Part B chir
Emergency Medical Knowledge Quiz
Test your knowledge on critical emergency medical situations with this comprehensive quiz! Designed for medical professionals and students alike, it covers a wide range of topics that are vital in emergency care.
Prepare yourself and enhance your skills with questions that include:
- Assessment of head injuries
- Management of trauma cases
- Understanding of vital signs
- Handling of acute medical conditions
ΑαΎααααααααΆααΆαααααααα½αααΆαα·ααααααΆααααααααΆαααααΎαααΆαα¬ ααααΆαααΈαα
ααααααΆαααΆααααΆααααα’αααααΆααααααΆα (basal skull fracture)?
Battle sign
Racoon eyes
ΑαΆαα αΌααααα»ααααα
αααααααΆα (hemotympanum)
Freedman sign
Α αΌαααΉααα½αααα’αΉαααααααΆαα
αααα»α/αααα
αα (CSF rhinnorhea/ottorrhea)
ΑαααααΈα’αΆαα»α‘α©ααααΆαααααΆαααααααααα·α
ααααΆα ααααΌαααΆαααΆαα
αΌααααααααααααααααααααΆααααααααα»ααααααααααααααΆαα α αααΆαα
ααααααΆαααααααΆαα ααααααΆαααααααΌαα’ααααΆααααα½αααΆααααααα αΎα ααΆαααααααααααΆαααααα»αααααααααααα ααααα
ααΊα
αΆααααΆαααα·αααΎαααααααα α αΎαααΆαα₯αα·ααΆααααααααααΌααα»αααααααΆα ααΎα
ααααΎαααΆαααααααα½αααΆαα·αααααΉαααααΌα?
Αα·αααα» Glasgow ααααααΆααααΊα£ (her GCS is 3)
Αα·αααα» Glasgow 8 ααΆααααΈααααΌαααΆαα intubation
Ααα½αααααααΆαααΆααΌαα ααα»ααααΎα’ααααα α»α
ΑαΆαααα½ααααααα αΎαααΆαα½α pCO2 of 30-35 mm Hg
Α
ααααΎαααΆααα’αααα»ααααααα·αααααΉαααααΌα (all are incorrect)
Αααα
ααΎααΆαα αΌαααΆαα
αααα»α ααΆαα’αα·ααααΆαααΆααααααααΊαα»ααααααα»α ααΎαααααααα½α?
ΑαΆαα αΌαααΆαα
αααα»αααααααΎαααΆαααΎαα»ααΆα
ΑαΆααααααΆααΆααΆααααααααααΆαααα½αααααααΆαα
αααα»ααα
ααΆαααααα
ΑαΆα’αΆα
ααααΆααΆαααΆααααααΆαα
αααααα’αΆαααααΆαααΌααΈααα½αααΆα
ΑαΆαα αΌαααΆαα
αααα»αα’αΆα
ααααΆααΆα cautery of Littleβs area silver nitrate
ΑαΆαα·ααααααΆααΌαα ααα»ααΌαα
αα ααΆααααααααααααααΆααααααααααααα
αα α
αααα»αααααααα
ΑαΆαααα’α½αα’αΌααααααΆα ααΎααΆααα»αααααααΆααα’αα‘α·α
ααααΌααΈαααΆαααΌα
ααααα
?
"α’αΆαααΈααΌαααααΆααΌααΈαα’ααΈααα»ααααααα·αααΆααΈ ααΆα (hypochloremic hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis)"
Α’αΆααααΆα‘αΌαααααΆααΌααΈαα’ααΈααα»ααααααα·αααΆααΈα‘αΎαααααα (hypochloremic hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis)
Α’αΆαααΈααΌαααααΆααΌααΈα α’ααΈααα»αααααα‘αΎαααααα (hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis)
Αααα·ααααΌααΆααααΌααααα»αααΆαααΎαααααα (hyperkalemia)
Αα·αααΆαα
ααααΎααα
ααΎαα
ΑαααΈααααΌαα’αα»αααααα ααΆαααααΆααΆααααααααΆααααααΆααααΆααΆαααΆαααααΆααΆαααααα·αααααΆααα
ααααααααΊαααααααααα’αΆααα (arterial insufficiency)ααΊα α
ααααΎαααΆααααααααΎαααααααα½α?
ΑαΊα
αΆααα’αααααα
αααααα (nocturnal limb pain)
Αααα
αααααΆαααααααΆαα
α·ααα
αΉαβ (ischemic ulceration)
ΑαΆααααΈαα
α (absent pulse)
ΑαααΊαααααΆααααααΆαααααααΆαα
α·ααα
αΉα (ischemic neuropathy)
Ααα½α ααααΆαααΎα (toe gangrene)
Α
ααααΎαααΆααααααααΆααα’ααααΆααααΈααααΌαααααΆααα
αααα diverticulitis ααΎαααααααα½α?
ΑααΆααααααααα (peritonitis)
Αα
ααΆαααΆαα αΌαααΆα (persisting hemorrhage)
ΑαΆαααααααααΆα (fistula)
ΑαααΆα (greater than two severe attacks)
Αα»ααααΆααααααΆαααΎααα
αααααααααααααααααα
Α
ααααα’αααααααΊααααααααααααααΆαα·α αααααααααΆααααααΈα’αα·α
ααααααΆαα
ααα ααααΎαααΆααααααΆααΆαααααα ααΎαααααααα½α?
A "step ladder" pattern
ΑαΈαααααααααααααααΌα
ΑαααΉαααΉαααααααααααααΌα
ααααΆαααα»ααααααααααααα (air-fluid levels at uniform height in same bowel loop)
Α’ααααααΆαααααααα
αααα»ααααααααα
"αα½ααα»ααααααααΌα
ααα·αααααααααααΌααααα»ααα
valvulae conniventes (i.e.""string of pearls"")"
"αα½ααα»ααααααααΌα
ααα·αααααααααααΌααααα»ααα
valvulae conniventes (i.e.""string of pearls"")"
Α’αααΌ(α’αα»αααααΆααα) ααα
ΑααΈααΈαααααααα
ΑαααΆααααααΈα’αα·α
ααααααΆααα (abdominal plain film)
Α’ααααΌααααΌα cholangiopancreatography ααΈαααααα‘αΎαααΎ
Αααα»αα’ααααΌααααΌα ααααααΆαααααααααα (laparoscopy)
"α’ααααα·ααααΌααΌα’αΆαα»α‘α¨ααααΆαααααΆαα α
αΌααααααααααααααααααααααΆααααααααααααααααΆααα ααΆααααΆαααΆααααα’αΉαααΆααααΈαα
αα αααααα½αααΎαααααΆα αα·αααΆααααΈαα
αααΎα ααααΆαα ααΆαααααΆααΆαααΆαααααΆαααα½αααααΎα’αααΈ?"
ΑαααααααΆαααΆαααααΆαα
ΑαααΆααααΆαααααΆαα
ΑαΆααααααΆαααα¬ααα
ΑαΆααααααααα·αααΆααααα
ΑαααΆααααααΈα’αα·α
(x-ray)
ΑαΆαααααααααααΎαα½αααΆααΆαααα·ααΆααααααααααααααΆαααΆααααΎαααααααααα’αΉαααΎααα (supracondylar fracture of the humerus)?
Compartment syndrome αα
αααα½ααα
Ααα’αΉααα·αα’αΆα
αα»αααΆααααααΆ
Ααα’αΉααα»αααΆααααααΆαα·αααααΉαααααΌαααΆαααΆααα·ααΆααα·ααααΆααααααΆ
Ααα½ααααααααααΆαααααααΆα
Α
αααΆαααααααΆααααα·α
ΑαΆαααααααα½αααΆαα·ααααααΆαααα·ααΆαααααΆααααΆααααα
αααααααΆαααααα·αααΆαααααΆααΆα
Cholesteatoma
ΑααΆαααααααα½α (meningitis)
ΑαααΆααααααΆααααα
αα (tympanic membrane perforation)
Trigeminal neuralgia
ΑαΆαααααααΆααααααΌααααααα (conductive hearing loss)
Α
ααααΎαααΆααααααααΆααααααααααΆααααααααααααΆααααα
ααααΉαααα ααΎαααααααα½α?
ΑαΆαααΌα
ααΆαααααααα½αααααΆαααααα’ααααΆαααΆααααααΎααααααααΆαααααΆα
ααα»ααααααααα
Basal ganglia ααΆααΆαααααααααααα»αα’ααααααΎαααααααΆαααΎα
Cerebellum αααααααααα½αααΆααααα
ααααΉααααα’ααα’αα
ΑαΆαααΌα
ααΆα cerebellum ααααα’αα α
α»αααααααααααΆααααΆα
αα»ααααααααα
"ααΆαααα½αααΆαααΎαα brainstem ααααα’ααααΆαααΆααααααΎααααααααααΆα ααααααααααα»ααααα"
ΑααααΆααααΆαααΆααααααααΎαα½αααΆααααα·αααααα»αα’ααααΆαααΆαα
αΆααααΉαααα?
Sympathomimetics
Anticholinergics
Cholinergic agonists
Tricyclic Antidepressant (TCAs)
ΑαααΆααααααΌαααΆα
ααα»ααααα (smooth muscle depressants)
Α’αααααααΊααααΆααααΆαα αΌαααΆααα
subarachnoid (SAH) αααααΆαααααΆαα’αΆααααα»α-ααααΆα αααααΈααααα α αΎαααΆαααααΆααΆααααααααΆαααααααα αΌαααΆαααΈα ααααα ααΈααααααααα ααααααΆαα
α»αααααααα
α ααΈαα½ααααααα
αα½αααααα ααΎααααα·αααα·α
ααααααΆαααααααα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌαααΆααα?
ΑαΆαααΉααααα»ααα½αααααΆα (hydrocephalus)
ΑααΆαααααααα½α (meningitis)
ΑαΆαα αΌαααΆαα‘αΎααα·α (repeat hemorrhage)
ΑαααααΆααα½αααΌα
(vasospasm)
Αα·αααΆαα
ααααΎααα
ααΆαααΎαα
Α
ααααΎαααΆααααααααΆαααα·ααΆαααααΆαααΆααα’αΆααΈααΆα ααΎαααααααα½α?
Α αΌαααΆααααααααααΆαα (secondary hemorrhage)
ΑαΊα
αΆαααααα»ααααα
αα (severe otalgia)
ΑααΆαα’αΆααΈααΆααα·αααΆαα’αΆααααααΆαα·ααΆαα»ααα·α (Quinsy)
Α
ααα’ααααααα
αααα»ααααααα (nasopharyngeal stenosis)
Αα·αααΆαα
ααααΎααα
ααΆαααΎαα
Α
ααααΎαααΆααααααααΆααααααααα’αΆααΆαααααΆαα’αΆααΈααΆααααα½α
ααααΆαα ααΎαααααααα½α?
Αααα’αΆα αΆαααΊα
αΆαα (odynophagia)
Ααα’α
Αααα
ααΎααΆαααΊα
αΆαααααα
αα (referred otalgia)
ΑαΆααααΊααΌαααααα»ααα
α (cervical lymphadenopathy)
Αα·ααΆααααα’αΆα αΆα (dysphagia)
ΑαΆααα’αΆαα»α¦ααααααΆααααΆαα’αΆααΆαα mild inspiratory stridor ααΈαααααα αΎαα α
ααααΎαααΆαααααααα½αααΆ ααααΉαααααΌα?
Laryngomalacia
ΑααΆαα’αααΈααααΌααααα½α
ααααΆαα (acute epiglottitis)
ΑαΆααααΆα (croup)
Α’αΆααΈααΆαααΈαααβ (tonsillar hypertrophy)
ΑαΆαααααα»αα
αααααααα»αααααΌααααα αΎα (foreign body aspiration)
Αα»ααα’αΆαα»α€α¨ααααΆαααααΆααααααΌαααΆαααΆαα
αΌααααααααααααααααααααΆααααα αααα»αααααΎ ααΆααααααααααααααΌααα·αααααΌααααα αΎα (CPR)α ECG αααα αΆαααΆααΆααααααααΆααααααΌαααααααααΆααα·αααΎαααΈαα
αααΆαααΌααΈααα
αααα ααΎα
ααααΎαααΆαααααααα½αααΆαα·ααααααΆααΆααα»αααααΆαααΆαααΆαααααΆααα·αααΎαααΈαα
ααααααΆααααααααΆαα’αααα·αααΈ?
ΑααααΆαααΆαααΆα (hypotension)
Α’ααααΆαααΌααΆααααΌααααα»αααΆαααΆα (hypokalemia)
Cardiac tamponade
ΑαΈαα»ααα ααΆαααΆαααΆαααΆα (hypothermia)
ΑαΆααααααΆαααααααααα»ααααα’ααααααΌα (tension pneumothorax)
Αα»ααα’αΆαα»α¨α£ααααΆαααααΆααααααΆααααααααα»αα
α»ααααααΎαα ααΆααααααΌαααΆααααααααΌααα
αααααααααααααααααααΆαα αααααΆαααΆααααΈααααΆαααα intertrochanteric ααα’αΉααααα
α αααα»αα
αααααα·ααΈααΆαααααα ααΎααααααΌαααααΎαααΎααα·ααΈαα½αααΆααΎααααΈααααΆααΆα?
ΑαααΌααααααΆαααα·ααααα·αααα·αααααΆα (hemiarthoplasty)
ΑαααΌααααααΆαααααα
(total hip replacement)
Αααα»αααααΆααααα’αΉαα
αααΎααααααα (multiple pin fixation)
Bipolar arthroplasty
ΑαααΆαααααα’αΉααααααααΎαααα»ααα·ααααααααα ααΆαα» (pin and plate)
Αα»ααα’αΆαα»α€α₯ααααΆαααααΆααααΆααααααααα·ααΈαααΆα
αααΎααα
αααααααα (polycystic kidney disease) ααααααα»αααααααααΎαααΆαααΆααααα·αααΆαααΆαααΊα
αΆααααα ααΆαααΆαααααααΊ
Αα·αααΆαααΆααα·ααΆαα’αααααΈαα·ααα αααααααΆααΆααααααΆαααααααΆαααααΆαααα½ααααααΈαααααααααα
Αα·αααΆαααΆααα·ααΆαα’αααααΈαα·ααα
αααααααα ααααΎαα·αααααααααΎαααΆαααΆαααααααααααααΌαααααΎααΆαα’ααααα
Α’αα»αααααΆααα (U/S)
Α’αα»αααααΆααα, urineβ C&S (culture and sensibility), αααα»ααααααααα (cystoscopy)
Αα»ααα’αΆαα»α§α₯ααααΆαααααΆααααΆααααααααα·αααααα ααΆαααα·αααΆααααα
ααααΉααααα‘α ααααααα αΎα α αΎαααΆαααα’αΌαααΊα
αΆαααα
ααααααααααααααααΆαααααΆααα ααΌαα ααα»αααααα ααα»ααααΆαααααΊ?
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Αα αΆααΈαααααΌααααΆα (prostate cancer)
Ααααααααααααα renal failure)
ΑααΆαααααΌαααΉαααα (UTI)
ΑααΆαααααΌααααΆα
ΑαααααΈα’αΆαα»α€α£ααααΆαααααΆααααααΌαααΆαααΆαα
αΌααααααααααααααααααααΆαα ααααααααΆααααααΆαααααΎαααααααα α ααΆαααΆααααΆααααααΆααααααααΆαααΆααααα αα α’α %ααααααααα»ααααααα½α αααΆααααααΉαααΈαα‘α‘% αα·α αααααΉαααΈα©%α ααΆααααΆααααααααααααα½αα¦α α.ααα αααααα‘α’α α.αα ααΎα’ααααα½αα
αΆααααααΎαααααΆααΆααααα
αΌαααΆαααΆαα»ααΆα ααΆαααααααααααΆαααααΆαααααααααααΆ?
ΑααααΌαααααααααααΆα’α α α.α/αα αααα»αα’α€ααααα
ΑααααΌαααααααααααΆα€α α α.α/αα αααα»αα’α€ααααα
ΑααααΌαααααααααααΆα‘α₯α α.α/αα αααα»αα¨αααα αααααΆααααα§α₯α.α/αα αααα»αα‘α¦αααααααααΆααα
ΑααααΌαααααααααααΆα£α α α.α/αα αααα»αα¨αααα αα·αα‘α₯α α.α/αα αααα»αα‘α¦αααααααααΆααα
ΑααααΌαααααααααααΆα¦α α α.α/αα αααα»αα¨αααα αααααΆαααα£α α α.α/αα αααα»αα‘α¦αααααααααΆααα
Α
ααααΎαααΆααααααααΆαααααΆαααααααααΆαα (risk factors)αα hepatocellular carcinoma ααΎαααααααα½α?
ΑααΆαααααΎα A
ΑαααΉαααααΎα(cirrhosis)
ΑαΆαααααΎαααααααΌα’ααΈα (exogenous steroid use)
Hemochromatosis
ΑαΆααααααΆααΈ (smoking)
Α
ααααΎαααΆαααααααα½αααΆααΆααΆααα½αααααααΆαα½αααΆαααΊα
αΆααααααααΆαα (biliary colic)?
ΑαΆαααΊα
αΆαααα
α
α»ααααα αΎα (epigastric pain)
Rebound tenderness
Αααα»αααΏα (jaundice)
ΑαααααααΆαα½αααΈ (Murphy sign)
Α
ααααΎαααΆααα’ααααΆαααΎ (all of the above)
"αα»αααΈα’αΆαα»α‘α¦ααααΆαααααΆαααα½ααααα»ααααααα roller-bladingαααα
ααααααΆααα ααααΆαα αα
αααααααααααααααααααΆαα ααΆααααααΈα’αα·α
αααα αΆαααΆααΆαα Colles fracture αα·ααα»αα αα
αα
αααααααΆαααΆααααααααααααααααααΆααααΆααααααααααΊα’αααΈ?"
ΑαΆαααα½αααααααα·α
ααααΆααααΆαααα’ααα’αααα·αααααααααα’αΉαααΌαααΆ (ulnar deviation)
Ααααααα½αααααααα·α
ααααΆαααΆαααα’ααα’αααα·αααααααααα’αΉααααΆααΈαααΆαα (radial deviation)
ΑαΆαααα½αααααααα·α
ααααΆαααΆαααα’ααα’αααα·αααααααααα’αΉαααΌαααΆ (ulnar deviation)
Ααααααα½αααααααα·α
ααααΆααααΆαααα’ααα’αααα·αααααααααα’αΉαααΌαααΆ (ulnar deviation)
Ααααααα½αααααααα·α
ααααΆααααΆαααα’ααα’αααα·αααααααααα’αΉααααΆααΈαααΆαα (radial deviation)
Α
ααααΎαααΆαααααααα½αααΆαα·αααααααΆααΌαα ααα»αα avascular necrosis
ΑααααΊαααα·ααΆαααααα (sickle cell disease)
ΑααΆααααααΆαααααα (septic arthritis)
ΑαΆαααααΎαααααααΌα’ααΈα
Αα»ααααααΉαααα (constrictive dressings)
ΑαΆααααα’αΉααααααααΆααααααααα·α
(post-traumatic fracture)
ΑαΆαα’αα·ααααΆαααΆαααααααα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌααααα
ααΎααΆαααΆααααα’αΉαααααΆαααααα?
ΑαΆαα
αααΎαααΆααααααααΆα (they are predominantly unilateral)
ΑαΆαααΆααααα’αΉαα
αααΎαααααα ααααααΎαααΆααα
αααα»αααΆαα
ΑαΆα’αΆα
ααΆαααΆαααααΉααααα»α V2 ααααααααααααααααΆααα»α
ΑαΆαααΆαααααααα·αααααΌααα½α ααΆααααααααΆααααα½αααααα (mal occlussion of teeth is a common sign)
ΑαΆαααααααααΆαα’ααααΆαααΆαααΉαααααΆαααΆαα (they seldom result in trismus)
ΑαΆααααααααΊααΆαα·αααααααΆαααΊα
αΆααααααααααααααααΆαα αΎα ααΎαααααααα½αααΊ?
Ααα½ααααααααααααΆαααΆααΌαα
ααααΆααα·αα
αΆαααΆα
αααααΎααΆαααααΆαα
Ααα’α½α/α
ααα’ααααΆα’αΆααΆαααααααΎαααΆαααΆααΉαααΆαααα
αααα»αααΆααααΆαα’αααΈααΈααΈα
Α’αα»αααααΆαααα’αΆα
αα½αααααΎαααΌαα ααα»ααααΆαα αΌαααΆααααα»αααααααΆα
ΑαΆαααα½ααααααΎαααΆαα‘αΎαααΉαααΆαααααα»ααα
ααΎαα»ααααααα
ΑααΆαααααααΆαα’αΆα
ααααΎα’ααααααααΆααααα·α
ΑαΎααΆαα’αα·ααααΆαααΆαααααααα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌααααα
ααΎ Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)?
Ααααααα»αααααααΆαα’αΆαα»α
αΆααααΈα₯α α‘αΎααα
αα½αααααΌααα
ααααΎPSAαααααααΎααααΈαααα αΆααΈαααααααααααΌααααΆαααααΆααααΆαααΈαα½αα
PSA ααΆαα·ααΈααααα’αααα»ααααααΆααααΆαααΆαααΆααα·ααααααααααααΊα¬ ααΆαααΆααααααααΆαααααΆαα
PSA ααΆαα·ααΈαα½ααα·αααΆαααααααααα’αααΈαα (PSA is a useless test)
Α’ααααΆαααΆα complex PSA αα·α total PSA ααΎαα‘αΎα ααΆααααααααααα’ααααΆα Benign Prostate Hyperplasia α
αααΎαααΆααα αΆααΈαααααΌααααΆα
Α
ααααΎαααΆααα’ααααΆαααΎ
ΑαααααΈα’αΆαα»α€α ααααΆαααααΆααα
αΌααααααααααααααααααααααΆαααααααΆαα’αΆααΆαααααα
αα·αααΊα
αΆαααα
ααααα ααΆααααααααα
αΉα ααΆαααΆααα
ααααααα αααΈααΈαααααααΎααΆαααΆααααα αΆαααΆααΆααααα½αα¨ααΈααααΈαααααααα
ααααΆααααΆαααΎααααααα αΌαααα(Uretere)αααααα ααΎα’ααααα½αααααΎα’αααΈ?
Α’ααααΆαααα
αααα αααααααααΊαααα½αααααΌαααΉααααααΎαα
αΆααααααΎα
Α’ααααΆαααα
αααααααα’ααααααΆααααααααΆααααΆαααΊα
αΆαααα·αααααΆααααΆααα’αααααααααααααααΈαααααααα·αααΎαα·αααΆααΆαααΆαααΊα
αΆαααααα»αα’α€αααααα·αααααααΆαα
Α’αα»ααααΆαααα·α’ααα
αΌααααααΈαααααα ααΆαααΆαααΆαααα
αΆα ααααααααααΆαα·ααΉα αα·ααααααααΆαααΊα
αΆαα
Α’αα»ααααΆαααα·α’ααα
αΌααααααΈαααααα ααααααααααΆαα·ααΉα αααααααΆαααΊα
αΆαα α’ααααΈαααΈαααΌαα·αααΆααααα (ααΌα
ααΆα Amp αα·α Gent) αα·αααΆααααααααααα αΌα(stenting) ααΎα
αααααααααααααΆαα·ααααα
Αα αΆααΈαα
αααα»ααααααα (Nasopharyngeal carcinoma):
ΑαΆααααΊαααααααΎαααΆαα
αααΎααααα»ααα
ααααα»ααΆ
ΑαααααααΆααΎαααΆαααααΌααααα’ααααΊααΊα
αααα»α
ΑαΆαααααΆααΆαααΊααααΆαααααααΌααααΌααΆα
ΑαααΌαααΆαααΆαααααα·ααΈ Epstein-Barr virus antibodies
Α©α %ααα’αααααααΊααααΌαααΆαααααΆααΆαααΆααααααΎαααΆαααααα»α
ΑαΆααααααααΆαααααΆααααα½αα
ααααααααΎα’αα squamous cell cancers αα
ααααΆααα·αα αα·ααααααααΆαααα αα ααΎαααααααα½α?
ΑααααΆααΈ (cigarette smoking)
ΑαΆαααΉαααααΆ (alcohol ingestion)
Α’αΆαα»α
αααΎα (aging)
ΑαΆααααααααΆαα½αααΉαααααααααΆαααΈααααΆα αααΌα
ΑαΆααααααΈααααα’αΆαα·ααα (solar irradiation)
ΑαΆαα’αα·ααααΆαααΆαααααααα½αααΆαα·αααααΉαααααΌα ααΆααααααΉαααΆαααααΌαααααααΆααααααααααΈα
αΌααααα»ααααα½α?
ΑαααΆααααααααααΈα
αααΎαα
αΌααα
αααα»αααααααααααααααααααααα½α
Αα·ααΆααααααα αΎαα
ααααααααΆααααΌαααΆαααααααΎααα
ααααα·αα·αααααααΈαα·αααααα»ααααα
ΑαααΆααααααααααΈα’αΆα
ααααΌαααΆαααα
ααααΈα’αααααααΊαααααΆαααΆααααααΆαααααα ααΆααααBronchoscopeααααααΆαααααααα
αα
Α’ααααΌααααΌα αααααααΎα§ααααααα·ααα forceps designed ααααΆααα
αΆαα
ΑαΆααααααΈα’αα·α
ααααΌα αααα αΆαααΆαααα·ααα½ααα
ααΆαα
α»αααααααααααααααααα½α
Αα»ααα’αΆαα»α¦α ααααΆαααααΆαααααααααΆαα·ααΆαααααααα’ααααααααΆαα’αΆααΆααααΊα
αΆαααα
α
ααααααα·αααΎα α αΎαααΆααα·ααααα·ααααΆααααα
ααααΉααααα ααΆααα·αα·ααα ααΎα ααΆααααΆααααααΆααααααααα
α»ααα
ααααα αααααααΌαααΆααααααΆα α
αααΆααααααΆ αα·αααΆαα ααΆααααααααΆαααααΎαααΆααααααΆαα ααΎααααΆααα·ααΆαααΆααααααααααΆ?
ΑαΆααααααΈα’αα·α
ααααααΆααα’αΉαααα
ααααα (plain films of the lumbar spine)
ΑααΈααΈααααααα½αααα’αΉαααα
ααααα
ΑαααΆαααΎααααα’αααααΆα α αααααΆααααααΆααααααΎα
αααΆ
ΑαααΎααααΈααΆααααΆααααααΆααααα’αΉαααααΆαααααΆαα
ΑαααΎααααΆααααααΆαααααΆααα·αααααααααααΌα’ααΈα αα·αααααΆααΆααααα
αααΆ
"αα»ααα’αΆαα»α§α’ααααΆαααααΆαα αα·αα·αααααΎαααΆαααΆααα·ααΆααα·ααΆα αα·ααααααααααΆα ααααΆαα ααΎααΈααΆααααα½α ααααααΉαααααΌααααα·ααα
αααααααΆ?"
ΑαααααααΆααααααΆααααααΆα (right parietal lobe)
Αααααα ααααα»αααΆααααααα (left frontal lobe)
Αααααα ααααα»αααΆααααααΆα (right frontal lobe)
ΑαααααααΆααααααΆααααααα (left parietal lobe)
ΑαΆααΆααα ααααα αααααΈαααΆ (basal ganglia)
ΑαΆααααααααΊααΆααΆαααααΆααΆαααααΌαα
ααααα’αααααααΊ ααΆααααααΆαααΈ (coma) ααααα·αααΉαααΌαα ααα» ααΎαααααααα½α?
Ααα’αΆααα·ααααααΆααααΌααααα αΎα (clear and secure the airway)
Naloxone
D50W 50 mL IV
Dexamethasone 16 mg IV
Thiamine
ΑααααααααΈα’αΆαα»α‘α¦ααααΆαααααΆααααααΌαααΆααͺαα»αααααΆαααΆαα
αΌααααααΈαααααα ααααα αααα»ααα·α
α αααααΆααΈαα·αααΆαα αααααΆαααΆα α§α /α€α , αααααΆαααααα αΎα α£α αααααΆαααααααΌαα‘α€α ααΈαα»ααα ααΆα α£α§.α₯α ααΎαͺααααΆαααααααα½αααΆαα·ααααααΆαααααΎαααααΆαααααΆααΆα?
Α’αααΈααα αααααΈα (epinephrine)
ΑαΈα ααααα’ααΈααααΆααΈα (diphenhydramine)
ΑαααΈαααααααααΈααΌα‘α»α (methylprednisolone)
ΑαΆααααα»αααΌααΌα (salbutomol)
Α’αΆααααΌααΈα(atropine)
ΑαααααΈα’αΆαα»α’α€ααααΆαααααΆααααααααααααααααααααααααααΆααα αααααΆαααΆα α©α /α¦0, αααααΆαααααααΌαα¦α , αααααΆαααααα αΎα α¨, ααααΆαα’α»ααααΈαααα¨α¦% α ααααααα
αα·ααααααΈααα½αααααα
ααΊα
αΆααααααα α αΎαααααΆαααα·ααααααΆααα·ααΆαα ααααααα·ααααααα αααα’ααααΎαααΆα ααΌα
αααααα·αααα» Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS score)ααααα’αααααααΊααΊα
3
4
5
6
7
ΑαΆααα·αα·αααααααΈαα·αααΆαααααααα½αααΆ αα·αααΎαααΆααα
αααα»α ααΆαααΎαααααΆααααα»ααααα’αααααΆααααααΆα ?
ΑαΆαααΌα
ααΆααααααΉαααααααΆαααΈ (deteriorating level of consciousness)
ΑαΎααααααΆαααααααΌααα·αααΎαααααΆαααΆα
ΑαααΆα ααα’αΎα ααα’α½α (yawning, hiccuping, vomiting)
ΑααααΆα
α (seizures)
Αααα·ααααααααααΆααα½αααααΆαααΈα¦ααααΆα
ΑαΆαα’αα·ααααΆαααΆαααααααα½αααΆαα·αααααΉαααααΌα α
ααααααΆααααααααααααααΆαα?
Ααααα S. aureus αα½ααααααααΉαααΆαααααα»α
ΑαΆααΌαα
ααΆααααα»ααααα
αααααα£αα
α€αααα
ΑαΆαααΆαααΎαα‘αΎαααΆαα½αα’αααααααΊααΉααααααα’αα
ΑαΆαααααΆααΆαααααΆααααΊααααΎα’ααααΈαααΈαααΌαα·α
Ααααααα»ααααααααΆαα½αααααααααααΆαααααΆαα
Α’αααααααΊαααααΆαααααααααααααΌα
β ααΎααααααααΆαα½αααΆαααα’αα»ααααΆαααα·α’ααααααΎααΆαααααΆαα?
ΑαΊα
αΆαααααα»αααα (abdominal tenderness)
ΑαΆααααααΈα’αα·α
αααααΎαααΆααααααΉαααααα-ααΉα (air-fluid levels on abdominal x-ray)
ΑαΆαααΊα
αΆαααααα»αααααααΆαααααΆαα (worsening abdominal pain)
Ααα’α½αα
ααααΆαα
ΑαΆααααααΈα’αα·α
αααααΎαααΆαααααααααα»ααααααααααα·αααα·α
ααΌα
ΑαααααΈα’αΆαα»α₯α©ααααΆααααΆααααααΆααααααΆααααααΌααααααααα
αΆααααα½ααΆαααΆ ααΆααααΆααα»αααΆα
ααααα»ααααααα αα£αααααΈαααααα ααααααααα»αααΆα
αααααΎα
αααΆαα ααααΆααα·αααΊα ααΆααααΆαα
αΆααααααΎαααΉαααΆααααΌαααΆα
αααΎαααααα αΎα α αΎαααΆααΆααααααα‘αΎαααΆαα ααΆααα ααααΆαααααααΆαα αα·αααααΆαααΈαααΆαααααΆαααΆαα ααααΆααααααΌαααΆαααααΌαααααααααΎααααα·αααα·α
ααααααΆ ααΆααα αΆααΈαααα ααΆααααΈααΆααα’αΆαα»ααΆαα₯α ααααΆαα αααα
ααΈαααααΆαααα·αααΆαααααΊααΆααααααααααα ααααααααΆαααααΎαααΆαααΌααααΆααααα αΆαααΆαα·αααΆαα’αααΈαα»αααααααΆααα ααΎααα ααΆαααααΆααΆα αααααααααααα»ααααααα
αααααΊα’αααΈ?
ΑαααΆαααααααΎααααΈαααααΆα
ΑαααΎααΆαααΌααααΆαα¦ααααααα
ΑαααΎααΆαααΌααααΆαα‘ααααΆαααααα
ΑαΆααααααΎαααΈαααΌααααΈ
Α’αα»αααααΆααα (ultrasound)
ΑαΆαα’αα·ααααΆαααΆαααααααα½αααΆαα·αααααΉαααααΌααααα
pancreatic pseudocysts?
ΑαΆααΆααΌαα ααα»ααααΆαααα
ααααΆαααΆαααααα (it is caused by duct leakage)
ΑαααΌαααΆαααααααααααΆααααααααΈαα·αααΎαα·αααΆ ααΆαααΊα
αΆααααΎαααΈα’ αααααΆα α αααααααΆαααααΎααααα·αααα·α
ααααααΆ αααΆαααααααααα½α
ααααΆα
ΑαΆαα
αααΎαααααΌαααααΆααΆααααααααΆαα (majority are treated surgically)
Α’αααααΆαααααααααααΆαα ααααΌααααααΆαααΎααααΈαα»αα’αααα»αααΈαααααααααααα
Αααααα’αααΈααααααΌααα·α (lacks true epithelium)
Αα»ααααΎαααααααα’αΆαα»α€α₯ααααΆαααααΆαα ααΆααααααΆααααΆααΆαααΆαααΊα
αΆαααα
ααααααααααΆααααααααααα (left lower quadrant) ααααααΆαα αα·αααΆααααααααα·α
α»αα
αΆαααααα»αααααα½ααααααΆα α ααΆααααΆααα·αααΆαααΆα αα·ααααα»ααααα
ααααΆααα αα·αααααααΆαααΎααααα·ααΆααΆααααΎα ααΊααααΌαααΈαααΎαα‘αΎα ( left shift) α ααΎααααααΌαααααΎααααα·αααα·α
ααααααααα·ααΈααΆ?
ΑααΈααΈααααα (CT scan)
ΑαΆααΈαααΌαα’ααααααΆ (barium enema)
Α’αα»αααααΆααα
ΑαΆααααααΈα’αα·α
αααααααααΆ (plain abdominal film)
ΑαααααααΆα(angiography)
ΑααααααααΈα’αΆαα»α‘α©ααααΆαααααΆααααααΌαααΆαααΆαα
αΌααααααααααααααααααααΆαα ααααααααααααααΆααα
ααΆα
αααααααα·ααααΌααΌα ααΆααα·αα·ααα ααΆααααΆααα·αααα» GCS 10 ααΆαα αΎααα
occipital protuberanceα ααΎααααααΌααα·ααααΆ ααΎααΌαααΆαααΆαααααααΉαααααΌααααα»α?
MRI αααΆααααααΆααα·ααα½αααααΆα (MRI of skull and contents)
ΑαΆααααααΈα’αα·α
αααα’αααααΆαα (skull films)
ΑααΈααΈαααααααααΆααααααΆα contrast (head CT with contrast)
ΑααΈααΈαααααααααΆααααααααΆα contrast (head CT without contrast)
ΑααΈααΈααααααα½αααα’αΉααααα (CT myelogram)
ΑαΎααααα½αααΆαααΌαααΆαααΆααααααΈα’αα·α
αα½αααΆ αααααΆααα
ααΎααααΊαααΆαααα’αΉααααααΆαααα
αααααα (osteoarthritis of the knee) α
ΑαΉααααααα’αΉα (marginal erosions)
Osteopenia αα
αααααΆαααααααααΆα
ΑαΆααααα articular cartilage αααααΆαααΆααα½αα
ααα’ααα
αααααααααΆαααα’αΉα
ΑαΆαααα½ααα
medialondyle ααααα’αΉααααα
ΑαΆαααΌα
αααααααααΆα syndesmophyte
ΑαΆααα·αααααΆααΆαααααααα½αααΆαα·αααααΉαααααΌααααα
ααΎααΆαααααααΎαααα½α (wound healing)?
ΑαΆααααΎαααΆαα·ααΆα’αααΈααααααΌαα’αΆα
ααΎαα‘αΎααααα»αα’αα‘α»αα’α€ααααααααα ααααΉααα»αααα½αααααΌαα
Ααα½ααααααΉαααΆααααααα’ααααΆα
Ααα½αααααααΉαααΆααααααααΆααααααααΌα‘αΆαααααΆααα»αααααΆα
Αα»αααα½ααα½αααααΌαααΆαααααα½αααα myofibroblasts α
ΑαΆααααααα»αααα½αααΎαα‘αΎααα
αααα»αααΆαααααα½αααααΆααααΆαα’ (secondary intention)
Α
ααααΎαααΆαααααααα½αααΆαα·ααααααΆ ααΌαα αα»ααααΆαααΆαααααααααα·ααααΆα ααΆααααα sensor-neural hearing loss
ΑαΆαααΆα
αα
ααααΈααααΆααααΌαααα’αΉααααα»ααααα
αααααααΆα
ΑαΆααα»αααααα·ααααΆα (Ototoxicity)
ΑαααΊ MΓ©niΓ©re (MΓ©niΓ©re disease)
ΑαααΊ MΓ©niΓ©re (MΓ©niΓ©re disease)
Presbycusis
ΑαΎα
ααααΎαααΆαααααααα½αααΆαα·ααααααΆααααααααααααΊ Meniere ?
ΑαΆαααΆααα·ααα»α ααΆαααααααΆαααααΆααααααααα α ααΉααα·αααααααα
αα
ΑαΆααα·ααα»αααααΌαααΆαααΆαααα
αα·ααα
ααΆααααααααΆ
Α’αΆα
ααααΆααΆαααΆααααααααΎααααΆααααα
α»αααΉαααα
ΑαΆααΆααααααααααΆααααααΌααααα»ααα»αααααααΆααααααΆααααΌα
ΑαΆααα·ααα»αααΎαα‘αΎααααα½αααααα
ΑαααΌαααααααααΆααααααααααααααααΆαααααΆααααΆααααααααα·αααααααααΆαααααΆααα
αααααα α£αααααΆα αααα αΎα ααΆααα·αααααααΈαααααΎαα‘αΎαααΆα
αααΎαααΆααΈααΎααααα‘ααααααααααΆαα·αα ααΆααα·αα·αααααΎα ααΆααααΆαααΆαα
α»ααααααααΆαααααα
αααΆααααααααα·αα
α»αααααααααααΆααααααααΊα
αΆαααα
αααααα»ααααααα·αα
ααα’α»αααα ααΆαααααΎααααα·αααα·α
ααααααααΉαααααΌαααΊα
Α
αααααααααααααΆααΌαααα (carpal tunnel syndrome)
ΑαααΊα¬ααααααααααΆαα (cervical radiculopathy)
Αααα·αααααααΆααααΆαα·αααααααα·α
ΑααΆααααααα½α (tendonitis)
"ααΆαααΆααααα αΆααααααααααΆαα
α·ααα
αΉαααΆαααααα’αΆααααα½αααααΆα αααααΆαααααα (left middle cerebral artery ischemic attacks)"
ΑαααΌαααααααααΆααααααααααααααααΆαααααΆααααΆααααααααα·αααααααααΆαααααΆααα
αααααα α£αααααΆα αααα αΎα ααΆααα·αααααααΈαααααΎαα‘αΎαααΆα
αααΎαααΆααΈααΎααααα‘ααααααααααΆαα·αα ααΆααα·αα·αααααΎα ααΆααααΆαααΆαα
α»ααααααααΆαααααα
αααΆααααααααα·αα
α»αααααααααααΆααααααααΊα
αΆαααα
αααααα»ααααααα·αα
ααα’α»αααα ααΆαααααΎααααα·αααα·α
ααααααααΉαααααΌαααΊα
Α
αααααααααααααΆααΌαααα (carpal tunnel syndrome)
ΑαααΊα¬ααααααααααΆαα (cervical radiculopathy)
Αααα·αααααααΆααααΆαα·αααααααα·α
ΑααΆααααααα½α (tendonitis)
"ααΆαααΆααααα αΆααααααααααΆαα
α·ααα
αΉαααΆαααααα’αΆααααα½αααααΆα αααααΆαααααα (left middle cerebral artery ischemic attacks)"
ΑαααααΈα’αΆαα»α£α§ααααΆαααααΆαα αααααΆααααΆα¦αααα»α ααΆαααΎααα·ααΆααα·ααα·ααΆαααααΆααα
α
ααααα ααααααααΆαααααΆααααααααΆααα‘αΎααα
αααααΎαα ααΆααα·αα·ααααα·αααΎαααΆαα’αααΈαα½αα’ααααααααααΆααααΎααααααααΆαααΆαα
α»ααααααααααααα·α
αα
ααΆα
ααα»αααΆαααα½αααΎαα ααΆααααααΈα’αα·α
αααααααα’αΉαααα
ααααααα·αααΌααααα αΆαααΆααΆαααΆαααΌα
ααΆααααααα
ααΉαα’αΆαα»ααααααΆααα ααΆαααααΎααααα·αααα·α
ααααααααααΆααααΉαααααΌααααα»αααΊα
ΑαααααΌαααα’αΉαααα
ααααααααα½α
ααααΆα (acute lumbar disc herniation)
Αααααα¬α
ααα’ααααα’αΉαααα
ααααα (lumbar stenosis)
Αααα αΆααΆα
ααα»α (myopathy)
ΑαααΆαααααααΆααααΉααααα»ααα½αααααΆα (normal pressure hydrocephalus)
Αααααα¬α
ααα’ααααα’αΉαααα (cervical stenosis)
ΑαααααααΆαααααααα½αααΆαααααααΌαααΆαααααΎαααΎαααΆαααααααααΆαααΎ cardiac tamponade?
ΑαΎαααΆα
ΑαΈαα
ααααΆαααΆαα»αααΆαα (pulsus paradoxus)
ΑααααΆ Kussmaul
ΑαΈααααααααα jugular
ΑαΆαααααααααααααΌα
ΑαΆαααααΎααααα·αααα·α
ααααααα’αααα»ααααααΆαααααααΆααααααα
αΌααα½α (Tension pneumothorax) ααΊ?
ΑααΈααΈααααα (stat CT scan)
ΑαΆααααααΈα’αα·α
ααααΌα (chest x-ray)
ΑαααααααΎααα·ααααα
αΆα (watch and wait)
ΑαΆααα·αα·αααααααΈαα·α (clinical exam)
Αα·αααΆαα
ααααΎαααΆαααΎ (none of the above)
Α
ααααΎαααΆαααααααα½αααΆαα·ααααααΆααΌαα ααα»ααααΆααααααΆαα αΌαααΆαααααΌαααααΆαα’αΆα αΆαααΆαααααα?
ΑααΆαααΈαααααΈαα»α(diverticulitis)
ΑαΆαααΌαααΆαααα»αααααααΆααααααααΆα (agiodysplasia)
ΑαΆαααα
ααααΆαααααα’αΆα’αααα
ααααΌαααααΆαα’αΆα αΆα (aotoenteric fistula)
Αα·αααΆαα
ααααΎαααΆαααΎ (none of the above)
Α
ααααΎαααΆααα’ααααΆααααααααΆααΎαα ααα»ααααΆαααααΆαααααααΆααααααΆαα
ααααα ααΎαααααα?
ΑααααΉαααααΆ α’αααΆαα»α (ethanol)
Αααα’αααα·αααΈ (electricity)
Ααα αΆααααααΆα (exercise)
Αααα½αααααΌα (epilepsy)
ΑααΆααα½αααααΆα(encephalitis)
ΑαΆαααααΆααΆαααΆααααα’αΉαα
αα ααα»α ααΆαα·α
αα
ααΆααΆαααααΌαα’αα»ααααααΌα
ααΆαααααα ααΎαααααα?
ΑαΆαααααααααΆαααααααΆα αα·ααααααααααΆα
Αααααααα·ααααα’αΉα (reduction and fixation of fracture)
ΑαΆααα·ααααα’αΆαααα½α
Ααααααα½ααααααααααααααΈα
ΑαΆααααααΆαα’ααααΈαααΈαααΌαα·αααΉαααααααααα½α (topical antibiotic)
ΑαΎαααααααα αΆααΈαααααααααΈαααΌα’ααΈααα½αααΆααααα½ααααααααΉαααΆααααΆααα?
Medullary
Papillary
Follicular
Lymphoma
Anaplastic
ΑαΆαααααααααααΆααααΈααΆα
αααΆαααααΌαα’αα»ααααααΆαααΆααα’αΆααΈααΆα (tonsillectomy)?
Ααααα¬α§αααααααααΌααααα αΎα (airway obstruction)
ΑααΆαα’αΆααΈααΆαααΆααααΆαα
α»αα‘αΎαααΎαααΈα₯αα
Α’αΆαααααα»ααα·αα’αΆααΈααΆα
Α’αΆααΈααΆαααΈααα
ΑαΆαααααΉαααα’α»αααΆαα
ΑαΆαααααααααααΆααααΈααΆα
αααΆαααααΌαα’αα»ααααααΆαααΆααα’αΆααΈααΆα (tonsillectomy)?
Ααααα¬α§αααααααααΌααααα αΎα (airway obstruction)
ΑααΆαα’αΆααΈααΆαααΆααααΆαα
α»αα‘αΎαααΎαααΈα₯αα
Α’αΆαααααα»ααα·αα’αΆααΈααΆα
Α’αΆααΈααΆαααΈααα
ΑαΆαααααΉαααα’α»αααΆαα
ΑαΆαααααααααααΆααααΈααΆα
αααΆαααααΌαα’αα»ααααααΆαααΆααα’αΆααΈααΆα (tonsillectomy)?
Ααααα¬α§αααααααααΌααααα αΎα (airway obstruction)
ΑααΆαα’αΆααΈααΆαααΆααααΆαα
α»αα‘αΎαααΎαααΈα₯αα
Α’αΆαααααα»ααα·αα’αΆααΈααΆα
Α’αΆααΈααΆαααΈααα
ΑαΆαααααΉαααα’α»αααΆαα
ΑαΆαα’αα·ααααΆαααΆαααααααα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌααααα
α
αααααα·αααα» Glasgow coma scale?
ΑαΆαα·αααα»αααααΆααααΆαααααααααα·ααΆαααΌαα’αααααααααΆααααααααα·α
ααααΆα
Αα·αααα»αααααααΆαααααΆαααααααα
ααΉαα’ααααΆααααΆααααααα
Αααα»ααααααΆααα·ααΆαααΆαααααΆαααααααΆααααα»ααααα’αααααΆαα
Αα½αααΆααα·ααΆαααΆαααααΆααααααααα·α
αααααααααΈααααα
Αααα»ααααααΆααα·ααΆαααΆαααααΆααααΆαααααΎαααααααααααα
ΑαΆαα’αα·ααααΆαααΆαααααααα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌααααα
α
αααααα·αααα» Glasgow coma scale?
ΑαΆαα·αααα»αααααΆααααΆαααααααααα·ααΆαααΌαα’αααααααααΆααααααααα·α
ααααΆα
Αα·αααα»αααααααΆαααααΆαααααααα
ααΉαα’ααααΆααααΆααααααα
Αααα»ααααααΆααα·ααΆαααΆαααααΆαααααααΆααααα»ααααα’αααααΆαα
Αα½αααΆααα·ααΆαααΆαααααΆααααααααα·α
αααααααααΈααααα
Αααα»ααααααΆααα·ααΆαααΆαααααΆααααΆαααααΎαααααααααααα
ΑαΆαα’αα·ααααΆαααΆαααααααα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌααααα
α
αααααα·αααα» Glasgow coma scale?
ΑαΆαα·αααα»αααααΆααααΆαααααααααα·ααΆαααΌαα’αααααααααΆααααααααα·α
ααααΆα
Αα·αααα»αααααααΆαααααΆαααααααα
ααΉαα’ααααΆααααΆααααααα
Αααα»ααααααΆααα·ααΆαααΆαααααΆαααααααΆααααα»ααααα’αααααΆαα
Αα½αααΆααα·ααΆαααΆαααααΆααααααααα·α
αααααααααΈααααα
Αααα»ααααααΆααα·ααΆαααΆαααααΆααααΆαααααΎαααααααααααα
ΑαΆαααααααααααααα αΎα hyperventilation (ααΆααααααΉαααΆααΌαα·ααααα»ααΆαααΆα) ααΆααΌαα
ααΊαααααααΆααααααααα·α
ααααΆαα ααΆαααααΆααΆααααα·ααΆαααααααΆααΊα
ΑαΆααααααα (endogenous catecholamines)
ΑαΆααααααααααααΉααααΌααΆααααΌααααα»ααααα·ααΆ
ΑααααΎαααΆαααα(resistance)ααααααααΆααα½αααααΆα
Αααα
αΌααααααα’αΆααααΆα‘αΌαααΈαααααΆααΌααΈα
ΑαααΌαααΆαααΆαααααΆαααααα»ααααα’αααααΆαα
ΑαΆαααααααααααααα αΎα hyperventilation (ααΆααααααΉαααΆααΌαα·ααααα»ααΆαααΆα) ααΆααΌαα
ααΊαααααααΆααααααααα·α
ααααΆαα ααΆαααααΆααΆααααα·ααΆαααααααΆααΊα
ΑαΆααααααα (endogenous catecholamines)
ΑαΆααααααααααααΉααααΌααΆααααΌααααα»ααααα·ααΆ
ΑααααΎαααΆαααα(resistance)ααααααααΆααα½αααααΆα
Αααα
αΌααααααα’αΆααααΆα‘αΌαααΈαααααΆααΌααΈα
ΑαααΌαααΆαααΆαααααΆαααααα»ααααα’αααααΆαα
ΑαΆαααααααααααααα αΎα hyperventilation (ααΆααααααΉαααΆααΌαα·ααααα»ααΆαααΆα) ααΆααΌαα
ααΊαααααααΆααααααααα·α
ααααΆαα ααΆαααααΆααΆααααα·ααΆαααααααΆααΊα
ΑαΆααααααα (endogenous catecholamines)
ΑαΆααααααααααααΉααααΌααΆααααΌααααα»ααααα·ααΆ
ΑααααΎαααΆαααα(resistance)ααααααααΆααα½αααααΆα
Αααα
αΌααααααα’αΆααααΆα‘αΌαααΈαααααΆααΌααΈα
ΑαααΌαααΆαααΆαααααΆαααααα»ααααα’αααααΆαα
ΑαΎααΆααα·αααααΆααΆαααααααα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌα αααα
ααΎααΆαααΆααααα’αΉααααΆααααααΆα?
ΑαΆααααα»αααα’αΉαααΊααΆααααΈαααααααΆαααΈα’αααααααΊα
α»ααααααα¬ααΆααααα
ΑαΆααααα’αΉααααα»αααααΆαααΊααΆααααΈαααααα’αΉααααα’αααααΆααααααΌαααΆααα αΎααα½αααααΆαααΆααααααααααΌαααΆα
ααα αα
Αααααααα’αΉαααΆα
αα
ααααΆαααα αααααΆαα‘αααααΈαααααααα
ααΆααααα»αααααΌαααΆααααα·ααααααΆαααααΆαα
ΑαΆαα αΌαααΊααα½αααα’αΉαααααααΆααααα
ααα¬α
αααα»α ααΆααααΈααααΌαααααΎααΆαααααΆααΆααααααααΆαα
ΑαααΎααααααααααΆαααΆααααα’αΉααααΆααααααΆαααΆααα’αα ααααΌαααααΆααΆααααααααΆαα
ΑαΎααΆααα·αααααΆααΆαααααααα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌα αααα
ααΎααΆαααΆααααα’αΉααααΆααααααΆα?
ΑαΆααααα»αααα’αΉαααΊααΆααααΈαααααααΆαααΈα’αααααααΊα
α»ααααααα¬ααΆααααα
ΑαΆααααα’αΉααααα»αααααΆαααΊααΆααααΈαααααα’αΉααααα’αααααΆααααααΌαααΆααα αΎααα½αααααΆαααΆααααααααααΌαααΆα
ααα αα
Αααααααα’αΉαααΆα
αα
ααααΆαααα αααααΆαα‘αααααΈαααααααα
ααΆααααα»αααααΌαααΆααααα·ααααααΆαααααΆαα
ΑαΆαα αΌαααΊααα½αααα’αΉαααααααΆααααα
ααα¬α
αααα»α ααΆααααΈααααΌαααααΎααΆαααααΆααΆααααααααΆαα
ΑαααΎααααααααααΆαααΆααααα’αΉααααΆααααααΆαααΆααα’αα ααααΌαααααΆααΆααααααααΆαα
ΑαΎααΆααα·αααααΆααΆαααααααα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌα αααα
ααΎααΆαααΆααααα’αΉααααΆααααααΆα?
ΑαΆααααα»αααα’αΉαααΊααΆααααΈαααααααΆαααΈα’αααααααΊα
α»ααααααα¬ααΆααααα
ΑαΆααααα’αΉααααα»αααααΆαααΊααΆααααΈαααααα’αΉααααα’αααααΆααααααΌαααΆααα αΎααα½αααααΆαααΆααααααααααΌαααΆα
ααα αα
Αααααααα’αΉαααΆα
αα
ααααΆαααα αααααΆαα‘αααααΈαααααααα
ααΆααααα»αααααΌαααΆααααα·ααααααΆαααααΆαα
ΑαΆαα αΌαααΊααα½αααα’αΉαααααααΆααααα
ααα¬α
αααα»α ααΆααααΈααααΌαααααΎααΆαααααΆααΆααααααααΆαα
ΑαααΎααααααααααΆαααΆααααα’αΉααααΆααααααΆαααΆααα’αα ααααΌαααααΆααΆααααααααΆαα
"αα»αααα’αΆαα»α‘α¨ααααΆαααααΆααα
αΌααααααααααααααααααααΆααααααααααααααααΆααα
ααΆα
αααααααααΌααΌα ααΆαα αα
ααΉααααα½αααααααΆααααΆααααΈαα
ααααααααΎαα ααα»ααΆααͺααααΉα ααΆααΆαααααααααααααΆααααααααααΆαααααααααααααααΆααα ααΆααααααΈα’αα·α
αααα’αααααΆαααααα αΆα ααΆααΆαααΆααααα’αΉααααααΌαααΆαα(temporal)αααααα αααααααΆαααααΆααααααΈα’αααααααΊααΆαααΆαα ααααΆαααΈαα½αααααα
αα·αααΆαααΈααααααααΈαααααα ααΎα’αααααααΊαααααΆααααα αΆα’αααΈααΎαα‘αΎα? "
Ααα½αααααααΆαααΈαααααααααΈ (Ruptured berry aneurysm)
ΑαΆαα αΌαααΆααααα»α subdural αααα½α
ααααΆα
ΑαΆαααααΆααααα»αα’αααΈαα»ααααΆαα (Epidural hematoma)
ΑαΆαα αΌαααΆααααα»αααα (Intraabdominal hemorrhage)
Ααα½αααααααααα’αΆααααααααΆααααααααα»αααααααΆ
"αα»αααα’αΆαα»α‘α¨ααααΆαααααΆααα
αΌααααααααααααααααααααΆααααααααααααααααΆααα
ααΆα
αααααααααΌααΌα ααΆαα αα
ααΉααααα½αααααααΆααααΆααααΈαα
ααααααααΎαα ααα»ααΆααͺααααΉα ααΆααΆαααααααααααααΆααααααααααΆαααααααααααααααΆααα ααΆααααααΈα’αα·α
αααα’αααααΆαααααα αΆα ααΆααΆαααΆααααα’αΉααααααΌαααΆαα(temporal)αααααα αααααααΆαααααΆααααααΈα’αααααααΊααΆαααΆαα ααααΆαααΈαα½αααααα
αα·αααΆαααΈααααααααΈαααααα ααΎα’αααααααΊαααααΆααααα αΆα’αααΈααΎαα‘αΎα? "
Ααα½αααααααΆαααΈαααααααααΈ (Ruptured berry aneurysm)
ΑαΆαα αΌαααΆααααα»α subdural αααα½α
ααααΆα
ΑαΆαααααΆααααα»αα’αααΈαα»ααααΆαα (Epidural hematoma)
ΑαΆαα αΌαααΆααααα»αααα (Intraabdominal hemorrhage)
Ααα½αααααααααα’αΆααααααααΆααααααααα»αααααααΆ
"αα»αααα’αΆαα»α‘α¨ααααΆαααααΆααα
αΌααααααααααααααααααααΆααααααααααααααααΆααα
ααΆα
αααααααααΌααΌα ααΆαα αα
ααΉααααα½αααααααΆααααΆααααΈαα
ααααααααΎαα ααα»ααΆααͺααααΉα ααΆααΆαααααααααααααΆααααααααααΆαααααααααααααααΆααα ααΆααααααΈα’αα·α
αααα’αααααΆαααααα αΆα ααΆααΆαααΆααααα’αΉααααααΌαααΆαα(temporal)αααααα αααααααΆαααααΆααααααΈα’αααααααΊααΆαααΆαα ααααΆαααΈαα½αααααα
αα·αααΆαααΈααααααααΈαααααα ααΎα’αααααααΊαααααΆααααα αΆα’αααΈααΎαα‘αΎα? "
Ααα½αααααααΆαααΈαααααααααΈ (Ruptured berry aneurysm)
ΑαΆαα αΌαααΆααααα»α subdural αααα½α
ααααΆα
ΑαΆαααααΆααααα»αα’αααΈαα»ααααΆαα (Epidural hematoma)
ΑαΆαα αΌαααΆααααα»αααα (Intraabdominal hemorrhage)
Ααα½αααααααααα’αΆααααααααΆααααααααα»αααααααΆ
ΑαααααααααΈαα·αααΆαααααααα½αααΆ ααααΌαααΆαααααααΎααα
αααα»αααΆαααΎαααααΆααααα»ααααα’αααααΆααααααΆααααα½α
ααααΆα?
ΑαΆααααααα αΎααα·αααααα (Respiratory irregularities)
ΑαααΆαααΆαααααΆααα
α»α (Decreased blood pressure)
ΑααααΆαααααααΌαααΏαααΆαααααααΆ (Tachycardia)
Papilledema
ΑααααααααΆααα½αααααΆαααΈα₯ααααΆααααααα
ΑαααααααααΈαα·αααΆαααααααα½αααΆ ααααΌαααΆαααααααΎααα
αααα»αααΆαααΎαααααΆααααα»ααααα’αααααΆααααααΆααααα½α
ααααΆα?
ΑαΆααααααα αΎααα·αααααα (Respiratory irregularities)
ΑαααΆαααΆαααααΆααα
α»α (Decreased blood pressure)
ΑααααΆαααααααΌαααΏαααΆαααααααΆ (Tachycardia)
Papilledema
ΑααααααααΆααα½αααααΆαααΈα₯ααααΆααααααα
ΑαααααααααΈαα·αααΆαααααααα½αααΆ ααααΌαααΆαααααααΎααα
αααα»αααΆαααΎαααααΆααααα»ααααα’αααααΆααααααΆααααα½α
ααααΆα?
ΑαΆααααααα αΎααα·αααααα (Respiratory irregularities)
ΑαααΆαααΆαααααΆααα
α»α (Decreased blood pressure)
ΑααααΆαααααααΌαααΏαααΆαααααααΆ (Tachycardia)
Papilledema
ΑααααααααΆααα½αααααΆαααΈα₯ααααΆααααααα
ΑαΎααΆααα·αααααΆααΆαααααααα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌααααα
ααΎααΆαααα½αααααΆααα½αααααΆα?
ΑαΆα
αααΎαααΎαα‘αΎααα
αααα»αααααα occipital
ΑαΆα’αΆα
ααΎαα‘αΎααα
αααααααΆααααα»αααΈαααΆααααααΆαααααααααααα·α
.
ΑαΆααααααΆαααΆααα½αααααααΆαα½αααΆαα αΌαααΆααααα»αααΆα
ααα½αααααΆα
ΑαΆα’αΆα
ααΎαα‘αΎααααα―αα―αααΎα’αααααααΊαααααΆαααααΎααααΆααααααΆααααααΆααααΆαααααΆα
ΑαααΆααααααΆααααΆααααααΆα
ααα·αααΆααα½ααΆααΈα’αααΈαααααα»αααΆαααααΆααΆαααααΌαααΌααα·ααααα·ααα
ΑαΎααΆααα·αααααΆααΆαααααααα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌααααα
ααΎααΆαααα½αααααΆααα½αααααΆα?
ΑαΆα
αααΎαααΎαα‘αΎααα
αααα»αααααα occipital
ΑαΆα’αΆα
ααΎαα‘αΎααα
αααααααΆααααα»αααΈαααΆααααααΆαααααααααααα·α
.
ΑαΆααααααΆαααΆααα½αααααααΆαα½αααΆαα αΌαααΆααααα»αααΆα
ααα½αααααΆα
ΑαΆα’αΆα
ααΎαα‘αΎααααα―αα―αααΎα’αααααααΊαααααΆαααααΎααααΆααααααΆααααααΆααααΆαααααΆα
ΑαααΆααααααΆααααΆααααααΆα
ααα·αααΆααα½ααΆααΈα’αααΈαααααα»αααΆαααααΆααΆαααααΌαααΌααα·ααααα·ααα
ΑαΎααΆααα·αααααΆααΆαααααααα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌααααα
ααΎααΆαααα½αααααΆααα½αααααΆα?
ΑαΆα
αααΎαααΎαα‘αΎααα
αααα»αααααα occipital
ΑαΆα’αΆα
ααΎαα‘αΎααα
αααααααΆααααα»αααΈαααΆααααααΆαααααααααααα·α
.
ΑαΆααααααΆαααΆααα½αααααααΆαα½αααΆαα αΌαααΆααααα»αααΆα
ααα½αααααΆα
ΑαΆα’αΆα
ααΎαα‘αΎααααα―αα―αααΎα’αααααααΊαααααΆαααααΎααααΆααααααΆααααααΆααααΆαααααΆα
ΑαααΆααααααΆααααΆααααααΆα
ααα·αααΆααα½ααΆααΈα’αααΈαααααα»αααΆαααααΆααΆαααααΌαααΌααα·ααααα·ααα
Αα»ααα’αΆαα»α£α§ααααΆαααααΆαααααα»αααααααααΎαααΆαααααα½αααΆαααΌαα αααα ααΆααααααααα·α
ααααΌααααααααααΆαααααααΆααααααΌαα ααααα ααααααααααααα·α
ααΆαααα
ααΉααααα½ααα·α αα·ααΆαααααααΆ αααααααααα»ααααΆααααα ααΆααααααααααΎαααΆ αα·ααΆαααααΎα
αααΆααΆααααααααΆααα‘αΎα αα½αααΆααααααααααααΆαααα·ααα·αα’αΆα
ααααΎα
αααΆ α
αα αααααα½αααΆαααααΆαα ααΆαααΆααα·αααααΆααΆαααΎ ααααΎαααΎαααααααααααααααΆα αααααααααΆααΆαααΆαααΆαααααααα
αααΎαααΆααα?
ΑαααΆααααα»α Subdural (Subdural hematoma)
ΑαααΆααααα»α Epidural (Epidural hematoma)
ΑαΆα
αααΆαααΌααΈα (Carotid dissection)
ΑαααΆααα½αααααΆα (Brain contusion)
Ααα½αααααααΆαααΈααααααααα»ααααα’αααααΆααααααΆα
Αα»ααα’αΆαα»α£α§ααααΆαααααΆαααααα»αααααααααΎαααΆαααααα½αααΆαααΌαα αααα ααΆααααααααα·α
ααααΌααααααααααΆαααααααΆααααααΌαα ααααα ααααααααααααα·α
ααΆαααα
ααΉααααα½ααα·α αα·ααΆαααααααΆ αααααααααα»ααααΆααααα ααΆααααααααααΎαααΆ αα·ααΆαααααΎα
αααΆααΆααααααααΆααα‘αΎα αα½αααΆααααααααααααΆαααα·ααα·αα’αΆα
ααααΎα
αααΆ α
αα αααααα½αααΆαααααΆαα ααΆαααΆααα·αααααΆααΆαααΎ ααααΎαααΎαααααααααααααααΆα αααααααααΆααΆαααΆαααΆαααααααα
αααΎαααΆααα?
ΑαααΆααααα»α Subdural (Subdural hematoma)
ΑαααΆααααα»α Epidural (Epidural hematoma)
ΑαΆα
αααΆαααΌααΈα (Carotid dissection)
ΑαααΆααα½αααααΆα (Brain contusion)
Ααα½αααααααΆαααΈααααααααα»ααααα’αααααΆααααααΆα
Αα»ααα’αΆαα»α£α§ααααΆαααααΆαααααα»αααααααααΎαααΆαααααα½αααΆαααΌαα αααα ααΆααααααααα·α
ααααΌααααααααααΆαααααααΆααααααΌαα ααααα ααααααααααααα·α
ααΆαααα
ααΉααααα½ααα·α αα·ααΆαααααααΆ αααααααααα»ααααΆααααα ααΆααααααααααΎαααΆ αα·ααΆαααααΎα
αααΆααΆααααααααΆααα‘αΎα αα½αααΆααααααααααααΆαααα·ααα·αα’αΆα
ααααΎα
αααΆ α
αα αααααα½αααΆαααααΆαα ααΆαααΆααα·αααααΆααΆαααΎ ααααΎαααΎαααααααααααααααΆα αααααααααΆααΆαααΆαααΆαααααααα
αααΎαααΆααα?
ΑαααΆααααα»α Subdural (Subdural hematoma)
ΑαααΆααααα»α Epidural (Epidural hematoma)
ΑαΆα
αααΆαααΌααΈα (Carotid dissection)
ΑαααΆααα½αααααΆα (Brain contusion)
Ααα½αααααααΆαααΈααααααααα»ααααα’αααααΆααααααΆα
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