GLOBAL CHALLENGES, c. 1900-TODAY CE EXAM SPRING 2023
Global Challenges Exam Quiz
This engaging quiz covers key historical events and themes from the early 20th century to today. Test your knowledge on global challenges, including wars, politics, and social movements.
- 55 thought-provoking questions
- Multiple-choice and checkbox formats
- Great for students and history enthusiasts
Moltke’s prediction in Source 1 about the consequences of a potential war between Germany and France is most directly explained by the fact that
France’s recent industrialization made it militarily superior to Germany
France had a much larger population than Germany
Previous conflicts had stirred intense nationalism in France and Germany
Fascists within Germany sought to use a potential war with France as an excuse to establish a dictatorship
Giolitti’s concerns in Source 2 about the potential consequences of conflict in the Balkans are most directly explained by which of the following developments in Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
Ethnic and religious diversity in European states ensured that ethnic tensions in one region would quickly spread across Europe and spark civil wars.
European states entered into military alliances with each other that forced them to come to their allies’ aid in the event of conflict with a nonallied state
Military experts feared that future wars between European states would likely be far deadlier than past wars, because of the recent development of more advanced weapons.
Conflict between European rivals had already led to the dissolution of imperial states such as the Habsburg Austro-Hungarian Empire
In addition to the potential destabilization of the Ottoman Empire, Giolitti’s argument in Source 2 regarding Italy’s ambitions in Libya is likely explained by the concern that any attempt by a European state to acquire colonies in Africa could
Lead African states to unite with each other against European powers
Greatly endanger the spread of Catholicism and enable the spread of Islam
Encourage Japan to take advantage of the situation and conquer Italian colonies in Asia
Dangerously intensify rivalries between European states seeking to acquire territories and resources
The opinion expressed in the passage above is most consistent with which of the following?
Privatizing Mexico’s water and mineral resources
Guaranteeing workers’ rights to organize and go on strike
Redistributing one-third of the land controlled by large landholders to landless peasants
Abrogating all contracts giving foreign nationals ownership of Mexican land
The situation shown in the image is best understood in the context of which of the following aspects of twentieth-century warfare?
States used propaganda to intensify patriotism in times of war.
States used new industrial technologies to fight wars that were deadlier and more expensive
States made full use of their populations and material resources to fight total wars
States increasingly mobilized their citizens for warfare regardless of gender or class.
The photograph best illustrates which aspect of population movements in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
They often involved the spread of cultural traditions into new locations.
They often involved the spread of cultural traditions into new locations.
They often resulted in the decline or disappearance of native religious traditions.
They often caused intercommunal violence.
Which of the following best explains why the British government felt the need to distribute the pamphlet?
British authorities were concerned that going to war against a Muslim country could fuel anti-imperialist protests among India’s large Muslim population.
Many people in Britain regarded the First World War as a religious conflict between Christian and Islamic states.
Religious tensions between India’s Muslim and Christian populations significantly increased before the outbreak of the First World War.
British passenger ships and shipping companies made significant profits by transporting Muslim pilgrims on the hajj from India to Mecca and Medina.
The Ottoman Empire likely entered into the conflict referred to in the passage because
It shared religious and cultural values with Germany and Austria-Hungary.
It had undertaken significant political and economic reforms in the late nineteenth century.
It had lost significant territory to other European states in the nineteenth century.
Its economy significantly lagged behind those of the other European powers.
The treaties that settled the conflict referred to in the passage most directly changed the geopolitical structure of the Middle East in which of the following ways?
Most states that were formerly under European colonial rule became independent.
The state of Israel was created, which led to numerous wars.
Allied powers received territorial mandates from the League of Nations.
Religious fundamentalism increased, which led to attacks on Western states.
Which of the following directly enabled the establishment of the government that produced the poster?
The collapse of the Russian Empire under the stress of the First World War
Redrawn national boundaries as a result of peace treaties ending the First World War
The abolition of serfdom and other forms of coerced labor in Russia during the nineteenth century
Increased ethnic violence in Russia due to imperial expansion in the nineteenth century
Which of the following best describes the likely intent of the poster?
To build support for Soviet participation in institutions of international governance such as the League of Nations
To build support for centrally directed economic modernization programs in the Soviet Union
To promote Soviet free-market economic policies and participation in international trade agreements
To promote resistance to the prevailing political and economic order in the Soviet Union
Shigenobu’s point of view regarding Western attitudes toward Japan as expressed in the passage is significant in that similar ideas were used by members of the Japanese government during the period between the First and the Second World Wars to justify
Engaging in war with Russia over influence in Manchuria
Militarizing the Japanese state and expanding its territories in Asia
Overthrowing the Tokugawa Shogunate and establishing the Meiji dynasty
Introducing reforms that industrialized Japan’s economy
Shigenobu’s criticism of European race-based discrimination against Japanese people is significant mostly because it shows that advocates of Japanese imperialism
Shared European Enlightenment views about representative government and natural rights
Accepted Western racial hierarchies and the place that those hierarchies assigned to Asian peoples
Adopted the European attitudes about a “civilizing mission” and used those attitudes to justify Japan’s own imperial policies
Vigorously opposed European and United States’ restrictions on Japanese immigration to the United States and Europe or European colonies
Asian reactions to Western claims of racial and cultural superiority, such as the reaction by Shigenobu in the passage, were also instrumental in the period 1918–1945 in the
Intensification of anti-imperial resistance activities and independence movements
Growing number of conversions to Christianity among Asian peoples
Growing popularity of laissez-faire economic policies in Asian states
Establishment of European immigrant enclaves in many parts of South and East Asia
Which of the following best explains the historical significance of views such as those expressed in the passage?
They show that many political leaders used the economic challenges of the Great Depression to justify implementing repressive policies.
They show that many states responded to the Great Depression by using race-based ideologies to mobilize economic resources.
They show that, in response to the disruptions of the Great Depression, many political leaders saw it as their duty to take an active role in guiding economic life.
They show that, in response to the disruptions of the Great Depression, some states reaffirmed their commitment to pursuing liberal economic policies.
The Brazilian government’s pride in listing the extensive workers’ rights guaranteed under the 1937 constitution is significant because it shows that
Governments across the political spectrum sought the support of the military in obtaining political power
Governments across the political spectrum were influenced by socialist economic and social policies
Governments across the political spectrum used nationalism to mobilize their populations for war
Governments across the political spectrum promoted state-led industrialization to foster economic growth
Which of the following best explains a potentially significant limitation of using the document for understanding the reforms described in the passage in Brazil?
The document likely exaggerates the extent to which the reforms benefited Brazil’s middle and upper classes.
The document likely exaggerates the importance of the Work Tribunal in reshaping economic development in Brazil.
The document likely exaggerates the importance of the Work Tribunal in reshaping economic development in Brazil.
The document likely ignores some economic problems that might have occurred because of the reforms.
Which of the following was the most important factor behind Europeans’ readiness to embrace authoritarian political systems in the 1930s?
Dissatisfaction with the welfare state
Admiration for the economic achievement of the Soviet Union under Stalin
The economic crisis caused by the Great Depression
Resentment of United States mass culture and consumer society
Based on the passage, it can be inferred that Mazower might also support which of the following assertions?
The industrial capacity of the United States doomed Hitler’s project for a Nazi-dominated Europe to failure from the start.
The Nazis’ rigidly ideological approach to empire building prevented them from consolidating their control of continental Europe.
Ordinary Germans’ revulsion at the genocidal policies of the Nazi Party as the Second World War progressed would have resulted in a revolution in Germany even if Hitler had won the military conflict.
Stalin’s modernization policies would have enabled the Soviet Union to defeat Nazi Germany regardless of Hitler’s policies.
Which of the following post-1945 processes in Western Europe was most directly inspired by the “sea-change” in Europeans’ political and social attitudes described by Mazower in the last sentence of the first paragraph?
The expanding educational and occupational opportunities for women
The continued decline of religiosity and church attendance
The rise of extremist right-wing anti-immigrant political movements
The initial steps toward European economic and political integration
A historian would find the 1931 Soviet poster above most useful in studying which of the following?
The proportion of women to men working in technically skilled professions in the Soviet Union
The effects of the introduction of commercial aviation on the Soviet economy
The official propaganda of gender equality in the Soviet Union
The degree of advancement of Soviet aviation technology relative to noncommunist countries
The implementation of the policies of extermination shown in the image is most directly explained by which of the following aspects of Nazi ideology?
The idea that Germans descended from a master “Aryan” race
The idea that some minority populations could eventually be Germanized
The idea that minority populations within Germany were somehow responsible for its defeat during the First World War
The idea that Germany needed to expand its postwar borders in order to provide “living space” for its people
The image can best help explain which of the following differences between the Nazi program of genocide and other acts of genocide in the early twentieth century?
The Nazis persecuted specific ethnic and religious groups because they viewed them as threats to the state.
The Nazis industrialized the killing process, allowing them to commit murder on a massive scale.
The Nazis attempted to conceal their atrocities from the larger international community.
The Nazis committed their crimes during the course of a major international conflict.
Which of the following developments during the Second World War would Franck most likely have cited as evidence to support his arguments in the passage?
Nazi scientists were working frantically to develop nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction that could save the Nazi regime from defeat.
Allied firebombing in Germany and Japan had caused massive devastation and civilian casualties, and atomic weapons were vastly more powerful than those used in firebombing.
German scientists such as Franck were critical to helping the United States develop nuclear weapons, and some of those scientists wanted the weapons used on Germany rather than Japan.
Some United States allies were largely unaware of the United States attempt to develop nuclear weapons.
Which of the following arguments would a supporter of using nuclear weapons against Japan have most likely cited to explain the limitations of Franck’s arguments in the first and second paragraphs?
The United States use of nuclear weapons against Japan might provoke the Soviet Union into becoming Japan’s ally.
Japanese government propaganda instilled fierce, suicidal nationalism in the Japanese population, making Japan unlikely to surrender unconditionally without experiencing the effects of nuclear weapons.
The United States use of nuclear weapons against Japan would likely force the United States into a prolonged occupation of Japan in order to ensure the economic redevelopment of the country.
Japanese military actions in the Pacific, though often brutal, did not justify the use of nuclear weapons against Japanese cities with large civilian populations.
Contemporaries who agreed with Franck’s argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their position?
New international organizations could have only a limited effect in restraining the actions of the great powers.
The peace agreements should ensure that Germany could never threaten the stability of Europe again.
The end of the war would probably lead to a new rivalry between the victorious states.
Mass atrocities committed during the war required that states possess sufficient armaments to defend themselves in future conflicts.
The declaration is an example of which of the following post-Second World War developments?
The creation of institutions to aid the economic development of newly independent nations
An increase in international migration in search of economic opportunities
The escalation of violence and proxy wars between countries during the Cold War
The efforts of international organizations to promote human rights
All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which would most directly support the claim in the first paragraph that “Scientists have reached general agreement in recognizing that mankind is one: that all men belong to the same species, Homo sapiens”?
The declaration was signed in Paris, and UNESCO was a specialized agency of the United Nations.
South Africa’s government withdrew from UNESCO soon after the declaration on race was adopted.
The declaration was signed by experts from many countries with racially and culturally diverse populations.
The adoption of the declaration contributed to debates in Western countries on the question of race.
After the Second World War, countries around the world did which of the following to restore the global economy?
Created the European Union to coordinate European economic aid to former colonies.
Developed a common economic aid package for African and Asian states.
Established new financial institutions, such as the World Bank.
Allowed the United Nations to take over failing national economies.
All of the following were policies pursued by both the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War EXCEPT
Reliance on military alliances for national security
Promotion of proxy wars in other states
Centralized planning of the national economy
Development of massive nuclear arsenals
POPULATION TABLE FOR SELECTED STATES, 1800–2000
|
State |
1800 |
1850 |
1900 |
1950 |
2000 |
|
Angola |
1,567,028 |
1,949,329 |
2,995,663 |
4,548,023 |
16,440,924 |
|
Argentina |
534,000 |
1,100,000 |
4,693,000 |
17,150,336 |
37,057,452 |
|
Brazil |
3,639,636 |
7,234,000 |
17,894,000 |
53,974,732 |
175,287,600 |
|
Saudi Arabia |
2,091,000 |
N/A |
N/A |
3,121,335 |
20,764,312 |
|
Zimbabwe |
1,085,814 |
1,346,417 |
1,911,594 |
2,746,852 |
12,222,251 |
The population trend shown in the table for sub-Saharan African states such as Angola and Zimbabwe in the period 1950–2000 most likely reflects which of the following?
Increased political stability
Increased wealth from the sale of natural resources
The greater availability of vaccines
The greater availability of financial assistance from international institutions
POPULATION TABLE FOR SELECTED STATES, 1800–2000
|
State |
1800 |
1850 |
1900 |
1950 |
2000 |
|
Angola |
1,567,028 |
1,949,329 |
2,995,663 |
4,548,023 |
16,440,924 |
|
Argentina |
534,000 |
1,100,000 |
4,693,000 |
17,150,336 |
37,057,452 |
|
Brazil |
3,639,636 |
7,234,000 |
17,894,000 |
53,974,732 |
175,287,600 |
|
Saudi Arabia |
2,091,000 |
N/A |
N/A |
3,121,335 |
20,764,312 |
|
Zimbabwe |
1,085,814 |
1,346,417 |
1,911,594 |
2,746,852 |
12,222,251 |
Which of the following most likely accounts for the extent of the population changes for Argentina, Brazil, and Saudi Arabia in the period 1950–2000 ?
The implementation of socialist economic policies
Religious restrictions on the use of birth control
The greater availability of vaccines
The introduction of desalination technologies from Western states
Which of the following was the most direct result of the attitude toward the environment reflected in the passage?
A push for new varieties of food crops resulting in the Green Revolution
Desertification and increased competition for natural resources
Implementation of government-led land collectivization policies
A rise in Cold War tensions between the Soviet Union and neighboring countries
Which of the following contributed most to the development of the process that Friedman labels Globalization 3.0?
The invention of the Internet and the increased availability of personal computers
The creation of multinational corporations and international stock markets
The United Nations’ adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The creation of supranational entities such as the European Union
The policies pursued by the Chinese government starting in the 1980s, which led to the economic situation reflected in the painting, are best seen as an example of which of the following late-twentieth-century trends?
Regional economic integration
Expansion of the welfare state
Economic isolationism
Economic liberalization
Based on the image and its historical context, which of the following can best be inferred about the artist’s primary purpose in creating the painting?
To celebrate Chinese people’s continued devotion to communist ideology and their rejection of capitalism
To offer an ironic commentary on the triumph of Western consumer culture in communist China
To support the suppression of dissident thought during the long rule of Mao Zedong
To make a plea for Westerners to develop a greater understanding of Chinese values
The global balance of power, alluded to on the map, best reflects which of the following changes in the mid-twentieth century?
The ability of the United States and the Soviet Union to develop economic policies that protected them from the worst effects of the Great Depression
The disintegration of imperial states such as the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires following the First World War
The military and economic decline of Western European colonial empires following the Second World War
The United States and Soviet Union’s control over international financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund
Based on the passage, FARC was most likely reacting against which of the following developments in the late twentieth century?
The increased international tensions as a result of the Cold War
The effects of the Green Revolution on genetically modified foods
The growth of transnational indigenous movements in South America
The extensive influence of global financial institutions on developing countries
The conditions described in the passage are best seen as a continuation of which of the following nineteenth-century developments?
Attempts to regulate immigration in developing countries
Increases in agricultural productivity contributing to population growth
Nationalist rebellions against monarchical rule
The practice of economic imperialism by industrialized states
The trend in Graph 1 most directly led to which of the following?
International efforts to help newly independent nations address air pollution in their major cities
Debates regarding the causes and extent of humanity’s contributions to climate change
Binding international commitments to break up the big multinational energy companies
The growing popularity of nuclear power as an alternative energy source
The overall trend in global carbon dioxide emissions as shown in Graph 1 was primarily caused by the
Increased use of petroleum and other fossil fuels
Destruction of rain forests and expansion of deserts
Development of genetically modified crops
Proliferation of nuclear weapons
Which of the following historical events best explains why, in the period 1990–2000, the trends in carbon dioxide production in the United States and in Russia diverge, as shown in Graph 2 ?
While the United States economy mostly continued to grow, Russia’s economy contracted following the collapse of the Soviet Union.
While the United States increased its dependency on fossil fuels, Russia relied more on nuclear energy.
While the United States experienced the benefits of the Green Revolution, Russia experienced a decline in agricultural production.
While the United States relied on imports of oil and gas, Russia remained largely self-sufficient in energy production.
The author’s point of view regarding the West was likely influenced by which of the following developments at the time he was writing?
The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the end of the Cold War
The growing strength of environmental protest movements
The outbreaks of ethnic violence in Africa and Eastern Europe
The spread of the liberation theology movement in Catholic Latin American states
The title of the article best suggests that the author is responding to the arguments of which of the following?
Postcolonial and anti-imperialist thinkers
Advocates for radical feminism
Neoliberal economists and advocates of free-trade policies
Supporters of conservative nationalism
All of the following contributed to the end of the political order depicted on the map EXCEPT
The expansion of United States military spending
The unsuccessful Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan
Continued economic weakness in the Soviet Union following Gorbachev’s reforms
Armed rebellions in Eastern European states against Soviet rule
Which of the following likely explains the political positions of most of the nonaligned Asian and African states shown on the map?
As former colonial territories, they were wary of being dominated by another foreign power.
As former large empires, they admired the territorial ambitions of the United States and the Soviet Union.
As states that had populations with deeply traditional values, they were uninterested in ideological debates between capitalists and communists.
As states with extensive natural resources, they wanted to grant free-trade privileges to all nations.
Which of the following most likely explains the Soviet Union’s motivation for being involved in the Congo as described in the passage?
It wanted to establish its own colonies to extract natural resources for its industrial factories.
It wanted to take advantage of a regional conflict to expand its military power and ideological influence.
It wanted to expand its economic power by establishing free-trade agreements with dependent states.
It wanted to promote greater stability in Third World countries by ending regional conflicts.
In order to achieve victory in China and Vietnam, Asian communists such as Mao Zedong and Ho Chi Minh did which of the following?
Relied on the leadership of educated urban elites and factory workers.
Retained key elements of Confucianism while deposing the traditional elites.
Gained the support of fascists in the Second World War to defeat local enemies.
Adapted their revolutionary theories to reflect the major concerns of the peasants.
Which of the following best explains how the historical situation in which Li Zhisui wrote his biography of Mao Zedong influenced Li’s assessment of the experience of the Great Leap Forward?
Writing in the United States years after the events he described, Li Zhisui is free to offer his honest opinion, without fear of retaliation from the Chinese government.
Writing a biography of his former national leader, Li Zhisui is trying to portray Mao’s policies from a loyal and sympathetic point of view.
Writing in the 1990s in the context of a deindustrializing United States economy, Li Zhisui is skeptical of the value of China becoming an industrial nation under Mao’s rule.
Writing many years after the events he describes, Li Zhisui likely misremembers many of the actual details of the experience of Chinese industrialization under Mao’s rule.
Which of the following best explains the significance of Li Zhisui presenting two contrasting views of the success of Mao’s industrialization policy in the second and third paragraphs?
By doing so, Li Zhisui is trying to show that Mao’s approach of copying Western methods of industrial production was finally proved to be a failure.
By doing so, Li Zhisui is trying to convince his audience that adopting Chinese agricultural methods was the only way to end the food shortages plaguing Third World countries.
By doing so, Li Zhisui is trying to illustrate the discrepancy between the reality of the resource redistribution policy and the facade communists created for propaganda purposes.
By doing so, Li Zhisui is trying to reject the Maoist argument that peasants can be used as substitutes for industrial workers in trying to increase a country’s economic output.
The partition of British India in 1947 created the new Muslim state of Pakistan and the predominantly Hindu state of India. The immediate result of the drawing of new geographic boundaries was
A lasting nuclear nonproliferation pact between the newly created states
Religious and ethnic violence that led to mass migrations and massacres
A peaceful transition to independence along the lines that Mohandas Gandhi, the nationalist and advocate of nonviolence, had envisioned
The peaceful annexation of Kashmir, a predominantly Muslim state, by Pakistan
Nationalist leaders in Africa and Asia, such as Ho Chi Minh (1890–1969), Jomo Kenyatta (1894–1978), and Kwame Nkrumah (1909–1972), had which of the following in common?
Defense of capitalism
Support for free-trade systems
Rejection of violent revolution
Opposition to colonial rule
Which of the following twentieth-century developments most directly weakened European colonial states and contributed to the changes between the two maps?
The decline of European economies during the Great Depression
Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia during the Second World War
Competition between Great Britain and France
The conquest of Spanish imperial territories by the United States
Li Zhisui’s description of the actions of the local party secretaries in the third paragraph is significant because it can be most directly used to explain the ways in which individuals within communist China reacted to the government’s
Use of propaganda that advocated for spreading communist revolution in Western societies
Implementation of cultural policies that attempted to suppress the practice of religion
Use of physical violence against anyone seen as not fulfilling the mandates of the central Chinese leadership
Glorification of peasant military contributions and suffering during the war with Japan
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