Exam 3 practice
Gastrointestinal and Reproductive System Quiz
Test your knowledge on the intricacies of the human gastrointestinal and reproductive systems with this comprehensive quiz. It covers a range of topics, from cellular fun
Challenge yourself with questions like:
- Which secretory cells in the gastric glands produce pepsinogen?
- What are the changes a woman experiences during menopause?
- How does ADH secretion affect sodium concentration in blood plasma?
Of the 5 types of secretory cells in the gastric glands, which ones secrete pepsinogen?
Chief cells
Enteroendocrine cells
Mucous neck cells
Surface mucous cells
Which of the following is the correct sequence of regions of the small intestine, from beginning to end
Duodenum- jejunum- ileum
Jejunum-duodenum-ileum
Ileum-duodenum-jejunum
Duodenum-ileum-jejunum
Where are spermatozoa stored until they are fully mature
Epididymis
Seminiferous tubules
Efferent ductules
Rete testis
When compared to extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid contains
More potassium but fewer negatively charged proteins
Less potassium but more negatively charged proteins
More potassium and more negatively charged proteins
Less potassium and less negatively charged proteins
When comparing gamete production in males and females, males produce
Fewer gametes that are larger in size
More gametes that are smaller in size
Fewer gametes that are smaller in size
More gametes that are larger in size
The gonads
Are the male testes and female ovaries
Are dormant until puberty
Produce gametes
Secrete sex hormones
All of these things
Puberty is initiated when a region of the brain begins secreting
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Estrogen or testosterone
An enzyme found within saliva is salivary
Protease
Pepsin
Pancreatase
Amylase
Lysozyme within saliva primary functions to
Initiate the chemical breakdown of starch
Moisten and disperse food
Wash materials off teeth
Inhibit bacterial growth
Renal failure would likely lead to
Hypertonic ascites
Volume excess
Hypotonicity
Volume depletion
Diabetes mellitus, profuse sweating, and hypo secretion of ADH can each lead to
Overhydration
Dehydration
Volume excess
Hypotonic plasma
When an individual is exposed to cold temperatures, total metabolic rate
Remains constant
Increases
Decreases
Frostbite results from peripheral (this) due to exposure to cold temperatures
Vasodilation
Vasoconstriction
Which duct transports bile to and from the gallbladder
Hepatic duct
Pancreatic duct
Cystic duct
Common bile duct
Pepsinogen is an
Inactive precursor to the enzyme pepsin that digests proteins in the stomach
Active enzyme that is released in the small intestine and digests carbohydrates
Active enzyme that digests proteins within the small intestine
Inactive precursor to a nonspecific enzyme that is synthesized in the pancreas and released in the small intestine
The molecule HCl is an example of a(n)
Base
Electrolyte
Nonelectrolyte
The hormone ANP
Increases urine output and decreases blood volume
Decreases urine output and increases blood volume
Decreases urine output and decreases blood volume
Increases urine output and increases blood volume
The most abundant cation within cells is
Chloride
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
How are sodium levels and blood pressure related
Increased plasma sodium levels decrease water retention, decrease blood volume, and increase blood pressure
Decreased plasma sodium levels increase water retention, increase blood volume, and decrease blood pressure
Increased plasma sodium levels increase water retention, blood volume, and blood pressure
Decreased plasma sodium levels decrease water retention, increase blood volume, and increase blood pressure
What structure forms from the remnants of the follicle following ovulation
Corona radiata
Corpus luteum
Antrum
Corpus albicans
Throughout childhood, primary oocytes are arrested in
Anaphase I
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Prophase II
Which of the following is considered to be one of the primary digestive system hormones?
Gastrin
Hydrochloric acid
Pancreatic amylase
Bile
Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to release antidiuretic hormone
True
False
An individual who consumes many antacids for stomach upset and many diuretics for high blood pressure will be at risk for metabolic
Acidosis
Alkalosis
Increases in the secretion of the hormone ADH cause sodium concentration in the blood plasma to
Increase
Decrease
No change
The stimuli that trigger the release of ADH are
Low blood pressure, low blood volume, and low blood osmolarity
High blood pressure, high blood volume, and high blood osmolarity
Low blood pressure, high blood volume, and high blood osmolarity
Low blood pressure, low blood volume, and high blood osmolarity
Which gland secretes a fluid containing fructose
Vestibular gland
Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Urethral gland
The changes that occur in a woman's body at menopause are due to
Fluid retention that disrupts the osmotic balance of the body
Depletion of the oocyte supply
Atrophy of the thermoregulatory center of the hypothalamus
Reduced levels of estrogen and progesterone
"segmentation" within the small intestine refers to the
Propulsion of material between the segments of the GI tract
Division of function between the different segments of the small intestine
Back and forth motion that mixes chyme with glandular secretions
Gastroileal reflex that moves materials from the stomach to the large intestine
What is the primary function of the large intestine
Storage of vitamins and minerals
Protein digestion and nutrient absorption
Water and electrolyte absorption
Secretion of water, salts, sodium bicarbonate, and enzymes
The enzyme pepsin becomes active when pH is
High
Low
What is the correct order for the phases of the ovarian cycle, beginning with day 1
Follicular, ovulation, luteal
Ovulation, follicular, luteal
Follicular, luteal, ovulation
Ovulation, luteal, follicular
Ovulation is induced by a peak in the secretion of
Progesterone
Inhibin
Estrogen
LH
A nonessential amino acid is one that
Can be made within the body
Needs to come from the diet
Has the same structure as one of the other amino acids
Is not used in any physiological functions
Vitamins A, D, E, and K are
Fat-soluble
Water soluble
Inorganic ions such as sodium and potassium are
Vitamins
Essential amino acs
Minerals
Electrolytes
Triglycerides and steroids are both examples of
Essential amino acids
Nonessential amino acids
Lipids
Proteins
MyPlate depicts fruits and vegetables occupying (this) of the plate
Nine-tenths
One-fourth
One-tenth
One-half
During the absorptive state, insulin release is
Inhibited
Stimulated
Insulin causes adipose tissue to
Stimulate both lipolysis and lipogenesis
Inhibit lipolysis and stimulate lipogenesis
Stimulate lipolysis and gluconeogenesis
Breakdance
At which stage of life is the percentage of fluid in the human body highest
Middle age
Infancy
Childhood
Advanced age
A comparison of the two major body fluid compartments reveals that
Half of the total fluid is within our cells and half outside
2/3 of the total fluid is outside our cells and 1/3 inside
6/7 of the total fluid is within our cells and 1/7 outside
2/3 of the total fluid is within our cells and 1/3 is outside
Which is not a function of the digestive system
Micturition
Ingestion
Elimination
Secretion
Which organ is not part of the gastrointestinal tract
Large intestine
Oral cavity
Stomach
Liver
An organ that helps break down food but is not part of the tube through which the food passes is referred to as
Chemically digesting organ
Accessory digestive organ
Organ of mastication
Diffuse ingestive structure
The initial site of both mechanical and chemical digestion is the
Stomach
Small intestine
Oral cavity
Esophogus
Protein is a macronutrient
True
False
Glycolysis requires oxygen
True
False
Which step in cellular respiration produces the most ATP
Electron transport system
Citric acid cycle
Glycolysis
Intermediate stage
Disaccharides are one type of
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Triglyceride
Essential amino acid
Drinking a liter of water will cause the osmolarity of blood plasma to
Increase
Decrease
If someone runs a marathon through a deer while eating pretzels and not drinking water, their plasma osmolarity
Decreases and becomes hypertonic
Increases and becomes hypotonic
Decreases and becomes hypotonic
Increases and becomes hypertonic
Water lost through feces is considered (this) water loss
Insensible, facilitative
Sensible, obligatory
Sensible, facilitative
Insensible, obligatory
The finger like structures of the placenta that form from its fetal portion are known as
Amniotic villi
Chorionic villi
Amniotic stalks
Chorionic stalks
The second trimester of a pregnancy includes months
2-5
4-6
5-7
5-9
Shortly after birth, the foramen oval of the fetal heart ceases to function as an open pathway for blood
True
False
Renal compensation for acidosis results in
Urine with a high pH and an elevation of blood bicarbonate levels
Urine with a high pH and a decline of blood bicarbonate levels
Urine with a low pH and an elevation of blood bicarbonate levels
Urine with a low pH and a decline of blood bicarbonate levels
To compensate for metabolic acidosis, the respiratory system increases breathing rate, which lowers the partial pressure of carbon dioxide below normal levels
True
False
Vitamin C is a
Fat-soluble, essential vitamin
Fat-soluble, nonessential vitamin
Water soluble, essential vitamin
Water soluble, nonessential vitamin
A deficiency in vitamin (this) may lead to bleeding problems
A
D
E
K
If a fatty meal has been ingested, the liver and gallbladder need to be alerted about the need for bile. The receptors that are responsible for sensing the fat in the ingested food are referred to as
Mechanoreceptors
Osmodetectors
Chemoreceptors
Bilireceptors
Which is not true about spermatogenesis
The process includes two meiotic division
Mature spermatozoa are haploid
Spermatogenesis begins at birth and continues throughout a mans life
The final stage of the process is called spermiogenesis
The acrosome cap contains
Buffers to neutralize the acidity of the female reproductive tract
Enzymes to allow penetration into the oocyte
Mitochondria to provide energy for movement
Nutrients to sustain the sperm
What is the substance secreted by the G cells of the gastric glands
Pepsinogen
Hydrochloric acid
Mucus
Gastrin
What is the order of the tonic of the GI tract wall in order from deep to superficial: 1: tunica muscular 2: submucosa 3: serosa 4: mucosa
4 2 1 3
1 2 3 4
4 3 2 1
3 2 1 4
Which of the following is NOT part of the biliary apparatus
Transverse bile duct
Common bile duct
Common hepatic duct
Cystic duct
Fimbraie
Are extensions of the ovarian ligament
Line the uterine tube
Are fingerlike projections at the opening of the uterine tube
Are sloughed off during menstruation
The myometrium of the uterus is composed of
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Loose connective tissue
Fibrous connective tissue
Mastication is a process that facilitates
Propulsion of materials through the intestine, and it involves simultaneous secretion of enzymes
Mixing of food within the stomach, and it occurs with simultaneous hormone secretion there
Absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream, and it involves carrier proteins in the epithelium
Swallowing of food, and it increases the surface area of the food for exposure to enzymes
Late one night, you start snacking on saltine crackers. After chewing on a starchy morsel for a few minutes, you begin to notice a sweet taste in your mouth. What accounts for this
Sweet taste receptors are the slowest to respond
Esophageal reflux
Salivary amylase activity
Activity of bacteria in the mouth lowers the pH
Which of the following is the neck of the uterus that projects into the vagina
Cervix
Ampulla
Body
Fondus
After ovulation, the oocyte
Waits passively for a sperm to penetrate
Releases negative ions that create an electrical gradient that all sperm swim towards
Releases chemotaxic signals to attract sperm to the location
Propels itself toward seminal fluid by calcium-dependent kinesis
Cleavage occurs during
The fetal period
The pre-embroynic period
Organogenesis
The embryonic period
If someone begins to hyperventilate due to anxiety, the CO2 concentration in their blood has
No change
An increase
A decrease
If a physiologic condition resulted in blood pH reaching 7.2, but then physiological buffering systems brought the pH to 7.4, that increase in pH would be called
Acidosis
Alkalosis
Compensation
Partial noncompensation
As an individual becomes dehydrated, the net movement of fluid in their body is from cells toward plasma
True
False
Fluid intake causes blood volume to increase
True
False
The thirst center of the brain is located in the
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Occipital lobe
Pons
Which is not a uterine function
Passageway for sperm
Usual site of fertilization
Site of implantation
Protection and support of a developing embryo
Sperm are produced in the
Seminiferous tubules
Rete testis
Efferent ductules
Epididymis
The inferior esophageal sphincter is also known as the
Cardiac sphincter
Esophageal hiatus
Pyloric sphincter
Pharyngoesophageal sphincter
One of the ultimate effects of insulin is to stimulate protein synthesis within cells of the body
True
False
High density lipoproteins (HDLs) are associated with the transport of lipid from the
Peripheral tissues to the liver
Liver to the peripheral tissues
Gall bladder to the duodernum
Liver to the gall bladder
When glucose enters glycolysis, it
Is converted into acetyl CoA
Binds to oxaloacetic acid and forms citric acid
Is oxidized to two pyruvate molecules
Forms the coenzyme NAD
Which is not considered to be a change associated with aging in males
Termination of spermatogenesis
Erectile dysfunction
Prostate enlargement
Decreased testosterone levels
Iron is considered a
Major mineral, because it has a crucial physiological role
Trace mineral, because less than 100 milligrams are required in the daily diet
Major mineral, because it is extremely abundant in the earth
Trace mineral, because it is rare in the earth
Cellulose is a type of (this) from plants that remains in the GI tract as fiber
Carbohydrate
Mineral
Lipid
Vitamin
Compared to other types of lipoproteins, very low density lipoproteins contain the (this) liquid
Least
Most
Metabolic rate is a measurement of the
Amount of oxygen consumed per kilogram of body weigh
Heat given off by contracting muscles
Total number of calories consumed per hour
Energy used in a given period of time
Lipid molecules that are absorbed by the GI tract enter
Mesenteric arteries
Mesenteric veins
Lacteals
The liver
The term "retroperitoneal" may be used to describe the location of certain abdominal organs
Between the visceral and parietal layers of the peritoneum
Posterior to the parietal peritoneum
In the peritoneal cavity
Between the folds of the parietal peritoneum
Which gastric gland cell secretes alkaline mucin
Surface mucous cell
Mucous neck cell
Chief cell
Parietal cell
When chyme leaves the stomach, where does it enter next
Ileum
Cercum
Duodenum
Anus
What is the blood vessel in the middle of the liver lobule that receives blood from the hepatic sinusoids
Central vein
Bile canaliculus
Hepatic ducts
Danile river
Minerals are organic molecules
True
False
Honey, fruit, and milk are all sources of
Cellulose
Sugars
Starch
Nitrogen
The absorptive state occurs
About 12 hours after eating a meal
Up to 4 hours after eating a meal
Which of the following is the product of the citric acid cycle
Water
Oxygen
Pyretic acid
Carbon dioxide
The coenzymes that will provide the electrons needed for the electron transport system are
NADH and FADH
NAD and FAD
Acetyl CoA and citrate
FAD and decarbonate
The interstitial cells in the testes
Undergo mitosis to produce sperm
Support and protect developing sperm
Secrete testosterone
Form the lining of the seminiferous tubes
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