GMAT pretest (verbal part) - MBA Strategy

Set Timing
You will have 65 minutes to complete the following section.
 
Sentence Correction problems type
 
Each Sentence Correction question presents a sentence, part of which or all of which is underlined. Beneath the sentence you will find five ways of phrasing the underlined part.
 
Answer choice (A) repeats the original; answer choices (B), (C), (D), and (E) are different.
 
If you think the original is best, choose answer choice (A); otherwise choose one of the other answer choices--whichever is best.
 
The best answer choice is the one that conforms to the rules of standard written English and produces the most effective sentence. This answer should be clear and exact, without ambiguity, redundancy, or grammatical error.
 
Reading Comprehension problems type
 
Reading Comprehension questions test your ability to answer questions based on reading passages. You will see several reading passages in the verbal section of the exam.
 
For each passage, you will be presented with a group of questions based on the content of that passage. Each question will have 5 answer choices. Select the best answer to each question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the particular passage.
 
Critical Reasoning problems type
 
Each Critical Reasoning question presents a brief argument or situation, followed by a question and 5 answer choices. Select the best of the given answer choices.
 
Set Timing
You will have 65 minutes to complete the following section.
 
Sentence Correction problems type
 
Each Sentence Correction question presents a sentence, part of which or all of which is underlined. Beneath the sentence you will find five ways of phrasing the underlined part.
 
Answer choice (A) repeats the original; answer choices (B), (C), (D), and (E) are different.
 
If you think the original is best, choose answer choice (A); otherwise choose one of the other answer choices--whichever is best.
 
The best answer choice is the one that conforms to the rules of standard written English and produces the most effective sentence. This answer should be clear and exact, without ambiguity, redundancy, or grammatical error.
 
Reading Comprehension problems type
 
Reading Comprehension questions test your ability to answer questions based on reading passages. You will see several reading passages in the verbal section of the exam.
 
For each passage, you will be presented with a group of questions based on the content of that passage. Each question will have 5 answer choices. Select the best answer to each question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the particular passage.
 
Critical Reasoning problems type
 
Each Critical Reasoning question presents a brief argument or situation, followed by a question and 5 answer choices. Select the best of the given answer choices.
 

Neither First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt nor Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins sought recognition by the press, and both cautiously allowed others of the Roosevelt brain trust to take credit for the genesis of historic programs in public employment, relief, and social security that were in large measure what they had been responsible for.

To take credit for the genesis of historic programs in public employment, relief, and social security that were in large measure what they had been responsible for
To take credit for the genesis of historic programs in public employment, relief, and social security for which the two women were in large measure responsible
Taking credit for the genesis of historic programs in public employment, relief, and social security for which the two women were in large measure responsible
Taking credit for the genesis of historic programs in public employment, relief, and social security that were in large measure what they were responsible for
Taking credit for the genesis of historic programs in public employment, relief, and social security which were largely their responsibility

Not one of the potential investors is expected to make an offer to buy First Interstate Bank until a merger agreement is signed that includes a provision for penalties if the deal were not to be concluded.

Is expected to make an offer to buy First Interstate Bank until a merger agreement is signed that includes a provision for penalties if the deal were
Is expected to make an offer for buying First Interstate Bank until they sign a merger agreement including a provision for penalties if the deal was
Is expected to make an offer to buy First Interstate Bank until a merger agreement be signed by them with a provision for penalties if the deal were
Are expected to make an offer for buying First Interstate Bank until it signs a merger agreement with a provision for penalties included if the deal was
Are expected to be making an offer to buy First Interstate Bank until they sign a merger agreement including a provision for penalties if the deal were

On Earth, among the surest indications of sunspot cycles are believed to be the rate that trees grow, as seen in the rings visible in the cross sections of their trunks.

On Earth, among the surest indications of sunspot cycles are believed to be the rate that trees grow
On Earth, among the surest indications of sunspot cycles are, it is believed, the rate of tree growth
On Earth, the rate at which trees grow is believed to be among the surest indications of sunspot cycles
Among the surest indications on Earth of sunspot cycles, believed to be the tree growth rate
Among the surest indications on Earth of sunspot cycles is believed to be the rate at which trees grow
The total market value of real estate in Altonville has steadily declined over the past four years. This decline has meant that the overall figure on which the city’s property tax is based ─ the assessed value of that real estate ─ has also declined. Moreover, the percentage of assessed value that was paid as property taxes to the city did not change during this period.

The information above most strongly supports which of the following?

Money collected from property taxes provided most of Altonville’s revenue during the past four years.
The percentage of Altonville’s overall revenue that was collected from property taxes did not change over the past four years.
Altonville officials had proposed raising property tax rates during the past four years but never did so because of strong opposition from property owners.
The total amount of revenue that Altonville has collected from property taxes has declined over the past four years.
During the past four years, Altonville officials also did not increase tax rates on other sources of revenue such as retail sales or business profits.

Questions 6 to 9 are based on the following text.

You may skip reading the text now as it is provided for each respective question.

Scientists generally credit violent collisions between tectonic plates, the mobile fragments of Earth’s rocky outer shell, with sculpting the planet’s surface, as, for example, when what is now the Indian subcontinent collided with Asia, producing the Himalayan Mountains. However, plate tectonics cannot fully explain certain massive surface features, such as the “superswell” of southern Africa, a vast plateau over 1,000 miles across and nearly a mile high. Geologic evidence shows that southern African has been slowly rising for the past 100 million years, yet it has not experienced a tectonic collision for nearly 400 million years. The explanation may be in Earth’s mantle, the layer of rock underlying the tectonic plates and extending down over 1,800 miles to the outer edge of Earth’s iron core. Since the early twentieth century, geophysicists have understood that the mantle churns and roils like a thick soup. The relative low density of the hottest rock makes that material buoyant, so it slowly ascends, while cooler, denser rock sinks until heat escaping the molten core warms it enough to make it rise again. While this process of convection was known to enable the horizontal movement of tectonic plates, until recently geophysicists were skeptical of its ability to lift or lower the planet’s surface vertically. However, recent technological advances have allowed geophysicists to make three-dimensional “snapshots” of the mantle by measuring vibrations, or seismic waves, set in motion by earthquakes originating in the planet’s outer shell and recording the time it takes for them to travel from an earthquake’s epicenter to a particular  recording station at the surface. Because geophysicists know that seismic waves become sluggish in hot, low-density rock, and speed up in colder, denser regions, they can now infer the temperatures and densities in a given segment of the interior. By compiling a map of seismic velocities from thousands of earthquakes across the globe, they can also begin to map temperatures and densities throughout the mantle. These methods have revealed some unexpectedly immense formations in the deepest parts of the mantle; the largest of these is a buoyant mass of hot rock directly below Africa’s southern tip. Dispelling researchers’ initial doubts, computer models have confirmed that this formation is buoyant enough to rise slowly within the mantle and strong enough to push Africa upward as it rises.

Questions 6 to 9 are based on the following text.

You may skip reading the text now as it is provided for each respective question.

Scientists generally credit violent collisions between tectonic plates, the mobile fragments of Earth’s rocky outer shell, with sculpting the planet’s surface, as, for example, when what is now the Indian subcontinent collided with Asia, producing the Himalayan Mountains. However, plate tectonics cannot fully explain certain massive surface features, such as the “superswell” of southern Africa, a vast plateau over 1,000 miles across and nearly a mile high. Geologic evidence shows that southern African has been slowly rising for the past 100 million years, yet it has not experienced a tectonic collision for nearly 400 million years. The explanation may be in Earth’s mantle, the layer of rock underlying the tectonic plates and extending down over 1,800 miles to the outer edge of Earth’s iron core. Since the early twentieth century, geophysicists have understood that the mantle churns and roils like a thick soup. The relative low density of the hottest rock makes that material buoyant, so it slowly ascends, while cooler, denser rock sinks until heat escaping the molten core warms it enough to make it rise again. While this process of convection was known to enable the horizontal movement of tectonic plates, until recently geophysicists were skeptical of its ability to lift or lower the planet’s surface vertically. However, recent technological advances have allowed geophysicists to make three-dimensional “snapshots” of the mantle by measuring vibrations, or seismic waves, set in motion by earthquakes originating in the planet’s outer shell and recording the time it takes for them to travel from an earthquake’s epicenter to a particular  recording station at the surface. Because geophysicists know that seismic waves become sluggish in hot, low-density rock, and speed up in colder, denser regions, they can now infer the temperatures and densities in a given segment of the interior. By compiling a map of seismic velocities from thousands of earthquakes across the globe, they can also begin to map temperatures and densities throughout the mantle. These methods have revealed some unexpectedly immense formations in the deepest parts of the mantle; the largest of these is a buoyant mass of hot rock directly below Africa’s southern tip. Dispelling researchers’ initial doubts, computer models have confirmed that this formation is buoyant enough to rise slowly within the mantle and strong enough to push Africa upward as it rises.

Scientists generally credit violent collisions between tectonic plates, the mobile fragments of Earth’s rocky outer shell, with sculpting the planet’s surface, as, for example, when what is now the Indian subcontinent collided with Asia, producing the Himalayan Mountains. However, plate tectonics cannot fully explain certain massive surface features, such as the “superswell” of southern Africa, a vast plateau over 1,000 miles across and nearly a mile high. Geologic evidence shows that southern African has been slowly rising for the past 100 million years, yet it has not experienced a tectonic collision for nearly 400 million years. The explanation may be in Earth’s mantle, the layer of rock underlying the tectonic plates and extending down over 1,800 miles to the outer edge of Earth’s iron core. Since the early twentieth century, geophysicists have understood that the mantle churns and roils like a thick soup. The relative low density of the hottest rock makes that material buoyant, so it slowly ascends, while cooler, denser rock sinks until heat escaping the molten core warms it enough to make it rise again. While this process of convection was known to enable the horizontal movement of tectonic plates, until recently geophysicists were skeptical of its ability to lift or lower the planet’s surface vertically. However, recent technological advances have allowed geophysicists to make three-dimensional “snapshots” of the mantle by measuring vibrations, or seismic waves, set in motion by earthquakes originating in the planet’s outer shell and recording the time it takes for them to travel from an earthquake’s epicenter to a particular  recording station at the surface. Because geophysicists know that seismic waves become sluggish in hot, low-density rock, and speed up in colder, denser regions, they can now infer the temperatures and densities in a given segment of the interior. By compiling a map of seismic velocities from thousands of earthquakes across the globe, they can also begin to map temperatures and densities throughout the mantle. These methods have revealed some unexpectedly immense formations in the deepest parts of the mantle; the largest of these is a buoyant mass of hot rock directly below Africa’s southern tip. Dispelling researchers’ initial doubts, computer models have confirmed that this formation is buoyant enough to rise slowly within the mantle and strong enough to push Africa upward as it rises.
 
 
 
 
The passage is primarily concerned with
Describing a traditional explanation for the vertical movement of Earth’s surface
Discussing recent geophysical research that may explain certain features of Earth’s surface that were previously difficult to account for
Combining elements of several theories in order to develop a plausible explanation for a poorly understood feature of Earth’s surface
Providing new evidence in support of a long-standing belief about how certain of Earth’s massive surface features were created
Questioning the implications of geophysicists’ recent findings regarding the composition and density of Earth’s mantle
Scientists generally credit violent collisions between tectonic plates, the mobile fragments of Earth’s rocky outer shell, with sculpting the planet’s surface, as, for example, when what is now the Indian subcontinent collided with Asia, producing the Himalayan Mountains. However, plate tectonics cannot fully explain certain massive surface features, such as the “superswell” of southern Africa, a vast plateau over 1,000 miles across and nearly a mile high. Geologic evidence shows that southern African has been slowly rising for the past 100 million years, yet it has not experienced a tectonic collision for nearly 400 million years. The explanation may be in Earth’s mantle, the layer of rock underlying the tectonic plates and extending down over 1,800 miles to the outer edge of Earth’s iron core. Since the early twentieth century, geophysicists have understood that the mantle churns and roils like a thick soup. The relative low density of the hottest rock makes that material buoyant, so it slowly ascends, while cooler, denser rock sinks until heat escaping the molten core warms it enough to make it rise again. While this process of convection was known to enable the horizontal movement of tectonic plates, until recently geophysicists were skeptical of its ability to lift or lower the planet’s surface vertically. However, recent technological advances have allowed geophysicists to make three-dimensional “snapshots” of the mantle by measuring vibrations, or seismic waves, set in motion by earthquakes originating in the planet’s outer shell and recording the time it takes for them to travel from an earthquake’s epicenter to a particular  recording station at the surface. Because geophysicists know that seismic waves become sluggish in hot, low-density rock, and speed up in colder, denser regions, they can now infer the temperatures and densities in a given segment of the interior. By compiling a map of seismic velocities from thousands of earthquakes across the globe, they can also begin to map temperatures and densities throughout the mantle. These methods have revealed some unexpectedly immense formations in the deepest parts of the mantle; the largest of these is a buoyant mass of hot rock directly below Africa’s southern tip. Dispelling researchers’ initial doubts, computer models have confirmed that this formation is buoyant enough to rise slowly within the mantle and strong enough to push Africa upward as it rises.
 
The passage suggests that geophysicists can now infer the characteristics in a given
segment of the mantle by doing which of the following?
Observing how long it takes for seismic waves to travel from an earthquake’s epicenter to a particular surface location and applying knowledge of how rock temperature and density affect the velocity of those waves
Analyzing the results of studies linking the formation of some of Earth’s surface features with the violent collisions of tectonic plates and inferring the causes of the information of other features from those results
Recording data about earthquakes throughout the world and correlating the relative force and duration of those earthquakes with information about their geological environment
Comparing data about earthquakes that occur in southern Africa’s superswell with data about other types of seismic events that occur there
Using computer models to estimate the length of time it would take for a hypothetical landmass 1,000 miles across to rise one mile vertically
Scientists generally credit violent collisions between tectonic plates, the mobile fragments of Earth’s rocky outer shell, with sculpting the planet’s surface, as, for example, when what is now the Indian subcontinent collided with Asia, producing the Himalayan Mountains. However, plate tectonics cannot fully explain certain massive surface features, such as the “superswell” of southern Africa, a vast plateau over 1,000 miles across and nearly a mile high. Geologic evidence shows that southern African has been slowly rising for the past 100 million years, yet it has not experienced a tectonic collision for nearly 400 million years. The explanation may be in Earth’s mantle, the layer of rock underlying the tectonic plates and extending down over 1,800 miles to the outer edge of Earth’s iron core. Since the early twentieth century, geophysicists have understood that the mantle churns and roils like a thick soup. The relative low density of the hottest rock makes that material buoyant, so it slowly ascends, while cooler, denser rock sinks until heat escaping the molten core warms it enough to make it rise again. While this process of convection was known to enable the horizontal movement of tectonic plates, until recently geophysicists were skeptical of its ability to lift or lower the planet’s surface vertically. However, recent technological advances have allowed geophysicists to make three-dimensional “snapshots” of the mantle by measuring vibrations, or seismic waves, set in motion by earthquakes originating in the planet’s outer shell and recording the time it takes for them to travel from an earthquake’s epicenter to a particular  recording station at the surface. Because geophysicists know that seismic waves become sluggish in hot, low-density rock, and speed up in colder, denser regions, they can now infer the temperatures and densities in a given segment of the interior. By compiling a map of seismic velocities from thousands of earthquakes across the globe, they can also begin to map temperatures and densities throughout the mantle. These methods have revealed some unexpectedly immense formations in the deepest parts of the mantle; the largest of these is a buoyant mass of hot rock directly below Africa’s southern tip. Dispelling researchers’ initial doubts, computer models have confirmed that this formation is buoyant enough to rise slowly within the mantle and strong enough to push Africa upward as it rises.
 
 

In line 3, the author mentions the Himalayan Mountains most likely in order to

Highlight certain similarities between the southern African superswell and other massive features on Earth’s surface
Identify a feature of Earth’s surface that predates the origins of the southern African superswell
Provide an example of a feature of Earth’s surface that can explained by plate tectonics
Suggest that geophysicists are correct in attributing the sculpting of Earth’s surface to violent collisions between tectonic plates
Give an example of a feature of Earth’s surface that scientists are unable to explain fully
Scientists generally credit violent collisions between tectonic plates, the mobile fragments of Earth’s rocky outer shell, with sculpting the planet’s surface, as, for example, when what is now the Indian subcontinent collided with Asia, producing the Himalayan Mountains. However, plate tectonics cannot fully explain certain massive surface features, such as the “superswell” of southern Africa, a vast plateau over 1,000 miles across and nearly a mile high. Geologic evidence shows that southern African has been slowly rising for the past 100 million years, yet it has not experienced a tectonic collision for nearly 400 million years. The explanation may be in Earth’s mantle, the layer of rock underlying the tectonic plates and extending down over 1,800 miles to the outer edge of Earth’s iron core. Since the early twentieth century, geophysicists have understood that the mantle churns and roils like a thick soup. The relative low density of the hottest rock makes that material buoyant, so it slowly ascends, while cooler, denser rock sinks until heat escaping the molten core warms it enough to make it rise again. While this process of convection was known to enable the horizontal movement of tectonic plates, until recently geophysicists were skeptical of its ability to lift or lower the planet’s surface vertically. However, recent technological advances have allowed geophysicists to make three-dimensional “snapshots” of the mantle by measuring vibrations, or seismic waves, set in motion by earthquakes originating in the planet’s outer shell and recording the time it takes for them to travel from an earthquake’s epicenter to a particular  recording station at the surface. Because geophysicists know that seismic waves become sluggish in hot, low-density rock, and speed up in colder, denser regions, they can now infer the temperatures and densities in a given segment of the interior. By compiling a map of seismic velocities from thousands of earthquakes across the globe, they can also begin to map temperatures and densities throughout the mantle. These methods have revealed some unexpectedly immense formations in the deepest parts of the mantle; the largest of these is a buoyant mass of hot rock directly below Africa’s southern tip. Dispelling researchers’ initial doubts, computer models have confirmed that this formation is buoyant enough to rise slowly within the mantle and strong enough to push Africa upward as it rises.
 

According to the passage, the computer models referred to in line 86 have had which of the following effects?

They have confirmed researchers’ doubts regarding the theory that convection within the mantle can lift or lower Earth’s surface vertically.
They have cast doubt on the validity of plate-tectonics theory as an explanation for the sculpting of Earth’s mountain ranges.
They have proved geophysicists’ theory that the behavior of seismic waves in Earth’s mantle is related to the temperature of the rock through which they are traveling.
They have convinced formerly skeptical researchers that rock formations deep in Earth’s mantle below southern Africa could have created the superswell.
They have confirmed researchers’ speculation that masses of hot rock are buoyant enough to rise to the upper part of Earth’s mantle.
Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following text.
 
You may skip reading the text now as it is provided for each respective question.

Prior to 1965 geologists assumed that the two giant rock plates meeting at the San Andreas Fault generate heat through friction as they grind past each other, but in 1965 Henyey found that temperatures in drill holes near the fault were not as levated as had been expected. Some geologists wondered whether the absence of    friction-generated heat could be explained by the kinds of rock composing the fault. Geologists’ pre-1965 assumptions concerning heat generated in the fault were based on calculations about common varieties of rocks, such as limestone and granite; but “weaker” materials, such as clays, had already been identified in samples retrieved from the fault zone.  Under normal conditions, rocks composed of clay produce far less friction than do other rock types. In 1992 Byerlee tested whether these aterials would produce friction 10 to 15 kilometers below the Earth’s surface.  Byerlee found that when clay samples were subjected to the thousands of atmospheres of pressure they would encounter deep inside the Earth, they produced as much friction as was produced by other rock types. The harder rocks push against each other, the hotter they become; in other words, pressure itself, not only the rocks’ properties, affects frictional heating.  Geologists therefore wondered whether the friction between the plates was being reduced by pockets of pressurized water within the fault that push the plates away from each other. 

 
 
Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following text.
 
You may skip reading the text now as it is provided for each respective question.

Prior to 1965 geologists assumed that the two giant rock plates meeting at the San Andreas Fault generate heat through friction as they grind past each other, but in 1965 Henyey found that temperatures in drill holes near the fault were not as levated as had been expected. Some geologists wondered whether the absence of    friction-generated heat could be explained by the kinds of rock composing the fault. Geologists’ pre-1965 assumptions concerning heat generated in the fault were based on calculations about common varieties of rocks, such as limestone and granite; but “weaker” materials, such as clays, had already been identified in samples retrieved from the fault zone.  Under normal conditions, rocks composed of clay produce far less friction than do other rock types. In 1992 Byerlee tested whether these aterials would produce friction 10 to 15 kilometers below the Earth’s surface.  Byerlee found that when clay samples were subjected to the thousands of atmospheres of pressure they would encounter deep inside the Earth, they produced as much friction as was produced by other rock types. The harder rocks push against each other, the hotter they become; in other words, pressure itself, not only the rocks’ properties, affects frictional heating.  Geologists therefore wondered whether the friction between the plates was being reduced by pockets of pressurized water within the fault that push the plates away from each other. 

 
 

Prior to 1965 geologists assumed that the two giant rock plates meeting at the San Andreas Fault generate heat through friction as they grind past each other, but in 1965 Henyey found that temperatures in drill holes near the fault were not as levated as had been expected. Some geologists wondered whether the absence of    friction-generated heat could be explained by the kinds of rock composing the fault. Geologists’ pre-1965 assumptions concerning heat generated in the fault were based on calculations about common varieties of rocks, such as limestone and granite; but “weaker” materials, such as clays, had already been identified in samples retrieved from the fault zone.  Under normal conditions, rocks composed of clay produce far less friction than do other rock types. In 1992 Byerlee tested whether these aterials would produce friction 10 to 15 kilometers below the Earth’s surface.  Byerlee found that when clay samples were subjected to the thousands of atmospheres of pressure they would encounter deep inside the Earth, they produced as much friction as was produced by other rock types. The harder rocks push against each other, the hotter they become; in other words, pressure itself, not only the rocks’ properties, affects frictional heating.  Geologists therefore wondered whether the friction between the plates was being reduced by pockets of pressurized water within the fault that push the plates away from each other. 

 

The passage suggests which of the following regarding Henyey’s findings about temperature in the San Andreas Fault?

Scientists have yet to formulate a definitive explanation for Henyey’s findings.
Recent research suggests that Henyey’s explanation for the findings should be modified.
Henyey’s findings had to be recalculated in light of Byerlee’s 1992 experiment.
Henyey’s findings provided support for an assumption long held by geologists.
Scientists have been unable to duplicate Henyey’s findings using more recent experimental methods.

Prior to 1965 geologists assumed that the two giant rock plates meeting at the San Andreas Fault generate heat through friction as they grind past each other, but in 1965 Henyey found that temperatures in drill holes near the fault were not as levated as had been expected. Some geologists wondered whether the absence of    friction-generated heat could be explained by the kinds of rock composing the fault. Geologists’ pre-1965 assumptions concerning heat generated in the fault were based on calculations about common varieties of rocks, such as limestone and granite; but “weaker” materials, such as clays, had already been identified in samples retrieved from the fault zone.  Under normal conditions, rocks composed of clay produce far less friction than do other rock types. In 1992 Byerlee tested whether these aterials would produce friction 10 to 15 kilometers below the Earth’s surface.  Byerlee found that when clay samples were subjected to the thousands of atmospheres of pressure they would encounter deep inside the Earth, they produced as much friction as was produced by other rock types. The harder rocks push against each other, the hotter they become; in other words, pressure itself, not only the rocks’ properties, affects frictional heating.  Geologists therefore wondered whether the friction between the plates was being reduced by pockets of pressurized water within the fault that push the plates away from each other. 

 

The passage is primarily concerned with

Evaluating a method used to test a particular scientific hypothesis
Discussing explanations for an unexpected scientific finding
Examining the assumptions underlying a particular experiment
Questioning the validity of a scientific finding
Presenting evidence to support a recent scientific hypothesis

Prior to 1965 geologists assumed that the two giant rock plates meeting at the San Andreas Fault generate heat through friction as they grind past each other, but in 1965 Henyey found that temperatures in drill holes near the fault were not as levated as had been expected. Some geologists wondered whether the absence of    friction-generated heat could be explained by the kinds of rock composing the fault. Geologists’ pre-1965 assumptions concerning heat generated in the fault were based on calculations about common varieties of rocks, such as limestone and granite; but “weaker” materials, such as clays, had already been identified in samples retrieved from the fault zone.  Under normal conditions, rocks composed of clay produce far less friction than do other rock types. In 1992 Byerlee tested whether these aterials would produce friction 10 to 15 kilometers below the Earth’s surface.  Byerlee found that when clay samples were subjected to the thousands of atmospheres of pressure they would encounter deep inside the Earth, they produced as much friction as was produced by other rock types. The harder rocks push against each other, the hotter they become; in other words, pressure itself, not only the rocks’ properties, affects frictional heating.  Geologists therefore wondered whether the friction between the plates was being reduced by pockets of pressurized water within the fault that push the plates away from each other. 

 

The passage is primarily concerned with

Revealed an error in previous measurements of temperature in the San Andreas Fault zone
Indicated the types of clay present in the rocks that form the San Andreas Fault
Established the superiority of a particular technique for evaluating data concerning friction in the San Andreas Fault
Suggested that geologists had inaccurately assumed that giant rock plates that meet at the San Andreas Fault generate heat through friction
Confirmed geologists’ assumptions about the amount of friction generated by common varieties of rocks, such as limestone and granite
Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon than are fungi, in the form of carbon dioxide, and converting it to energy-rich sugars.
Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon than are fungi
Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon than fungi
Plants are more efficient than fungi at acquiring carbon
Plants, more efficient than fungi at acquiring carbon
Plants acquire carbon more efficiently than fungi

The average hourly wage of television assemblers in Vernland has long been significantly lower than that in neighboring Borodia.  Since Borodia dropped all tariffs on Vernlandian televisions three years ago, the number of televisions sold annually in Borodia has not changed.  However, recent statistics show a droip in the number of television assemblers in Borodia.  Therefore, updated trade statistics will probably indicate that the number of televisions Borodia imports annually from Vernland has increased.

 

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

The number of television assemblers in Vernland has increased by at least as much as the number of television assemblers in Borodia has decreased.
Televisions assembled in Vernland have features that televisions assembled in Borodia do not have.
The average number of hours it takes a Borodian television assembler to assemble a television has not decreased significantly during the past three years.
The number of televisions assembled annually in Vernland has increased significantly during the past three years.
The difference between the hourly wage of television assemblers in Vernland and the hourly wage of television assemblers in Borodia is likely to decrease in the next few years.

Prospecting for gold during the California gold rush was a relatively easy task, because of erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds thrust to the surface by volcanic activity put gold literally within reach for anybody with a pan or shovel.

Because of erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds thrust to the surface by volcanic activity put gold literally within reach for
Because of erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and volcanic activity that thrust ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds to the surface, and putting gold literally within reach of
Owing to erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and volcanic activity that had thrust ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds to the surface, and putting gold literally within reach of
Since erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and volcanic activity that thrust ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds to the surface, putting gold literally within reach for
Since erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds thrust to the surface by volcanic activity put gold literally within reach of

Tanco, a leather manufacturer, uses large quantities of common salt to preserve animal hides.  New environmental regulations have significantly increased the cost of disposing of salt water that results from this use, and, in consequence, Tanco is considering a plan to use potassium chloride in place of common salt.  Research has shown that Tanco could reprocess the by-product of potassium chloride use to yield a crop fertilizer, leaving a relatively small volume of waste for disposal.

 

In determining the impact on company profits of using potassium chloride in place of common salt, it would be important for Tanco to research all of the following EXCEPT:
What difference, if any, is there between the cost of the common salt needed to preserve a given quantity of animal hides and the cost of the potassium chloride needed to preserve the same quantity of hides?
To what extent is the equipment involved in preserving animal hides using common salt suitable for preserving animal hides using potassium chloride?
What environmental regulations, if any, constrain the disposal of the waste generated in reprocessing the by-product of potassium chloride?
How closely does leather that results when common salt is used to preserve hides resemble that which results when potassium chloride is used?
Are the chemical properties that make potassium chloride an effective means for preserving animal hides the same as those that make common salt an effective means for doing so?

Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

 

Yorco and Zortech are two corporations that employ large numbers of full-time workers who are paid by the hour.  Publicly available records indicate that Yorco employs roughly the same number of such hourly wage workers as Zortech does but spends a far higher total sum per year on wages for such workers.  Therefore, hourly wages must be higher, on average, at Yorco than at Zortech, since _____.

Zortech spends a higher total sum per year than Yorco does to provide its hourly wage workers with benefits other than wages
The work performed by hourly wage workers at Zortech does not require a significantly higher level of skill than the work performed by hourly wage workers at Yorco does
The proportion of all company employees who are hourly wage workers is significantly greater at Yorco than it is at Zortech
Overtime work, which is paid at a substantially higher rate than work done during the regular work week, is rare at both Yorco and Zortech
The highest hourly wages paid at Yorco are higher than the highest hourly wages paid at Zortech

Environmental organizations want to preserve the land surrounding the Wilgrinn Wilderness Area from residential development.  They plan to do this by purchasing that land from the farmers who own it.  That plan is ill-conceived:  if the farmers did sell their land, they would sell it to the highest bidder, and developers would outbid any other bidders.  On the other hand, these farmers will never actually sell any of the land, provided that farming it remains viable.  But farming will not remain viable if the farms are left unmodernized, and most of the farmers lack the financial resources modernization requires.  And that is exactly why a more sensible preservation strategy would be to assist the farmers to modernize their farms to the extent needed to maintain viability.

 

In the argument as a whole, the two boldface proportions play which of the following roles?

The first presents a goal that the argument rejects as ill-conceived; the second is evidence that is presented as grounds for that rejection.
The first presents a goal that the argument concludes cannot be attained; the second is a reason offered in support of that conclusion.
The first presents a goal that the argument concludes can be attained; the second is a judgment disputing that conclusion.
The first presents a goal, strategies for achieving which are being evaluated in the argument; the second is a judgment providing a basis for the argument’s advocacy of a particular strategy.
The first presents a goal that the argument endorses; the second presents a situation that the argument contends must be changed if that goal is to be met in the foreseeable future.

Telomerase is an enzyme that is produced only in cells that are actively dividing.  For this reason it is generally absent from body tissues in adults.  Bone marrow is an exception to this rule, however, since even in adults, bone marrow cells continually divide to replace old blood cells.  Cancers are another exception, because their cells are rapidly dividing.

 

The information provided most strongly supports which of the following?

Telomerase is the only enzyme that is present in cancerous cells but absent from cells that are not actively dividing.
In children, the only body tissues from which telomerase is absent are those in which cells are not rapidly dividing.
The presence of telomerase in bone marrow is no indication of bone marrow cancer.
Cancer of the bone marrow develops more rapidly than cancer growing in any other kind of adult tissue.
The level of telomerase production is always higher in cancerous tissue than in noncancerous tissue.

Astronomer:  Observations of the Shoemaker-Levi comet on its collision course with Jupiter showed that the comet broke into fragments before entering Jupiter’s atmosphere in 1994, but they did not show how big those fragments were.  Nevertheless, some indication of their size can be inferred from spectrographic analyses of Jupiter’s outer atmosphere.  After the fragments’ entry, these analyses revealed unprecedented traces of sulfur.  The fragments themselves almost certainly contained no sulfur, but astronomers believe that the cloud layer below Jupiter’s outer atmosphere does contain sulfur.  Since sulfur would have seeped into the outer atmosphere if comet fragments had penetrated this cloud layer, it is likely that some of the fragments were at least large enough to have passed through Jupiter’s outer atmosphere without being burned up.

 

In the astronomer’s argument, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

The first is a claim that the astronomer seeks to show is true; the second acknowledges a consideration that weighs against the truth of that claim.
The first is a claim that the astronomer seeks to show is true; the second provides evidence in support of the truth of that claim.
The first and the second are each considerations advanced in support of the conclusion of the argument.
The first provides evidence in support of the conclusion of the argument; the second is that conclusion.
The first is a circumstance for which the astronomer seeks to provide an explanation; the second acknowledges a consideration that weighs against the explanation provided by the astronomer.
Questions 23 to 26 are based on the following text.
 
You may skip reading the text now as it is provided for each respective question.

In Winters v. United States(1908), the Supreme Court held that the right to use waters flowing through or adjacent to the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation was reserved to American Indians by the treaty establishing the reservation. Although this treaty did not mention water rights, the Court ruled that the federal government, when it created the reservation, intended to deal fairly with American Indians by preserving for them the waters without which their lands would have been useless. Later decisions, citing Winters, established that courts can find federal rights to reserve water for particular purposes if
(1) the land in question lies within an enclave under exclusive federal jurisdiction, 
(2) the land has been formally withdrawn from federal public lands — I.e., withdrawn from the stock of federal lands available for private use under federal land use laws — and set aside or reserved, and
(3) the circumstances reveal the government intended to reserve water as well as land when establishing the reservation. Some American Indian tribes have also established water rights through the courts based on their traditional diversion and use of certain waters prior to the United States’ acquisition of sovereignty. For example, the Rio Grande pueblos already existed when the United States acquired sovereignty over New Mexico in 1848. Although they at that time became part of the
United States, the pueblo lands never formally constituted a part of federal public lands; in any event, no treaty, statute, or executive order has ever designated or withdrawn the pueblos from public lands as American Indian reservations. This fact, however, has not barred application of the Winters doctrine. What constitutes an American Indian reservation is a question of practice, not of legal definition, and the pueblos have always been treated as reservations by the United States. This pragmatic approach is buttressed by Arizona v. California (1963), wherein the Supreme Court indicated that the manner in which any type of federal reservation is created does not affect the application to it of the Winters doctrine. Therefore, the reserved water rights of Pueblo Indians have priority over other citizens’ water rights as of 1848, the year in which pueblos must be considered to have become reservations.
Questions 23 to 26 are based on the following text.
 
You may skip reading the text now as it is provided for each respective question.

In Winters v. United States(1908), the Supreme Court held that the right to use waters flowing through or adjacent to the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation was reserved to American Indians by the treaty establishing the reservation. Although this treaty did not mention water rights, the Court ruled that the federal government, when it created the reservation, intended to deal fairly with American Indians by preserving for them the waters without which their lands would have been useless. Later decisions, citing Winters, established that courts can find federal rights to reserve water for particular purposes if
(1) the land in question lies within an enclave under exclusive federal jurisdiction, 
(2) the land has been formally withdrawn from federal public lands — I.e., withdrawn from the stock of federal lands available for private use under federal land use laws — and set aside or reserved, and
(3) the circumstances reveal the government intended to reserve water as well as land when establishing the reservation. Some American Indian tribes have also established water rights through the courts based on their traditional diversion and use of certain waters prior to the United States’ acquisition of sovereignty. For example, the Rio Grande pueblos already existed when the United States acquired sovereignty over New Mexico in 1848. Although they at that time became part of the
United States, the pueblo lands never formally constituted a part of federal public lands; in any event, no treaty, statute, or executive order has ever designated or withdrawn the pueblos from public lands as American Indian reservations. This fact, however, has not barred application of the Winters doctrine. What constitutes an American Indian reservation is a question of practice, not of legal definition, and the pueblos have always been treated as reservations by the United States. This pragmatic approach is buttressed by Arizona v. California (1963), wherein the Supreme Court indicated that the manner in which any type of federal reservation is created does not affect the application to it of the Winters doctrine. Therefore, the reserved water rights of Pueblo Indians have priority over other citizens’ water rights as of 1848, the year in which pueblos must be considered to have become reservations.
Questions 24 to 26 are based on the following text.
 
You may skip reading the text now as it is provided for each respective question.

In Winters v. United States(1908), the Supreme Court held that the right to use waters flowing through or adjacent to the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation was reserved to American Indians by the treaty establishing the reservation. Although this treaty did not mention water rights, the Court ruled that the federal government, when it created the reservation, intended to deal fairly with American Indians by preserving for them the waters without which their lands would have been useless. Later decisions, citing Winters, established that courts can find federal rights to reserve water for particular purposes if
(1) the land in question lies within an enclave under exclusive federal jurisdiction, 
(2) the land has been formally withdrawn from federal public lands — I.e., withdrawn from the stock of federal lands available for private use under federal land use laws — and set aside or reserved, and
(3) the circumstances reveal the government intended to reserve water as well as land when establishing the reservation. Some American Indian tribes have also established water rights through the courts based on their traditional diversion and use of certain waters prior to the United States’ acquisition of sovereignty. For example, the Rio Grande pueblos already existed when the United States acquired sovereignty over New Mexico in 1848. Although they at that time became part of the
United States, the pueblo lands never formally constituted a part of federal public lands; in any event, no treaty, statute, or executive order has ever designated or withdrawn the pueblos from public lands as American Indian reservations. This fact, however, has not barred application of the Winters doctrine. What constitutes an American Indian reservation is a question of practice, not of legal definition, and the pueblos have always been treated as reservations by the United States. This pragmatic approach is buttressed by Arizona v. California (1963), wherein the Supreme Court indicated that the manner in which any type of federal reservation is created does not affect the application to it of the Winters doctrine. Therefore, the reserved water rights of Pueblo Indians have priority over other citizens’ water rights as of 1848, the year in which pueblos must be considered to have become reservations.
Suggest why it might have been argued that the Winters doctrine ought not to apply to pueblo lands
Imply that the United States never really acquired sovereignty over pueblo lands
Argue that the pueblo lands ought still to be considered part of federal public lands
Support the argument that the water rights of citizens other than American Indians are limited by the Winters doctrine
Suggest that federal courts cannot claim jurisdiction over cases disputing the traditional diversion and use of water by Pueblo Indians
In Winters v. United States(1908), the Supreme Court held that the right to use waters flowing through or adjacent to the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation was reserved to American Indians by the treaty establishing the reservation. Although this treaty did not mention water rights, the Court ruled that the federal government, when it created the reservation, intended to deal fairly with American Indians by preserving for them the waters without which their lands would have been useless. Later decisions, citing Winters, established that courts can find federal rights to reserve water for particular purposes if
(1) the land in question lies within an enclave under exclusive federal jurisdiction, 
(2) the land has been formally withdrawn from federal public lands — I.e., withdrawn from the stock of federal lands available for private use under federal land use laws — and set aside or reserved, and
(3) the circumstances reveal the government intended to reserve water as well as land when establishing the reservation. Some American Indian tribes have also established water rights through the courts based on their traditional diversion and use of certain waters prior to the United States’ acquisition of sovereignty. For example, the Rio Grande pueblos already existed when the United States acquired sovereignty over New Mexico in 1848. Although they at that time became part of the
United States, the pueblo lands never formally constituted a part of federal public lands; in any event, no treaty, statute, or executive order has ever designated or withdrawn the pueblos from public lands as American Indian reservations. This fact, however, has not barred application of the Winters doctrine. What constitutes an American Indian reservation is a question of practice, not of legal definition, and the pueblos have always been treated as reservations by the United States. This pragmatic approach is buttressed by Arizona v. California (1963), wherein the Supreme Court indicated that the manner in which any type of federal reservation is created does not affect the application to it of the Winters doctrine. Therefore, the reserved water rights of Pueblo Indians have priority over other citizens’ water rights as of 1848, the year in which pueblos must be considered to have become reservations.
 

The passage suggests that, if the criteria discussed in lines 16 – 32 were the only criteria for establishing a reservation’s water rights, which of the following would be true?

A. The water rights of the inhabitants of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation would not take precedence over those of other citizens.
B. Reservations established before 1848 would be judged to have no water rights.
C. There would be no legal basis for the water rights of the Rio Grande pueblos.
D. Reservations other than American Indian reservations could not be created with reserved water rights.
E. Treaties establishing reservations would have to mention water rights explicitly in order to reserve water for a particular purpose.
In Winters v. United States(1908), the Supreme Court held that the right to use waters flowing through or adjacent to the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation was reserved to American Indians by the treaty establishing the reservation. Although this treaty did not mention water rights, the Court ruled that the federal government, when it created the reservation, intended to deal fairly with American Indians by preserving for them the waters without which their lands would have been useless. Later decisions, citing Winters, established that courts can find federal rights to reserve water for particular purposes if
(1) the land in question lies within an enclave under exclusive federal jurisdiction, 
(2) the land has been formally withdrawn from federal public lands — I.e., withdrawn from the stock of federal lands available for private use under federal land use laws — and set aside or reserved, and
(3) the circumstances reveal the government intended to reserve water as well as land when establishing the reservation. Some American Indian tribes have also established water rights through the courts based on their traditional diversion and use of certain waters prior to the United States’ acquisition of sovereignty. For example, the Rio Grande pueblos already existed when the United States acquired sovereignty over New Mexico in 1848. Although they at that time became part of the
United States, the pueblo lands never formally constituted a part of federal public lands; in any event, no treaty, statute, or executive order has ever designated or withdrawn the pueblos from public lands as American Indian reservations. This fact, however, has not barred application of the Winters doctrine. What constitutes an American Indian reservation is a question of practice, not of legal definition, and the pueblos have always been treated as reservations by the United States. This pragmatic approach is buttressed by Arizona v. California (1963), wherein the Supreme Court indicated that the manner in which any type of federal reservation is created does not affect the application to it of the Winters doctrine. Therefore, the reserved water rights of Pueblo Indians have priority over other citizens’ water rights as of 1848, the year in which pueblos must be considered to have become reservations.
 
 

According to the passage, which of the following was true of the treaty establishing the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation?

It was challenged in the Supreme Court a number of times.
It was rescinded by the federal government, an action that gave rise to the Winters case.
It cited American Indians’ traditional use of the land’s resources.
It failed to mention water rights to be enjoyed by the reservation’s inhabitants.
It was modified by the Supreme Court in Arizona v. California.
In Winters v. United States(1908), the Supreme Court held that the right to use waters flowing through or adjacent to the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation was reserved to American Indians by the treaty establishing the reservation. Although this treaty did not mention water rights, the Court ruled that the federal government, when it created the reservation, intended to deal fairly with American Indians by preserving for them the waters without which their lands would have been useless. Later decisions, citing Winters, established that courts can find federal rights to reserve water for particular purposes if
(1) the land in question lies within an enclave under exclusive federal jurisdiction, 
(2) the land has been formally withdrawn from federal public lands — I.e., withdrawn from the stock of federal lands available for private use under federal land use laws — and set aside or reserved, and
(3) the circumstances reveal the government intended to reserve water as well as land when establishing the reservation. Some American Indian tribes have also established water rights through the courts based on their traditional diversion and use of certain waters prior to the United States’ acquisition of sovereignty. For example, the Rio Grande pueblos already existed when the United States acquired sovereignty over New Mexico in 1848. Although they at that time became part of the
United States, the pueblo lands never formally constituted a part of federal public lands; in any event, no treaty, statute, or executive order has ever designated or withdrawn the pueblos from public lands as American Indian reservations. This fact, however, has not barred application of the Winters doctrine. What constitutes an American Indian reservation is a question of practice, not of legal definition, and the pueblos have always been treated as reservations by the United States. This pragmatic approach is buttressed by Arizona v. California (1963), wherein the Supreme Court indicated that the manner in which any type of federal reservation is created does not affect the application to it of the Winters doctrine. Therefore, the reserved water rights of Pueblo Indians have priority over other citizens’ water rights as of 1848, the year in which pueblos must be considered to have become reservations.
 
 

The primary purpose of the passage is to

Trace the development of laws establishing American Indian reservations
Explain the legal bases for the water rights of American Indian tribes
Question the legal criteria often used to determine the water rights of American Indian tribes
Discuss evidence establishing the earliest date at which the federal government recognized the water rights of American Indians
Point out a legal distinction between different types of American Indian reservations

Rye sown in the fall and plowed into the soil in early spring leaves a residue that is highly effective at controlling broad-leaved weeds, but unfortunately for only about 45 days.  No major agricultural crop matures from seed in as little as 45 days.  Synthetic herbicides, on the other hand, although not any longer-lasting, can be reapplied as the crop grows.  Clearly, therefore, for major agricultural crops, plowing rye into the soil can play no part in effective weed control.

 

The argument is most vulnerable to the objection that it fails to

Consider that there might be minor, quick-growing crops that do mature in 45 days or less
Identify any alternative method of weed control that could be used instead of the method it rejects
Distinguish among the various kinds of synthetic herbicides
Allow for the possibility of combining the two weed-control methods it mentions
Allow for the possibility that plants other than rye, handled the same way, might have the same effect

Several financial officers of the company spoke on condition that they not be named in the press reports.

That they not be named
That their names will not be used
That their names are not used
Of not having their names
Of not naming them

In the mid-1970’s, since birds were overcome by pollution, and routinely falling from the sky above Los Angeles freeways, this prompted officials in California to devise a plan that reduced automobile emissions.

Since birds were overcome by pollution, and routinely falling from the sky above Los Angeles freeways, this prompted officials in California to devise a plan that reduced
Since birds that had been overcome by pollution were routinely falling from the sky above Los Angeles freeways, it prompted officials in California to devise a plan that would reduce
Birds had been overcome by pollution and routinely fell from the sky above Los Angeles freeways, prompting officials in California to devise a plan that reduced
Birds overcome by pollution routinely fell from the sky above Los Angeles freeways, prompting officials in California to devise a plan to reduce
Birds overcome by pollution and routinely falling from the sky above Los Angeles freeways were prompting officials in California to devise a plan to reduce

Press Secretary:  Our critics claim that the President’s recent highway project cancellations demonstrate a vindictive desire to punish legislative districts controlled by opposition parties.  They offer as evidence the fact that 90 percent of the projects canceled were in such districts.  But all of the canceled projects had been identified as wasteful in a report written by respected nonpartisan auditors.  So the President’s choice was clearly motivated by sound budgetary policy, not partisan politics.

 

Which of the following is an assumption on which the press secretary’s argument depends?

Canceling highway projects was not the only way for the President to punish legislative districts controlled by opposition parties.
The scheduled highway projects identified as wasteful in the report were not mostly projects in districts controlled by the President’s party.
The number of projects canceled was a significant proportion of all the highway projects that were to be undertaken by the government in the near future.
The highway projects canceled in districts controlled by the President’s party were not generally more expensive than the projects canceled in districts controlled by opposition parties.
Reports by nonpartisan auditors are not generally regarded by the opposition parties as a source of objective assessments of government projects.

When an active tooth in the shark’s jaws is lost or worn down, many spare teeth lie in seemingly limitless reserve, each of which are ready to slide into the appropriate position.

When an active tooth in the shark’s jaws is lost or worn down, many spare teeth lie in seemingly limitless reserve, each of which are ready to slide into the appropriate position.
Whenever an active tooth is lost or worn down, many spare teeth lie in seemingly limitless reserve in the shark’s jaws, which are each ready to slide into the appropriate position.
Many spare teeth lie in seemingly limitless reserve in the shark’s jaws, each one of which are ready to slide into the appropriate position when an active tooth is lost or worn down.
The many spare teeth lying in seemingly limitless reserve in the shark’s jaws, each one of which is ready to slide into the appropriate position whenever an active tooth is lost or worn down.
In the shark’s jaws, many spare teeth lie in seemingly limitless reserve, each one ready to slide into the appropriate position whenever an active tooth is lost or worn down.

NASA’s methodical approach to the exploration of Mars has not yet answered the questions of whether biological life forms ever emerged on Mars and whether, presuming such life forms having left fossil traces to begin with, those traces can still exist in some moist recesses of the cold and arid planet.

And whether, presuming such life forms having left fossil traces to begin with, those traces can
And whether, if it is presumed that such life forms left some fossil traces to begin with, can those traces
And whether, presuming such life forms left fossil traces to begin with, those traces
And, presuming such life forms did leave some fossil traces to begin with, if they can
And, presuming such life forms to have left fossil traces to begin with, if they
Questions 34 to 36 are based on the following text.
 
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    Like many other industries, the travel industry is under increasing pressure to expand globally in order to keep pace with its corporate customers, who have  globalized their operations in response to market pressure, competitor actions, and changing supplier relations. But it is difficult for service organizations to globalize. Global expansion through acquisition is usually expensive, and expansion through internal growth is time-consuming and sometimes impossible in markets that are not actively growing. Some service industry companies, in fact, regard these traditional routes to global expansion as inappropriate for service industries because of their special need to preserve local responsiveness through local presence and expertise. One travel agency has eschewed the traditional route altogether. A survivor of the changes that swept the travel industry as a result of the deregulation of the airlines in 1978—changes that included dramatic growth in the corporate demand for travel services, as well as extensive restructuring and consolidation within the travel industry—this agency adopted a unique structure for globalization. Rather than expand by attempting to develop its own offices abroad, which would require the development of local travel management expertise sufficient to capture foreign markets, the company solved its globalization dilemma effectively by forging alliances with the best foreign partners it could find. The resulting cooperative alliance of independent agencies now comprises 32 partners spanning 37 countries.
Questions 34 to 36 are based on the following text.
 
You may skip reading the text now as it is provided for each respective question.
 
    Like many other industries, the travel industry is under increasing pressure to expand globally in order to keep pace with its corporate customers, who have  globalized their operations in response to market pressure, competitor actions, and changing supplier relations. But it is difficult for service organizations to globalize. Global expansion through acquisition is usually expensive, and expansion through internal growth is time-consuming and sometimes impossible in markets that are not actively growing. Some service industry companies, in fact, regard these traditional routes to global expansion as inappropriate for service industries because of their special need to preserve local responsiveness through local presence and expertise. One travel agency has eschewed the traditional route altogether. A survivor of the changes that swept the travel industry as a result of the deregulation of the airlines in 1978—changes that included dramatic growth in the corporate demand for travel services, as well as extensive restructuring and consolidation within the travel industry—this agency adopted a unique structure for globalization. Rather than expand by attempting to develop its own offices abroad, which would require the development of local travel management expertise sufficient to capture foreign markets, the company solved its globalization dilemma effectively by forging alliances with the best foreign partners it could find. The resulting cooperative alliance of independent agencies now comprises 32 partners spanning 37 countries.
Like many other industries, the travel industry is under increasing pressure to expand globally in order to keep pace with its corporate customers, who have  globalized their operations in response to market pressure, competitor actions, and changing supplier relations. But it is difficult for service organizations to globalize. Global expansion through acquisition is usually expensive, and expansion through internal growth is time-consuming and sometimes impossible in markets that are not actively growing. Some service industry companies, in fact, regard these traditional routes to global expansion as inappropriate for service industries because of their special need to preserve local responsiveness through local presence and expertise. One travel agency has eschewed the traditional route altogether. A survivor of the changes that swept the travel industry as a result of the deregulation of the airlines in 1978—changes that included dramatic growth in the corporate demand for travel services, as well as extensive restructuring and consolidation within the travel industry—this agency adopted a unique structure for globalization. Rather than expand by attempting to develop its own offices abroad, which would require the development of local travel management expertise sufficient to capture foreign markets, the company solved its globalization dilemma effectively by forging alliances with the best foreign partners it could find. The resulting cooperative alliance of independent agencies now comprises 32 partners spanning 37 countries.
 
 

The passage suggests that one of the effects of the deregulation of the airlines was

A decline in the services available to noncommercial travelers
A decrease in the size of the corporate travel market
A sharp increase in the number of cooperative alliances among travel agencies
Increased competition in a number of different service industries
The merging of some companies within the travel industry
Like many other industries, the travel industry is under increasing pressure to expand globally in order to keep pace with its corporate customers, who have  globalized their operations in response to market pressure, competitor actions, and changing supplier relations. But it is difficult for service organizations to globalize. Global expansion through acquisition is usually expensive, and expansion through internal growth is time-consuming and sometimes impossible in markets that are not actively growing. Some service industry companies, in fact, regard these traditional routes to global expansion as inappropriate for service industries because of their special need to preserve local responsiveness through local presence and expertise. One travel agency has eschewed the traditional route altogether. A survivor of the changes that swept the travel industry as a result of the deregulation of the airlines in 1978—changes that included dramatic growth in the corporate demand for travel services, as well as extensive restructuring and consolidation within the travel industry—this agency adopted a unique structure for globalization. Rather than expand by attempting to develop its own offices abroad, which would require the development of local travel management expertise sufficient to capture foreign markets, the company solved its globalization dilemma effectively by forging alliances with the best foreign partners it could find. The resulting cooperative alliance of independent agencies now comprises 32 partners spanning 37 countries.
 
 

The author discusses a particular travel agency in the passage most likely in order to

Provide evidence of the pressures on the travel industry to globalize
Demonstrate the limitations of the traditional routes to global expansion
Illustrate an unusual approach to globalizing a service organization
Highlight the difficulties confronting travel agencies that attempt to globalize
Underscore the differences between the service industry and other industries
Like many other industries, the travel industry is under increasing pressure to expand globally in order to keep pace with its corporate customers, who have  globalized their operations in response to market pressure, competitor actions, and changing supplier relations. But it is difficult for service organizations to globalize. Global expansion through acquisition is usually expensive, and expansion through internal growth is time-consuming and sometimes impossible in markets that are not actively growing. Some service industry companies, in fact, regard these traditional routes to global expansion as inappropriate for service industries because of their special need to preserve local responsiveness through local presence and expertise. One travel agency has eschewed the traditional route altogether. A survivor of the changes that swept the travel industry as a result of the deregulation of the airlines in 1978—changes that included dramatic growth in the corporate demand for travel services, as well as extensive restructuring and consolidation within the travel industry—this agency adopted a unique structure for globalization. Rather than expand by attempting to develop its own offices abroad, which would require the development of local travel management expertise sufficient to capture foreign markets, the company solved its globalization dilemma effectively by forging alliances with the best foreign partners it could find. The resulting cooperative alliance of independent agencies now comprises 32 partners spanning 37 countries.
 
 

According to the passage, which of the following is true of the traditional routes to global expansion?

They have been supplanted in most service industries by alternative routes.
They are less attractive to travel agencies since deregulation of the airlines.
They may represent the most cost-effective means for a travel agency to globalize.
They may be unsuitable for service agencies that are attempting to globalize.
They are most likely to succeed in markets that are not actively growing.

Unless tiger hunting decreases, tigers will soon be extinct in the wild.  The countries in which the tigers’ habitats are located are currently debating joint legislation that would ban tiger hunting.  Thus, if these countries can successfully enforce this legislation, the survival of tigers in the wild will be ensured.

 

The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument

Assumes without sufficient warrant that a ban on tiger hunting could be successfully enforced
Considers the effects of hunting on tigers without also considering the effects of hunting on other endangered animal species
Fails to take into account how often tiger hunters are unsuccessful in their attempts to kill tigers
Neglects to consider the results of governmental attempts in the past to limit tiger hunting
Takes the removal of an impediment to the tigers’ survival as a guarantee of their survival

Unlike the body’s inflammatory response to cuts and sprains, with widespread swelling and stiffness immobilizing the injured area until it heals, the body’s response to sunburn is more localized and resulting in a distinct line dividing affected and unaffected areas of the skin.

With widespread swelling and stiffness immobilizing the injured area until it heals, the body’s response to sunburn is more localized and resulting
Where the injured area is immobilized with widespread swelling and stiffness until it has healed, sunburn generates a more localized response in the body, which results instead
With the injured area immobilized by means of widespread swelling and stiffness until healing, sunburn generates a more localized response in the body, one resulting
In which widespread swelling and stiffness immobilize the injured area until it has healed, the body’s more localized response to sunburn results
In which widespread swelling and stiffness immobilize the injured area until healing, instead, the body’s more localized response to sunburn results

Fact:    Asthma, a bronchial condition, is much less common ailment than hay fever, an allergic inflammation of the nasal passages.

Fact:    Over 95 percent of people who have asthma also suffer from hay fever.

 

If the information given as facts above is true, which of the following must also be true?

Hay fever is a prerequisite for the development of asthma.
Asthma is a prerequisite for the development of hay fever.
Those who have neither hay fever nor asthma comprise less than 5 percent of the total population.
The number of people who have both of these ailments is greater than the number of people who have only one of them.
The percentage of people suffering from hay fever who also have asthma is lower than 95 percent.
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