Pathophysiology 2022
Pathophysiology Challenge 2022
Test your knowledge on pathophysiology with our engaging quiz! This quiz covers essential concepts related to human health, disease mechanisms, and cellular processes. Perfect for students and professionals alike, it’s an opportunity to assess and reinforce your understanding of key topics.
- Multiple choice questions
- Designed for health professionals and students
- Test your understanding of critical concepts
The desired colloid osmotic pressure can be thrown out of balance by:
Faulty production of albumins by the liver
Production of immunoglobulins during humoral immune response
Inflammatory vascular reaction
Increased hydrostatic blood pressure
The value of blood pH reflects:
The ratio of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid concentrations
The acid base status of the peripheral tissue
In the large part the effectiveness of ventilation and gas exchange in the lungs
Reflects exclusively the efficiency of metabolic mechanisms in maintaining the acid base balance
Water in the human organism:
Moves almost freely between various spaces according to universal rules
Is located predominantly in the intracellular fluid waterspace
Requires energy to be appropriately distributed between various fluid spaces
Helps in ion transport
What Starling has described in his equation was:
Movement of water between the cell and the interstitial space
Water movement between the capillary blood vessel and the interstitial space in inflammation
A method to calculate the capillary blood pressure
Forces deciding about the water distribution across the capillary wall
Movement of particles across the semipermeable membrane depends on their:
Concentration on both sides of the membrane
Size in relation to membrane permeability
The electrical charge
Hydrostatic pressure
The desired movement of water and solutes in the organism between:
The water spaces can be related to the potassium concentration gradient
The intravascular fluid and interstitial fluid is described by Starlings law
The extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid depends on the activity of NAK ATPase
The water spaces usually does not require energy
Choose true about compensation mechanisms in acid base balance :
Compensation mechanism in respiratory acidosis may be retention of bicarbonates
Compensation mechanism in respiratory alkalosis may be excretion of fixed acids
In metabolic acidosis may be hyperventilation
In metabolic alkalosis cannot be excretion of bicarbonates
Typical features of necrosis include:
Loss of cell membrane integrity
Loss of lipids distribution asymmetry in cell membrane
Swelling of the organelles
Shrinking of the cell
FAS receptor:
Is also known as FADD
Is triggered by TNF
Is never expressed on NK or CTL cells
Is capable of inducing apoptosis in cells shortly after proliferation
Inappropriate regulation of apoptosis may lead to development of:
Disturbance of tolerance to self antigens
tissue degenerative processes
Neoplastic diseases
Disturbances in immunity to infections
Choose true:
Apoptosis is possible even when the cell is extremely damaged
apoptosis is developing slower than ususal if caspases are not activated
Apoptosis can be prevented by the reduced expression of BCL2 gene
Apoptosis can be initiated by deprivation of physiological stimuli
Malfunction of the p53 related system may lead to:
Atrophy of the tissue
inability to trigger apoptosis in damaged cells
Increased proliferation rates in the affected cells
Cancer development
Apoptosis in the neoplastic cells:
In needed for the balanced, effective neoplastic growth
Can not be reduced in order to allow for tumor development
Can be diminished by overexpression of BAX genes
If difficult to trigger can be substituted by cytotoxic action by TC cells or NK cells
the development of metastatic tumors depends strongly on:
The ability to induce new blood vessel growth
Adjusting to the adhesion properties of neoplastic cells to the new tissue
Effective penetration through the tissue base membranes and blood vessel walls
The ability to develop immortalization of neoplastic cells
The frequency of fully grown neoplasms development in human:
Is limited by the small number of cells attempting the neoplastic transformation in the lifetime
Is increased due to activity of the immune system immune surveillance
Is kept down by the need of large number of cells undergoing the same neoplastic transformation at the same time
Is decreased by the high probability of developing lethal mutations in transforming cells
The neoplasm will grow effectively provided that several events including the following will happen in the cell:
P53 or some of its related genes are damaged
The telomerase will effectively elongate the telomers
The BCL2 or its related proteins are excessively expressed
The expression of the MHC II will decrease markedly on the cell surface
neoplastic cells can be recognized and destroyed by lymphocytes thanks to:
Presence of inappropriate proteins encoded by mutated proto- oncogenes
Presence of antigens encoded by genes from oncogenic virus
Expression of proteins typically found in other cell types including embryonic cells
insufficient expression of MHC molecules on tumor cells
Typically following sequences of neoplastic events seem to be probable in effectively developing tumors:
Damage to DNA repair mechanism increased proliferation potential decreased expression of telomerase
Increased proliferation potential telomers resynthesis damage to DNA repair mechanism
Damage to DNA repair mechanismincreased lethal mutation rate
Damage to DNA repair mechanism increased proliferation potential increased mutation rate
Cell sorting with flow cytometry:
Is a method which enables accurate and quick separation of desired type of cells out of mixed population of them
Obtaining living cells which can be cultured or even used for transplantation purposes
Enriching the frequency of very unique population of cells out of the mixed sample
Separation of cells from uniform cellular population
Property of fluorescence:
Helps to register the emitted light by the dye without mixing in of the background light
Is based on the light emission by the dye
allows for searching of markers on cells in very small quantities
Typically is not used in automated hematological analyzers for blood cell count
Flow cytometric analysis is normally used:
To assess the number of granules per cell
Compare the size of the analyzed cells
Describe the shape of the cells
Statistically evaluate the heterogenous population of cells
The fluorophores are used in flow cytometry because:
They allow for the visualization of small cellular structures
They do not require full spectrum light to be excited
Of their ability to emit light of different color of the excitation light
They are relatively inexpensive
Compensation in flow cytometry:
Allows for the large number of fluorescent channels to be used
Can make the signal received by the detector appear dimmer
Can be less extensive when more lasers are used
May negatively influence the value of the test when excessively used
In flow cytometers:
there is a separate detector for each fluorescent channel
Two additional detectors serve to assess the FSC and SSC parameters
Laser light hits the cell flowing in the stream formed by the sheath fluid
set of filters help to reduce the strength of light emitted by fluorochromes before it hits the detectors
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