GLOBAL EMPIRES, c. 1750-1900 CE EXAM Spring 2023

A vibrant historical collage showcasing key events and figures from global empires, revolutions, and industrialization between 1750 and 1900, featuring maps, portraits of important leaders, and symbols of progress and struggle.

Global Empires Quiz: 1750-1900 CE

Test your knowledge on the major global empires and revolutions that shaped the world between 1750 and 1900 CE. This quiz challenges participants to engage with primary sources, historical contexts, and significant figures from this transformative era.

Join us to explore:

Influential movements for independence
Key figures in revolutions
Impact of industrialization and imperialism

55 Questions14 MinutesCreated by EngagingScholar482

“Liberty and justice consist of restoring all that belongs to others; thus, the only limits on the exercise of the natural rights of woman are perpetual male tyranny; these limits are to be reformed by the laws of nature and reason.”

Olympe de Gouges, French feminist, Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, 1791

The passage above is an example of which of the following processes occurring in the eighteenth century?

The emergence of nationalism

The formation of separatist movements

The application of Enlightenment ideas

The growth of empirical science

The North and South American independence movements of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries shared which of the following?

Limitation of civil rights to a minority of the population

Reliance on Christian teachings to define revolutionary demands

Industrial economies that permitted both areas to break free of European control

The desire of a majority of revolutionary leaders to create a politically united hemisphere

Political instability caused by constant warfare among the new states

“Americans today . . . Who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society no better than that of serfs destined for labor, or at best they have no more status than that of mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, or to store products which are royal monopolies, or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity, and the barriers between American provinces, designed to prevent all exchange of trade, traffic, and understanding.”

Simón Bolívar, Jamaica Letter, 1815

The quotation above best supports which of the following conclusions about the author’s motives for resistance to Spanish colonial rule in Latin America?

Bolívar opposed the use of Native Americans and Africans as forced laborers in Latin America.

Bolívar rejected Spanish mercantilist policies that restricted free trade in Latin America.

Bolívar was alarmed by the excessive consumerism in the Spanish empire.

Bolívar hoped to undo the effects of the columbian exchange.

“Americans . . . Who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society as mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, or to store products that are royal monopolies, or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this, add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity . . . In short, do you wish to know what our future held?–simply the cultivation of the fields of indigo, grain, coffee, sugarcane, cacao, and cotton; cattle raising on the broad plains; hunting wild game in the jungles; digging in the earth to mine its gold.”

Simón Bolívar, “Jamaica Letter,” 1815

Which of the following groups was Bolívar most trying to influence with this letter?

Mulatto shopkeepers

Plantation slaves

Amerindian miners

Creole elites

One important similarity between the American Revolution and the French Revolution is that they both

Challenged monarchical governments

Resulted in the abolition of slavery

Resulted in the abolition of class divisions in society

Enabled women to achieve political equality with men

In what way did the Haitian Revolution differ from the French Revolution?

The French Revolution was inspired by Enlightenment ideas while the Haitian Revolution was not.

The Haitian Revolution began because of unfair taxation by the French king.

The leaders of the Haitian Revolution came from a different social class than did the leaders of the French Revolution.

The leaders of the French Revolution wanted religious freedom while the leaders of the Haitian Revolution wanted equal representation.

Which of the following best describes the artist’s likely purpose in painting this particular subject?

To advocate for violent rebellion against British colonial authorities

To demonstrate the racial oppression suffered by free people of color in the West Indies

To argue for the respectability of free people of color

To call for greater emigration by Europeans to the West Indies

“Spirits of Moctezuma, Cuauhtémoc and other Aztec heroes, as once you celebrated that feast before being slaughtered by the treacherous sword of the Spanish conquistadors, so now celebrate this happy moment in which your sons have united to avenge the crimes and outrages committed against you, and to free themselves from the claws of [Spanish] tyranny and fanaticism. To the 12th of August 1521—the day that the chains of our serfdom were fastened—there now succeeds the 14th of September 1813—when these chains are broken forever.”

José María Morelos, Mexican Revolutionary, speech, 1813

Judging from the excerpt above, which of the following was the main purpose of Morelos’ speech?

To outline a plan for the long-term development of the new Mexican state

To oppose the claims of Mexican Creoles seeking to play a leading role in the new state

To offer a vision of Mexican history that could be used as a basis for nation building

To suggest that the establishment of the Mexican nation-state was proof of the superiority of the Aztecs

“We often see articles in our [Brazilian] newspapers trying to convince the reader that slavery among us is a very mild and pleasant condition for the slave—so often, in fact, that one may almost begin to believe that, if slaves were asked, they would prefer slavery to freedom. This only proves that newspaper articles are not written by slaves. . . .

The legal position of slaves in Brazil can be summed up in these words: the Constitution does not apply to them. Our [1824] Constitution is full of lofty ideas [such as]: ‘No citizen can be forced to do anything except as required by law;’ ‘The law shall apply equally to every person;’ ‘Whipping, torture, and all other cruel punishments are abolished,’ etc. Yet, in this ostensibly free nation . . . We must have, on a daily basis, judges, police, and, if need be, the army and navy employed to force enslaved men, women, and children to work night and day without any compensation. To admit this in the highest law of the land would reduce the list of Brazilian freedoms to a transparent fraud. For this reason the Constitution does not even mention slaves or attempt to regulate their status.”

Joaquim Nabuco, Brazilian writer and political activist, Abolitionism, book published 1883

Based on the provisions from the 1824 Constitution cited in the second paragraph, it can be inferred that

The government of Brazil had adopted Enlightenment political principles

Brazilian laws continued to be dictated from Portugal

Brazilian slaves were inspired to seek further rights by the example of the Haitian Revolution

In terms of granting political liberties to its citizens, Brazil was more progressive than most Latin American countries

Joaquim Nabuco, Brazilian writer and political activist, Abolitionism, book published 1883

As illustrated by the passage, which of the following best explains the persistence of slavery in some parts of the Americas into the late nineteenth century?

Urban middle-class families increasingly relied on the labor of slaves as more women joined the workforce.

Cash-crop plantation agriculture remained an important part of some nations’ economies.

Constitutions in the Americas continued to expressly deny citizens the legal rights that had long been established in Europe.

Railroads, steamships, and other technologies greatly facilitated new migration to the Americas.

By 1830 revolutions in the Atlantic world resulted in which of the following changes?

The political independence of colonies in both North and South America

The emancipation of slaves everywhere in the Atlantic world

Political and economic domination of the Western Hemisphere by the United States

The creation of a politically unified South America

Which of the following most directly explains the importance of improved agricultural productivity to the industrialization of economic production in western Europe in the period 1750–1900 ?

Because the nutritional quality of food greatly improved, more people were able to sustain the long working hours that factory labor required.

Because less labor was needed on farms, more people moved to urban areas to work in factories.

Because farmers needed less land to produce the same amount of food, they could build textile factories on the excess land.

Because greater quantities of food could be sold at higher prices, governments could tax farmers at higher rates and use those revenues to build factories.

“Eight hours’ daily labour is enough for any human being, and under proper arrangements sufficient to afford an ample supply of food, raiment and shelter, or the necessaries and comforts of life, and for the remainder of his time, every person is entitled to education, recreation and sleep.”

Robert Owen, British factory owner and reformer, 1833

The excerpt above emphasizes which of the following solutions to the exploitation of industrial laborers?

Radical changes to the socioeconomic structure of Europe

Abolition of the factory system and industrial wage labor

Free food, housing, and other necessities for factory workers

Sufficient wages for factory workers to live full, comfortable lives

The image best illustrates which factor that contributed to Great Britain’s increasing prominence as a global power in the nineteenth century?

Great Britain’s location on the Atlantic Ocean and its many waterways enabled it to import and export goods.

Agricultural innovations, such as crop rotation and higher-yielding seeds, increased British agricultural output, kept food prices low, and freed up labor from the countryside.

Great Britain’s rapidly growing population ensured a steady supply of industrial workers.

Great Britain’s access to foreign resources from colonized territories provided raw materials for manufacturing.

PERCENTAGES OF WORKERS EMPLOYED IN TEXTILE FACTORIES IN ENGLAND BY AGE AND GENDER, 1835–1867

Year	Children (8–12 years)	Women (13 years and over)	Men (13 years and over)
1835	15.9	47.3	37.7
1838	7.9	54.0	38.1
1847	7.9	54.9	37.2
1850	6.8	55.3	37.7
1856	7.7	56.2	36.1
1861	9.0	55.8	35.2
1867	10.0	56.1	33.8

Source: Data adapted from Clark Nardinelli, “Child Labor and the Factory Acts,” The Journal of Economic History, 40:4 (1980): 744.

The data were compiled by British government inspectors who reported their findings to the British Parliament.

The high proportion of women and children among the workers reflected in the table is best seen in the context of the

Low wages of workers in industrial societies

Resistance of older male workers to being displaced by younger workers

Persistence of guild regulations and other traditional restrictions on labor practices

Decrease in family size associated with greater income

PERCENTAGES OF WORKERS EMPLOYED IN TEXTILE FACTORIES IN ENGLAND BY AGE AND GENDER, 1835–1867

Year	Children (8–12 years)	Women (13 years and over)	Men (13 years and over)
1835	15.9	47.3	37.7
1838	7.9	54.0	38.1
1847	7.9	54.9	37.2
1850	6.8	55.3	37.7
1856	7.7	56.2	36.1
1861	9.0	55.8	35.2
1867	10.0	56.1	33.8

Source: Data adapted from Clark Nardinelli, “Child Labor and the Factory Acts,” The Journal of Economic History, 40:4 (1980): 744.

The data were compiled by British government inspectors who reported their findings to the British Parliament.

The data in the table best provide historical context to understand which of the following developments in mid-nineteenth-century Great Britain?

Pollution resulting from industrial manufacturing

The emergence of social reform movements

The development of better transportation infrastructure

The increasing demand for consumer goods

“By the end of the nineteenth century, Germany had advanced beyond Britain in terms of economic output. The prime reason for this development was that Germany developed newer industries, while Britain continued to stress textile production. Formerly an agricultural country, the German Empire has come to be regarded as one of the leading industrial nations of the world and, in the chemical industries, Germany has for some time occupied a leading place.

One of the most successful chemical and pharmaceutical firms in Germany is the Bayer company. Bayer employs 3,500 people alone at its plant in Leverkusen,* and the factory is so gigantic that all of these people are barely noticed when a visitor tours it. The laboratories are arranged very much in the same manner as the university laboratories in Britain. Each workstation receives a supply of electricity, compressed air, steam, and hot and cold water. The research chemists are paid a salary of about 100 British pounds for the first year. If a chemist has shown himself to be useful in his first year, he may receive a longer contract and may receive royalties on any processes that he invented.”

*a city located in west-central Germany near Cologne; until the development of the German chemical industry in the late nineteenth century, Leverkusen was a small rural community.

Harold Baron, British historian, book describing the chemical industry of Europe, published in 1909

The emergence of the German industries referred to in the passage is most directly explained by which of the following processes in the nineteenth century?

A The spread of new industrial technologies such as the internal combustion engine from the United States

The development of new methods of production during the second industrial revolution

The greater diversity of manufactured goods produced by industrial factories

The growing importance of using coal as fuel in industrial production

*a city located in west-central Germany near Cologne; until the development of the German chemical industry in the late nineteenth century, Leverkusen was a small rural community.

Harold Baron, British historian, book describing the chemical industry of Europe, published in 1909

Great Britain’s development of the industry referred to in the first paragraph during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is best explained by the fact that British factories were the first to

Use steam-powered machines for large-scale economic production

Use natural resources from colonies to create finished products

Use coerced labor for producing manufactured goods

Take advantage of mercantilist economic policies to protect themselves from foreign competition

Which of the following best explains the general increase in the living standards of industrial workers between 1800 and 1914 ?

Deficit-spending policies by governments in major industrial states

The implementation of strong protective tariffs

The increased supply of inexpensive consumer goods

Implementation of utopian socialist ideas in the organization of factory labor

The “second Industrial Revolution” in the last half of the nineteenth century was associated with the mass production of which of the following groups of products?

Textiles, iron, and coal

Textiles, automobiles, and plastics

Airplanes, ships, and radios

Electricity, automobiles, and airplanes

Electricity, steel, and chemicals

And God gave unto the Polish kings and knights freedom, that all might be brothers, both the richest and the poorest. The king and the men of knightly rank received into their brotherhood still more people…. And the number of brothers became as great as a nation, and in no nation were there so many people free and calling each other brothers as in Poland.”

Adam Mickiewicz, poem, 1832, about Polish uprisings against Russia in 1830 and 1831

The passage above best reflects which of the following?

Marxist critiques of unequal distribution of wealth

Discontent with government bureaucracy

Development of nationalism

Criticism of religion’s role in public life

“Without a revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement. The role of vanguard fighter can be fulfilled only by a party that is guided by the most advanced theory. We have said that there could not have been Social-Democratic consciousness among the workers. It could only be brought to them from without. The history of all countries shows that the working class, exclusively by its own effort, is able to develop only trade union consciousness, I.e., the conviction that it is necessary to combine in unions, fight the employers, and strive to compel the government to pass necessary labor legislation. The theory of socialism, however, grew out of the philosophic, historical, and economic theories elaborated by educated representatives of the propertied classes, the intellectuals. Our worst sin with regard to organization is that by our amateurishness we have lowered the prestige of revolutionaries in Russia.”

Vladimir Lenin, Russian exile in Switzerland, What Is to Be Done?, 1902

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, some governments responded to the growing popularity of ideas such as the ones expressed in the passage by doing which of the following?

Increasing the number of financial instruments available to help expand transnational businesses

Expanding colonial territories and increasing industrial production

Passing reforms designed to improve the conditions of industrial workers

Opening large sectors of the economy to foreign direct investment

Vladimir Lenin, Russian exile in Switzerland, What Is to Be Done?, 1902

The views expressed in the passage best illustrate which of the following processes?

The modification of the economic theories of Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill in European universities

The desire to retain preindustrial forms of economic production by many imperial governments

The formulation of alternative visions of society in response to the spread of global capitalism

The expansion of the middle classes in newly industrialized societiesThe expansion of the middle classes in newly industrialized societies

Which of the following facilitated the creation of European empires in Africa during the late nineteenth century?

Africans’ unified resistance to European intervention

Europeans’ desire to develop industry in Africa

Europeans’ use of both warfare and diplomacy

Africans’ widespread acceptance of European laws

Before 1870, the European presence in Africa was characterized primarily by

Military conquests of large territories administered as military states

Intense colonization and settlement of large areas

Active international interaction through trade and diplomacy

Coastal enclaves for trade and a few settlements

Frequent coastal raids along with racial segregation imposed on conquered peoples

“Let us take North America, for instance, and the richest portion of it—the Mississippi basin—to compare with the Congo River basin in Africa. When early explorers such as de Soto first navigated the Mississippi and the Indians were the undisputed masters of that enormous river basin, the European spirit of enterprise would have found only a few valuable products there—mainly some furs and timber.

The Congo River basin is, however, much more promising at the stage of underdevelopment. The forests on the banks of the Congo are filled with precious hardwoods; among the climbing vines in the forest is the one from which rubber is produced (the best of which sells for two shillings per pound), and among its palms are some whose oil is a staple article of commerce and others whose fibers make the best cordage.

But what is of far more value, the Congo River basin has over 40 million moderately industrious and workable people. It is among them that the European trader may fix his residence for years and develop commerce to his profit with very little risks involved. In dwelling over the advantages possessed by the Congo here, it has been my goal to rouse this spirit of trade. I do not wish to see the area become a place where poor migrants from Europe would settle. There are over 40 million natives here who are poor and degraded already merely because they are surrounded on all sides by hostile forces of nature and man, denying them contact with the civilizational elements that might have ameliorated the unhappiness of their condition. If you were to plant European pauperism amongst them, it would soon degenerate to the low level of native African pauperism. Instead, the man who is wanted is the enterprising merchant who receives the raw produce from the native in exchange for the finished product of the manufacturer’s loom. It is the merchant who can direct and teach the African pauper what to gather in the multitude of things around him. Merchants are the missionaries of commerce adapted for nowhere so well as for the Congo River basin where there are so many idle hands and such abundant opportunities.”

Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh-American journalist, explorer, and agent for King Leopold of Belgium’s Congo Free State, The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State, book published in 1885

Stanley’s description of the riches of the Congo in the first two paragraphs can best be seen as an attempt to

Place European expansion in the Congo in the context of earlier imperial ventures that had ended in disaster for the native population of the colonized country

Place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other instances in which inter-European rivalries had prevented the successful economic exploitation of colonial territories

Place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other imperial ventures that had seemed difficult at first but have subsequently turned out to be highly valuable

Place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other instances in which British imperial policies had been proven to be more successful than the policies of other European countries

Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh-American journalist, explorer, and agent for King Leopold of Belgium’s Congo Free State, The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State, book published in 1885

The commodities listed by Stanley in the second paragraph can best be understood in the context of

Europeans’ need for resources to be used in industrial production

Raw materials that could be used in African manufacturing centers

Crops that could be cultivated on plantations and industrial farms by European settlers

Products that would be most suited for export to the Mississippi region of North America

Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh-American journalist, explorer, and agent for King Leopold of Belgium’s Congo Free State, The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State, book published in 1885

Based on the third paragraph, Stanley’s vision of the future of the Congo River basin can best be seen as part of which of the following late-nineteenth-century developments?

Settler imperialism

The view of imperialism as the “White Man’s Burden”

Economic imperialism

The belief that imperialism should be spearheaded by religious missionaries

“The Crimea!* Once a flourishing and wealthy colony of ancient Greeks, a trade hub for Venetians and Genoese, a center of sciences and the arts! In time, however, it fell to the Mongols, became a haven for robbers, and, under the crescent flag of Islam, began to be a place where Christians were persecuted. Despite being rich in natural resources and blessed by a favorable geographical location and a mild climate, the peninsula grew poor, lost its significance, and became a threatening neighbor to the Christian kingdoms of the Caucasus, to Poland, and especially to Russia.

But one hundred years ago, in its forward march to the south, to its natural borders, reclaiming the right to its ancient lands, our empire took possession of the Crimea and restored it to its ancient state of enlightenment and peace. In the past one hundred years, many cities in the European style were built, ports were opened, good roads were constructed and, most importantly, numerous educational institutions were established that spread the light of knowledge and science among the Muslim Crimean Tatars who, until now, had dwelled in ignorance. In Crimea arrived the happiest of days!”

*A peninsula on the northern shore of the Black Sea; the Crimea was ruled by a native Muslim dynasty subordinate to the Ottoman Empire until 1783, when it was annexed by Russia.

A. Ivanov, Russian writer, A Century Since the Integration of the Crimea into Russia, book published in Russia in 1883

The expansion of the Russian Empire in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is primarily explained in the context of which of the following global developments?

European states using their control over maritime trade routes to impoverish non-European societies

European states using joint-stock companies to expand their economic and political dominance over non-European societies

European states taking advantage of religious conflicts in non-European societies to expand their influence

European states acquiring growing technological and military advantages over non-European societies to expand their power

*A peninsula on the northern shore of the Black Sea; the Crimea was ruled by a native Muslim dynasty subordinate to the Ottoman Empire until 1783, when it was annexed by Russia.

A. Ivanov, Russian writer, A Century Since the Integration of the Crimea into Russia, book published in Russia in 1883

In its description of the condition of the Crimean Tatars, the second paragraph most directly provides evidence of the influence of which of the following?

Laissez-faire liberalism

The ideology of nationalism

The concept of the civilizing mission

The racial theory of Social Darwinism

CHARLES GUSTAVE SPITZ, FRENCH PHOTOGRAPHER, CELEBRATING BASTILLE DAY* IN TAHITI,** PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN FOR PUBLICATION IN THE FRENCH PRESS, 1889

The figure shows a photograph labeled “Charles Gustave Spitz, French Photographer, Celebrating Bastille Day in Tahiti, Photograph taken for Publication in the French Press, 1889.” The photograph shows rows of Tahitian men and women dressed in Western clothing, while some in the front of the photograph wear traditional Tahitian ceremonial headdresses.

Mark and Carolyn Blackburn Collection of Polynesian Art/Bridgeman Images

*French national holiday celebrating the 1789 French Revolution

**French colonial territory in Polynesia, the South Pacific

Which of the following best describes the likely purpose of the photograph?

To document the changes in Polynesian political hierarchies and gender roles brought about by imperialism

To illustrate the photographer’s belief that Tahitians were racially inferior to Europeans

To record the rapidly vanishing customs and institutions of native Polynesians

To reassure the French public of the civilizing effects of colonial rule and the loyalty of colonial populations

“The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal.”

Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900

The founding of “the Australian nation,” as alluded to in the passage, was part of which of the following processes?

The creation of mercantilist empires to extract natural resources

European states’ establishment of settler colonies

European companies’ establishment of overseas trading posts

Japan’s creation of its own empire in Asia

Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900

Based on the passage, the author would most likely have agreed with which of the following statements?

Britain’s founding of Australia followed God’s command to convert non-Whites.

All peoples of the world have the right to determine their own government.

Britain had contributed to human progress by taking over new colonies in Africa.

Nations go to war with each other mainly to gain precious metals.

Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900

Pearson’s argument in the passage is most clearly representative of which of the following ideologies?

Free-market capitalism

Marxism

Mercantilism

Social Darwinism

“We have heard that in your own country opium is prohibited with the utmost strictness and severity — this is a strong proof that you know full well how hurtful opium is to humans. Since you do not permit it to injure your own country, you ought not to have the injurious drug transferred to another country, and above all other, not to China!”

Qing government commissioner Lin Zexu to Queen Victoria of Great Britain, 1839

In the passage above, Lin Zexu is asking that the British do which of the following?

Provide treatment for opium addicts in China

Ban the sale of opium by British merchants in China

Prevent all foreign trade from entering China

End the concessions made to Britain during the Opium Wars

“The misfortunes and decline of this country [Bengal, a region in eastern India] began on the day of the Muslim conquest. Just as a storm wreaks destruction and disorder upon a garden, so did the unscrupulous and tyrannical Muslims destroy the happiness and good fortune of Bengal. Ravaged by endless waves of oppression, the people of Bengal became withdrawn and timid. Hinduism, our native religion, also took distorted forms.

But there are limits to everything. When the oppressions of the Muslims became intolerable, Brahma, the Lord of the Universe, provided a means of escape. The resumption of Bengal’s good fortune began on the day the British flag was first planted on this land. Tell me, if Muslim rule had continued, what would the condition of this country have been today? It must be loudly declared that it is to bless us that the Lord Brahma has brought the English to this country. British rule has ended the atrocities of Muslim rule. There can be no comparison between the two: the difference seems to be greater than that between darkness and light or between misery and bliss.”

Bholanath Chakravarti, Bengali religious scholar, lecture at a meeting of a Hindu reformist society, Kolkata, India, 1876

The author’s political point of view can be most clearly seen in the way in which the passage

Neglects to mention that South Asian migrants were a key source of labor for Western transnational corporations

Disparages the development of contemporary Hinduism

Omits any mention of the economic exploitation and resource extraction practiced by the British in India

Attributes historical events to divine intervention

Bholanath Chakravarti, Bengali religious scholar, lecture at a meeting of a Hindu reformist society, Kolkata, India, 1876

The arguments expressed in the passage are significant because they help explain why

Social divisions within colonial societies often hindered the efforts of anticolonial movements to overthrow imperial rule

Syncretic religious movements frequently emerged from cultural differences in colonial societies

Settler colonies frequently exacerbated differences between religious groups in colonial societies

Bholanath Chakravarti, Bengali religious scholar, lecture at a meeting of a Hindu reformist society, Kolkata, India, 1876

A historian analyzing the lecture would most likely argue that the audience of Chakravarti’s lecture is significant because it shows the most direct contrast with which of the following developments in the nineteenth century?

Religious differences in colonial societies often led to communal violence.

Imperial states often granted preference to religious groups that they felt were less of a threat to their power.

Religious movements often inspired rebellions against imperial rule.

Imperial governments often consulted local religious leaders before issuing important decrees.

PHOTOGRAPH OF A FRENCH SCHOOL IN ALGIERS, INCLUDED IN A FRENCH GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION SHOWING SCENES FROM COLONIAL ALGERIA, 1857

The figure presents a photograph of students and teachers inside a French school in Algiers in 1857. In the photograph, there are two white French men who are teaching a group of Algerian children. The children are wearing traditional clothing, and are seated xxon a rug xxon the floor with their shoes off. Behind the children, there are two Algerian adults who are seated in chairs with their shoes off. They are also wearing traditional Algerian clothing.

Private Collection / Archives Charmet / Bridgeman Images

The title of the photograph is “French Arab School in Algiers Under the Supervision of the Colonial Arab Bureau, Class Taught by Monsieur Depielle.” The writing on the chalkboard reads: “My children, love France, your new homeland.”

The photograph best illustrates which of the following aspects of European colonial policies in nineteenth-century Africa?

European states attempting to encourage colonial populations to emigrate

European states attempting to spread Christianity among colonial populations

European states imposing democratic systems of government in order to prepare colonial populations for self-rule

European states imposing their culture in an attempt to spread their values among colonial populations

In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Social Darwinists made which of the following arguments?

All people should be treated equally.

Human evolution had reached the point where competition was no longer necessary.

Theories of natural selection could be applied to nations, races, and social classes.

Interracial marriage should be encouraged.

INDENTURED AND POST-INDENTURED WORKERS FROM INDIA EMPLOYED ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS ON THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD, BRITISH CARIBBEAN, 1854–1910

YEAR	Column A :Indian Indentured Workers on Sugar Plantations in Trinidad		Column B :Indian Workers Whose Five-Year Indenture Terms Had Ended, But Who Continued to Work on Sugar Plantations in Trinidad
	MALE	FEMALE	MALE	FEMALE
1854	3,902	675	-	-
1864	7,445	2,342	1,577	603
1874	7,770	3,340	3,743	1,630
1879	6,639	2,612	3,861	2,116
1890	7,252	2,708	5,160	2,718
1910	8,246	2,708	6,953	3,657

Source: Data adapted from Sumita Chatterjee “Indian women’s lives and labor: the indentureship experience inTrinidad and Guyana, 1845–1917.” (1997). Doctoral Dissertations 1896–February 2014. 1251.Accessed at http://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/1251.

Which of the following processes in the nineteenth century most directly created the economic needs filled by Indian indentured servants in the Caribbean?

The growth of Great Britain’s textile manufacturing sector as part of the first Industrial Revolution

The shift from East India Company rule to direct British imperial rule in India

The abolition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and of slavery in British colonies

The success of the Latin American revolutions in establishing independent republics in former Spanish American colonies

INDENTURED AND POST-INDENTURED WORKERS FROM INDIA EMPLOYED ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS ON THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD, BRITISH CARIBBEAN, 1854–1910

YEAR	Column A :Indian Indentured Workers on Sugar Plantations in Trinidad		Column B :Indian Workers Whose Five-Year Indenture Terms Had Ended, But Who Continued to Work on Sugar Plantations in Trinidad
	MALE	FEMALE	MALE	FEMALE
1854	3,902	675	-	-
1864	7,445	2,342	1,577	603
1874	7,770	3,340	3,743	1,630
1879	6,639	2,612	3,861	2,116
1890	7,252	2,708	5,160	2,718
1910	8,246	2,708	6,953	3,657

The table indicates that Indian labor migration to Trinidad in the mid- to late nineteenth century shared which of the following patterns with global migration processes in the same period?

Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general involved mostly coerced or semicoerced labor.

Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general resulted in migrants establishing ethnic enclaves in increasingly cosmopolitan cities.

Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general involved migrants who were mostly male.

Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general resulted in receiving societies’ governments passing discriminatory anti-immigrant legislation.

In the Japanese print above of the war between China and Japan (1894-1895), the artist suggests that the

Chinese were brave and honorable opponents

Japanese fought by using time-honored samurai tactics and weapons

Japanese showed their mastery of Western technology, dress and military bearing

Chinese actively sought foreign help against the Japanese

“I have longed to make the acquaintance of a ‘modern girl,’ that proud, independent girl who has all my sympathy! I do not belong to the Indian world, but to that of my sisters who are struggling forward in the distant West. If the laws of my land permitted it, I would be like the new woman in Europe; but age-long traditions that cannot be broken hold us back. Someday those traditions will loosen and let us go, but it may be three, four generations after us. Oh, you do not know what it is to love this young, new age with heart and soul, and yet to be bound hand and foot, chained by all the laws, customs, and conventions of one’s land. All our institutions are directly opposed to the progress for which I so long for the sake of our people. Day and night I wonder by what means our ancient traditions could be overcome. But it was not the voices alone which reached me from that distant, bright, new-born Europe, which made me long for a change in existing conditions for women. Even in my childhood, the word ‘emancipation’ enchanted my ears and awakened in me an ever-growing longing for freedom and independence—a longing to stand alone.”

Raden Adjeng Kartini, Javanese noblewoman in Dutch Indonesia, letter to a friend, Java, 1899

Which of the following best explains Kartini’s familiarity with the ideas regarding social roles that she discusses in her letter?

The expansion of public education systems as governments increasingly centralized

The spread of Enlightenment thought as empires consolidated control over their territories

The development of new mass media technologies such as radio

The increasing overseas migration of Asians as laborers in European colonies

Raden Adjeng Kartini, Javanese noblewoman in Dutch Indonesia, letter to a friend, Java, 1899

Based on the letter, Kartini’s views were most similar to the views espoused by members of which of the following movements?

The socialist movement

The early feminist movement

The abolitionist movement

The anti-imperialist movement

“Italy has 108 inhabitants per square kilometer. In proportion to its territory, only three countries in Europe surpass Italy in population density: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Great Britain. Every year, 100,000 farmers and agricultural laborers emigrate from Italy. Italy witnesses its place in the family of civilized nations growing smaller and smaller as it looks on with fear for its political and economic future. In fact, during the last eighty years the English-speaking population throughout the world has risen from 22 to 90 million; the Russian-speaking population from 50 to 70; and so forth, down to the Spanish population who were 18 million and are now 39. On the other hand, the Italian-speaking population has only increased from 20 to 31 million. At first, our emigrants were spreading Italy’s language in foreign countries, but since then, their sons and grandsons ended up forgetting the language of their fathers and forefathers.

Realizing that our mistakes have cost us so much in the past and continue to cost us today, I believe that it is less secure and more expensive for our people to continue to try to eke out a living from barren land in Italy than to establish a large and prosperous agricultural colony in Eritrea.*”

*an Italian colonial territory in northeast Africa

Ferdinando Martini, governor of the Italian colony of Eritrea, Concerning Africa, 1897

Italian and German imperial presence in Africa were similar in that both countries

Saw African colonies as secondary to their interests in Asia

Were newly unified nations that began colonizing later than other European powers

Primarily used their colonies in Africa to spread Christianity

Invested heavily in African infrastructure and economic development

*an Italian colonial territory in northeast Africa

Ferdinando Martini, governor of the Italian colony of Eritrea, Concerning Africa, 1897

Martini’s argument in the second paragraph most clearly refers to the late-nineteenth-century belief that imperialism was a useful way to

Relieve overcrowding and land shortages in European countries

Secure raw materials for European factories

Promote scientific and technological progress

�civilize” native populations through social change

“All the world knows that since the first days of the Ottoman state, the lofty principles of the Qur’an and the rules of the Shari‘a were always perfectly preserved. Our mighty sultanate reached the highest degree of strength and power, and all its subjects reached the highest degree of ease and prosperity. But in the last one hundred and fifty years, because of a succession of difficult and diverse causes, the sacred Shari‘a was not obeyed nor were the beneficent regulations followed; consequently, the empire’s former strength and prosperity have changed into weakness and poverty. It is evident that countries not governed by the Shari‘a cannot survive.

Full of confidence in the help of the God, and certain of the support of our Prophet, we deem it necessary and important from now on to introduce new legislation in order to achieve effective administration of the Ottoman government and provinces.”

Mustafa Reshid Pasha, Ottoman Foreign Minister, imperial decree announcing the Tanzimat reforms, 1839

A historian interpreting the decree would best understand the purpose of the “new legislation” referred to in the second paragraph as an attempt to

Establish the Ottoman Empire as a European power by conquering territory in southern Europe

Establish Ottoman colonies in sub-Saharan Africa to extract natural resources for factories

Allow the Ottoman government to reconquer territories lost to the Safavid and Mughal empires

Allow the Ottoman government to compete against industrializing European powers

Mustafa Reshid Pasha, Ottoman Foreign Minister, imperial decree announcing the Tanzimat reforms, 1839

The decree’s references to following the rules of Shari‘a would best be interpreted as an attempt to appeal to

Members of the Ottoman military establishment who supported the dissolution of elite units such as the Janissaries

Christian and Jewish merchants within Ottoman society who sought to benefit from economic liberalization

Sunni religious elites within the Ottoman government who opposed modernization

Shi‘a communities in the Ottoman Empire that wanted a democratic Islamic republic

Mustafa Reshid Pasha, Ottoman Foreign Minister, imperial decree announcing the Tanzimat reforms, 1839

The decree’s statement regarding the change in the situation of the Ottoman Empire, as described in the first paragraph, is a viewpoint that would most likely have been shared by members of which of the following governments in the nineteenth century?

The Russian Empire in the aftermath of its victory in the Napoleonic War

The Qing Empire in the aftermath of the signing of the unequal treaties

The Japanese Empire in the immediate aftermath of the Sino-Japanese War

The Mughal Empire in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion against the British

Which of the following was a major reason for the decline in India’s share of the global manufacture of cotton textiles by the end of the nineteenth century?

Climate change that significantly altered the growing season

Disruption of production from disputes with labor unions

Competition from industrially produced British textiles

Religious opposition to capitalist modes of production

“In the past, at the end of the Han, Tang, Yuan, and Ming dynasties, bands of rebels were innumerable, all because of foolish rulers and misgovernment, so that none of these rebellions could be stamped out. But today [the emperor] is deeply concerned and examines his character in order to reform himself, worships Heaven, and is sympathetic to the people. He has not increased the land tax, nor has he conscripted soldiers from households. . . . It does not require any great wisdom to see that sooner or later the [Taiping] bandits will all be destroyed.”

Zeng Guofan, Qing dynasty Chinese official, proclamation against the Taiping rebels, 1854

Zeng Guofan’s analysis of the situation in China in 1854 was likely influenced by which of the following?

The Daoist notion of being in harmony with nature

The absolutist notion of the divine right of kings

The Buddhist notion of avoiding violence against any living thing

The Confucian notion of the dynastic cycle

Zeng Guofan, Qing dynasty Chinese official, proclamation against the Taiping rebels, 1854

In the passage above, Zeng Guofan’s purpose in listing the policies of the current Qing emperor is most likely to

Demonstrate the similarity between the damage done by the Taiping rebellion to the Qing Empire and the damage done by earlier rebellions to other Chinese dynasties

Mobilize popular support by showing that the Taiping rebellion does not represent a legitimate challenge to Qing rule

Warn that the Qing policies of keeping taxes low and avoiding conscription might come to an end if the Taiping rebellion succeeds

Argue that the emperor’s personal piety and benevolent rule prove that he accepts the validity of the Taiping rebels’ grievances

“The [Qing] government sponsored a number of projects designed to bolster the navy. The idea was to adopt Western technology but not the values and philosophies that produced it—China would learn from the West, equal it, and then surpass it.”

Haiwang Yuan, editor, historian, This is China: The First 5,000 Years, 2010

The philosophy behind the late-nineteenth-century Chinese policy mentioned above was part of which of the following?

The increase in millenarian movements in the nineteenth century

The Chinese government’s embrace of procolonial policies

The Chinese government’s attempt to reform the economy through self-strengthening

The increasing popularity of Communist thought in China

Based on an analysis of the Japanese currency used during the Meiji period (1868—1912) shown above, which of the following is the primary message conveyed by the engraving?

The Japanese government considered its geographical proximity to China to be of primary importance.

The Japanese government focused its expansionist policy on Australia and New Zealand.

The Japanese government saw itself as a major Pacific power.

The Japanese government was eager to develop trade ties with the United States.

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