically following sequences of neoplastic events seem to be probable in effectively developing tumors:

Damage to DNA repair mechanism�� increased proliferation potential�� decreased expression of telomerase

Increased proliferation potential�� telomers resynthesis�� damage to DNA repair mechanism

Damage to DNA repair mechanism��increased lethal mutation rate

Damage to DNA repair mechanism�� increased proliferation potential�� increased mutation rate

Cell sorting with flow cytometry:

Is a method which enables accurate and quick separation of desired type of cells out of mixed population of them

Obtaining living cells which can be cultured or even used for transplantation purposes

Enriching the frequency of very unique population of cells out of the mixed sample

Separation of cells from uniform cellular population

Property of fluorescence:

Helps to register the emitted light by the dye without mixing in of the background light

Is based on the light emission by the dye

allows for searching of markers on cells in very small quantities

Typically is not used in automated hematological analyzers for blood cell count

Flow cytometric analysis is normally used:

To assess the number of granules per cell

Compare the size of the analyzed cells

Describe the shape of the cells

Statistically evaluate the heterogenous population of cells

The fluorophores are used in flow cytometry because:

They allow for the visualization of small cellular structures

They do not require full spectrum light to be excited

Of their ability to emit light of different color of the excitation light

They are relatively inexpensive

Compensation in flow cytometry:

Allows for the large number of fluorescent channels to be used

Can make the signal received by the detector appear dimmer

Can be less extensive when more lasers are used

May negatively influence the value of the test when excessively used

In flow cytometers:

there is a separate detector for each fluorescent channel

Two additional detectors serve to assess the FSC and SSC parameters

Laser light hits the cell flowing in the stream formed by the sheath fluid

set of filters help to reduce the strength of light emitted by fluorochromes before it hits the detectors

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Pathophysiology 2022

Pathophysiology Challenge 2022

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