Surgery Part A I
Surgery Knowledge Assessment
Test your knowledge of surgical procedures and protocols with our comprehensive quiz designed for medical professionals and students. This quiz includes a variety of questions focusing on surgical techniques, patient management, and postoperative care.
Prepare yourself by exploring:
- Key concepts in surgery
- Best practices for patient safety
- Understanding surgical complications
- Assessment of clinical scenarios
Α’ααααααααΊαα αΆααΈααααααααααΈααααΆααααΆαα (carcinoma of the sigmoid colon) ααααα·αααΆααααΆααααααααααα αααα»ααααα
αααααΆααα ααΎααααΈααΆαααααααααΆα’αααααα·ααΆααΌααααα·ααΆααααααααααααααΆαα α’ααααα½αααΆααααααΆααα½αααΆαααα»αα
ααααααΆααααααα
"α
αΆααααααΆαα’ααααΈαααΈαααΌαα·ααα½αααΌαααΆααααα ααΎααααΈαααααΆαααα½αααααα αααααααΌαααΆαααααα (aerobes) αα·ααα·αααααΌαααΆαααααα (anaerobes)α"
"α
ααααΆααααααααΆαα’ααααΈαααΈαααΌαα·α ααΎααααΈαααααΆαααΆαααααΆααααα½αααααα Clostridium difficileα"
"αααααααααΆαααααααααααΆαα’ααααΈαααΈαααΌαα·αα
ααα½αα’αα
α€ααααααΎααααΈαααααΆαααα½α ααααααααααααΌαααΆαααααα (aerobes) αα·ααα·αααααΌαααΆαααααα (anaerobes)α"
ΑααααααααΆαααααααααααΆαα’ααααΈαααΈαααΌαα·αα
ααα½αα₯αα
α§ααααααΎααααΈαααααΆαααα½αααααααααααααΌαααΆαααααα(aerobes)αα·ααα·αααααΌαααΆαααααα(anaerobes)α
ΑαααααααααΆαααα·αααΎαααΈα₯ααααα
Αα»ααα’αΆαα»α§α¨ααααΆαααααΆααααΆααααααααα·αααααΊααααααΆααααααΌα( coronary artery disease)αα·αααΆααααααααααΌααααα·αααΆααααΆααααααΆαααααααααΆαααα
α‘αΎα (asymptomatic reducible inguinal hernia) α
ααααααΆαααααα
αα‘αΎααα·α ( requests an elective hernia repair). ααΎα’αααααααΌααααααααααΆαααΌα
ααααα
ααΎααααΈα’ααααΆααααααααααααααΆααΆαααααΆααααααααΆαα?
"ααααααΆααααααΌαα
ααααΆαααΆαααααΆααααΈααααααΌα ααααΆαα Coronary artery bypass αααΆααα·α
ααΈαα/ (Coronary artery bypass surgery 3 mo earlier)"
ΑαΆααααααααα·αααααΆααΈ (A history of cigarette smoking)
ΑααααααααααΌα αααΌα‘αΆ (Jugular venous distension)
ΑαΎαααΆα (Hypertension)
ΑαΎαααααΆαααααα»αααΆα (Hyperlipidemia)
ΑααααααΆαααααΆααααΎαααα (celiotomy), ααΆααααααΆααααααααα»ααααΆα α
αααΆαααααααααααααααααααααααααΆαα·α?
Ααααααααααα€αααα ααααααααΌα
αααααα’α€αααα αα·ααααααααααααααααΆααααα’αΆα αΆαααΎαααααΌαα
Ααααααααααα’α€αααα ααααααααΌα
αααααα€αααα αα·ααααααααααααααα£αααα
Ααααααααααα£αααα ααααααααΌα
αααααα£αααααα·ααααααααααααααα£αααα
Ααααααααααα’α€αααα ααααααααΌα
αααααα’α€αααα αα·ααααααααααααααα’α€αααα
Ααααααααααα€αααα ααααααααΌα
αααααααααΆαααα½α
ααααΆα αα·ααααααααααααααα’α€αααα
ΑαΎααααααααααΆαααα½αααΆαααα’αΆα
αα½αααααααΈαα·αα’ααααααααΊα’ααααααΆαααΌαααΆααα?
ΑαΆααα’ααααΎαααΎααααΈ AIDS-related idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
ΑαΆαααααΆααααααααααααΎααααΈααΎαααααΌαα’ααααΈαα»ααααΈααΌααα αααΆα‘αΌααααααα (Colonic resection for perforation secondary to cytomegalovirus infection)
ΑαΆαααααααααααΆααααΎααααΈααααΆααΆαααΆααααΆααααααααααΆαα
Α
ααααααααααααααΆαα ventilator-dependent α
ααααα’ααααααααΊαα·ααΆααααααα αΎα
ΑαΆαααααααα
ααααα’ααααααααΊα αΌαααΆαααααααααααΆα lymphoma α¬ Kaposiβs sarcoma
Α’ααααααααΊααααΉαααααΎαααααΆαααααααΆααααα αΆααΆααααααααΆαααΆααααααααααααααΎααα·αααααΎαααΆα α’ααααααααΊααααΌαααΆαααααααααααΆααααΆαααααΆαααααΎααααΈαααααΆαααΆαα αΌαααΆαααααα ααααΆααααααΆααααα
αΌαααααΆααααΆααααα ( fresh frozen plasma)α ααΎααα’αααα»ααααα½αα’αα»αααααααααα»ααααααΆ?
Ααααααααα»αααααααααΆαα(The day before surgery)
Αααααααα»αααΆαααααΆαα (The night before surgery)
Αααα»αααααααα
αααααΆααααααΆαα (On call to surgery)
Αααα»ααααααααΆααβ (Intraoperatively)
Αααα»ααααααααααααΆααααααααααΆαα (In the recovery room)
"α’ααααααααΊαα»ααα’αΆαα»α₯α₯ααααΆαααΆααα»αααΆαααααααΆααααΆαα αααααααααΆααααααΎααα½ααααααααΆαα£αααα ααααααααααΎα ααΆαααΆαααΆαααααΆααααΆα αΌαα
ααααΈαα»αααα½αααα αα»αααα½αααα
ααα’αΌααααααΆαααΎααα
αΉαααααααα‘α αααααΈαααααα ααΆα
αα
ααααΈααααΆ ( upper midline abdominal fascia) ααα’αααα»αααΎααααΌααααααα½αααααΎα’αααΈ? "
ΑαΆααααααα
αααα·ααα·ααα»αααα½ααααααααααααααΈαααΎα
Α
αΆααααααΎαααααΎα’ααααΈαααΈαααΌαα·αααΆααααααααα
Α
αααΉααααααααScultetus
Ααααα»αααα½αα‘αΎααα·ααα
ααααααααααΆαα
ΑααααΆαααΎαααα (Bed rest)
Up to
ΑααααααΆαααα αΆααΈααααααααααΈααααΆ (sigmoid colectomy)α₯αααα αα»αααα½αααααΆα
αα
ααααΈααααΆαα·αααΆαααα
α
ααααΆαααΆαααααΆααααΆααΆα
αααΎαα αα·αα·ααααα»αααα½α ααΆα
αα
ααααΈααααΆαααΆαααααΆααα ααΆαααααΆααΆααααα ααα’αααα»ααααα½αααααΎα’αααΈ?
ΑαΎαααΌααΆααα»αααα½αααΎααααΈαααα αΌαααΆααααααα
ααααΈαα»αααα½α
ΑαααΆαααΆαα»ααΆααα
ααααα»αααααααα·ααααααααΆαααααααααααΎα’ααααΈαααΈαααΌαα·ααααααα
ΑαααΎααααα·αααααΉαααααα»αααα½αα‘αΎααα·αααααααα»ααααααααα
ΑααααΌααααααααα
ααααααααααΆααααααΆα
Α’αα»ααααααΆαα
αααΉαααααααα Scultetus binder
ΑαααααααΆαα·αα
αααααααααααααΆααααΆααααααααΆααααΆααααααΆαααααα·ααααααΆααααα
αΌαααΆαααΊ?
Α‘αΎαααααα
(Hypothermia) αααα½αα‘αΎααααααΆααααααΆαα
ΑααααΆαααΆαααΎαααααα (Hypertension)
ΑαΉααααα
αααΎα (Polyuria)
Α αΌαααΆααα»αααααααΆ (Abnormal bleeding)
Αααααααααααααααααααα
αΌαααΆα (Hypesthesia at the transfusion site)
ΑαααΌαααααααααΆαααα½ααααααααΆαααα
α·ααααα»αααΆααααΎαααααααΆα’αααΈαα½ααΆααΈααΆααα α
ααααα’ααααααααΊαααααΆαααααΎααααΆα αααααΆαα αααΆαα¬ααααΆααααααααΆαααΊα
αΆαα?
APTT
PT
ΑαααααααΉαααΈα‘αΆα (Reptilase time)
ΑαααααααΆαα αΌα (Bleeding time)
Αααααααααα»ααααΈα(Thrombin time)
ΑαΆαααΆαα»αααααΆαααααΌααααα’αα ααααααααααααΆααααΊα
ΑαΆαααΆαα»ααΆααΆααΆααα’αΆααΈααΌα’αΆαααΈα
ΑαΆαααΆαα»αα·ααααααΆααΆααΆααα’αΆααΈααΌα’αΆαααΈα
ΑαααΌα (Ketone)
ΑαααΈααΌααα (Glycogen)
Αααα»αααΌα (Glucose)
ΑαΆαααααΎααααα·αααα·α
ααααααΆααααα§ααααααααα»αααΆαααααααΆααααα ( laparoscopy) ααΎαααα·αα’αα»ααααα
ααααα’ααααααααΊααΆ?
Α’ααααααααΊαααα αΎαααΉααααααααα½ααααααΉαααααααααααΆααααΆαααααΎα
Α’ααααααααΊααΆααααααααΆααααααααα½ααααααα½αα
αΆαααα
αααααΆααααααΌααααααααΆαααααα
Α’ααααααααΊαααααΆααα»αααααΆα
ααα
ααααΆαααααα
ΑαααααΈαααααααααααααΆαααΆαααΊα
αΆαααα
α’αΆααααααΆααα·αααΆααααα»ααααα
Α’ααααααααΊααα»αααα
αΆαααααα»ααα
αααα»ααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααΆαα
α·ααα
αΉααα
αααααα(intestinal ischemia)
ΑαααααΈα’αΆαα»α’α£ααααΆααααααααααΆααααααααααΈαααΌα’ααΈαααΆααααΌααααααΆαααΆαααΈααΌαααΆ (carcinoma)αααααα ααΈαααΌα’ααΈαα αααααααααΆααααΆαααΈααααα ααΆααα
αΆααααααΎαααα’αΌαααΆααΆαα’αΆααααααα
αΆααααααααα
ααααΆααααΈαα ααΆααααΆααααΆααααΆαααααααααΆαααααΆααα αΎααααααααααα’αΌαααα½ααααααΎα ααΆαααααΆααΆαααααΌαα
αΆαα ααααΎααααΆαααΌα
ααααα
?
10 mLαααΆαααααααΌαααα»αα αααΆα10%α
αΆααααΆααααα
ΑαΈααΆααΈααα (D) ααα
100 Β΅gSynthroidααα
Αααααααα
αΌαααΆαααααααΆααααααΌααααα»αααΌααΆα (Calcium Gluconate)
ΑαΆααααααΌααααα»αααΌααΆαααα(calcium gluconate)
ΑααααααΆααααααΌααααα»αααΆαααΆααΆααα½αααααααΆαα½αα (Hypocalcemia is associated with)
Α’αΆαααΈαααΌααααΈα(Acidosis)
ECG:α
αααααQTααααΈ (Shortened QT interval)
Αααα·α αααΆαααααααΌααααα»αααΆαα
α»αααΆα (Hypomagnesemia)
Αααα αΆαααΆα
ααα»ααααααΌα (Myocardial irritability)
Αααα·αααααΌααα’ααΈααααα»αααΆαααΎαααααα(Hyperproteinemia)
ΑαΆαααΆαα»ααΆααααα»αααΆαααΆααααααΆαα’αα‘α·α
αααααΈα (Na+, K+, C1β) ααΌα
αααα»αααΈαααΎαα‘αΆααααΆαααΊα
ΑαΉαααΆαα (Saliva)
ΑαΆαααΆαα»ααΆααα
αααα»αααααααααΌα
(Contents of small intestine)
ΑαΆαααΆαα»ααΆααα
αααα»αααααααααααΆαααααΆα (Contents of right colon)
ΑαΆαααΆαα»ααΆααααα
αααααααααα (Pancreatic secretions)
ΑαΆαααΆαα»ααΆααααα
ααααααααααα¬ααααααα (Gastric juice)
ΑαΌαα»ααααα»αααΈααααααααΌαααΆαααααααΎααΉαααΆααααΎααααΈαααααΆαα»αααααΆαααΆαααΆαα»ααΆααα·αα’αα‘αΎα
ααααΌααΈα αααα»αααΆαααααΆααΆαα’ααααααααΊαααααααααΆααααΊαα·α
ααααααΌα₯%αααα»αααΌααααΌααααααΈα 0.9% (5% dextrose in 0.9% sodium chloride) αα·α ααΌαα»ααααα»αα‘αΆααααΆαααΈαααΎα ( lactated Ringerβs solution) ααΎααααααααΆααααααααααα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌααααα
ααΎ 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline ?
ΑαΆααΆααααα»αα’ααΈααα»αααΌααααΌαααΌα
ααΆαα½αααααΆααααΆααα
ΑαΆα’αΆα
ααααααααα»αααα·ααΆαααα
αααΎαααααα·ααααααΆαααααααααααααααα»αααααΆαα’αΆαααΈα-ααΆα
ΑαΆααΆααΆααααααΆαα’αΌααααΌαα·α (α’αΆααΆααα) ααΌα
ααααΆααΆαα½αααααΆααααΆ
ΑαΆααΆαpHααααΎααΉα7.4(It has a pH of 7.4)
ΑαΆα’αΆα
αααααΆαα’αΆαααΈαααΌα(It may cause a dilutional acidosis)
"ααΌαα»ααααα»αααΈααααααααΌαααΆαααααααΎααΉαααΆααααΎααααΈαααααΆαα»αααααΆαααΆαααΆαα»ααΆααα·αα’αα‘αΎα
ααααΌααΈα αααα»αααΆαααααΆααΆαα’ααααααααΊαααααααααΆααααΊαα·α
ααααααΌα₯%αααα»αααΌααααΌααααααΈα 0.9% (5% dextrose in 0.9% sodium chloride) αα·α ααΌαα»ααααα»αα‘αΆααααΆαααΈαααΎα ( lactated Ringerβs solution) ααααααααΆαααααααα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌα αααα
ααΎααΌαα»ααααα»αα‘αΆααααΆαααΈαααΎα ? "
ΑαΆααΆααααα»αα’ααΈααα»αααΌααααΌααααααααΆαααααΆααααΆ
"ααΆαααααααααα»ααααα»αααΆααααα½αααΆαααΆαααααααΆαααΆαα»ααΆαααΆαααααααα»ααααααααΆαα ααΆαα
αααα»α"
ΑαΆααΆααααααΆαα’αΌααααΌαα·αααΌα
ααΆαα½αααΉαααααΆααααΆ
ΑαΆααΆαpH ααΆαααΆα7.0
ΑαΆα’αΆα
ααααΎα’ααααΆαααααΆααΌααΈαα’αΆαααΈαααΌααααΆαααααΆαα
ΑαααααααΆαα·αα
αααααααααααααΆααααΌααααααΎαααΆαααΆαα½ααααααΊ sepsis ααΊα
Αααα αΎαα’αΆαααΈαααΌαααΈα (Respiratory acidosis)
Ααα·ααΆαααΆααααα
ααααΈαααααΌαααΆα (Decreased cardiac output)
Αααα·αααΆαα·αααααααα»αααΆαααΆα (Hypoglycemia)
Α’α»ααααΈααααααα»α α’αΆααααα·αααααααΆαααΆααα»αααααΆααΆααααααααΆααα‘αΎα
ΑαααααΆαααααααααααααΈα
ΑαααΎαααΎααααΆαααΆαα» (αα·αααΆ meq/L)αα
αααα»αααααΌαααααΆαα’αΆα αΆααααααΆααααΆαααΆαα’ααΈααα»αααααΉαααααΌα (αααα»αααΉαααΆαα) (ααααΎαααΎαααααΌααααααα½α)
Na=140 , K=5 , C1=104 , HCO3=30
Na=140 , K=5 , C1=75 , HCO3=115
Na=60 , K=10 , C1=130 , HCO3=0
Na=10 , K=26 , C1=10 , HCO3=30
Na=60 , K=30 , C1=40 , HCO3=50
ΑαααΎαααΎααααΆαααΆαα» (αα·αααΆmeq/L)αα
αααα»αααααΌαααααΆαα’αΆα αΆααααααΆααααΆαααΆαα’ααΈααα»αααααΉαααααΌα (αααα»αααααααα) (ααααΎαααΎαααααΌααααααα½α)
Na=140 , K=5 , C1=104 , HCO3=30
Na=140 , K=5 , C1=75 , HCO3=115
Na=60 , K=10 , C1=130 , HCO3=0
Na=10 , K=26 , C1=10 , HCO3=30
Na=60 , K=30 , C1=40 , HCO3=50
(ααααΎαααΎαααααΌααααααα½α) (αααα»αααααααααΌα
) (ααααΎαααΎαααααΌααααααα½α)
Na=140 , K=5 , C1=104 , HCO3=30
Na=140 , K=5 , C1=75 , HCO3=115
Na=60 , K=10 , C1=130 , HCO3=0
Na=10 , K=26 , C1=10 , HCO3=30
Na=60 , K=30 , C1=40 , HCO3=50
ΑαΌαα ααα»αααΈααα·ααααΆααααΆαααααα’α»ααααΈααααααα»αααΆααα½αααΆαα½ααααααααΉαααΆααααΆααα?
Ααααααααα αΎαααΆα(Hypoventilation)
ΑαΆαααααΆαα’α»ααααΈαααα
αΌαααΌαααααα½ααα·ααααααα
ΑααααΆαααααααααα αΎααα·αααααΎααααΆ (Ventilation-perfusion inequality)
ΑαΆαααα
ααααΆααααα»ααα½α (Pulmonary shunt flow)
ΑαΎααααα·ααααα·ααΆβαααα α2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPT)
"ααΆααΌαα
ααΎααααΈα’αα»αααααααΆαααααΆαααα½α ααααααΌααααααααααααααα αΎααααΆαααΌα
ααααα
? (Generally accepted indications for mechanical ventilatory support include)"
ΑαααΆα O2ααΆαααΆα70 kPa αα·α PCO2 αααααααΆα50 kPa αααααΉαααα·ααΆααΆααααα»ααααααα
ΑααααΆα O2 αααΆαααΌαααααα½ααα·αα’αΆααα αα»α ααααΆ 150 kPa ααααααααα αΎαααΆαα½α O2100%
ΑααααααΆα (α
ααα»α) ααΈαα·α40β60 mL/kg (Vital capacity of 40β60 mL/kg)
Α’ααααΆαααααΆαααααα αΎαααΎαααΈα£α₯αααααα»ααα½αααΆααΈ
Α’ααααΆααα
ααα½α dead spacetidal (VD/VT)ααΆαααΆα 0.6
Ααααα·αααααααααααΆααααΆααααααΆαααΆααααα
αΌαααΆααα·αααααΌαααααΆ ααΆαααααΆααΆαααααΉαααααΌααααα»αααΊα
Ααααα»αααΆααααα
ααααΉαααααααααααΎαααΆααΈαα»αα₯α % α
ααα½α 250 ml
ΑαααΆααΆαααΆαααααΆαααΉαααααααααΆαααΆαα»ααΆααα·ααααΌααΆααααΌα
ΑαααΎα’αααααα·αα’αΆαααΈαααΉαααααααααααΎααααΈαααααΆαααα’ααααΌααααΌαααΈααααα»αααααααααααααα
Ααααααα»αααα
ααΆαααΆα (foreign bodies) α
αα, ααΌα
ααΆ Foley catheters, αααααΆααΌαα ααα»ααααΎα’ααααΆααααα·ααΆαα αΌαααΆα
ΑαααααααΆααααα
αΌαααΆαααΆαααααΆααα
ΑαΎααααααΌααα½αααααααααααααααΆαααααΉαααΆαααααΌααααα αΎααα½αααΆ ααΎααααΈααααααΎαααααα·αααααΆαααααΆααααααααΌαα
ααΆαααααΌααααα αΎα?
Diethyl ether
Nitrous oxide
Halothane
Methoxyflurane
Trichloroethylene
ΑαΌαααΆααΈα (Dopamine) ααΆααααΆα αααααααΌαααΆαααααααΎααααΆααααΉαααΆααα
ααααα’ααααααααΊαααααααααααααα?
Αα
αααα·ααααααααΆαααααΎαααα αΌαααΆααα
αααΈααΆαααααΆααααα»α
Αα
αααα·αααααααααααΎαααα αΌααααα»αααααααΆααααααΌαααΌαααΌααα(coronary flow)
Αα
αααα·αααΆαααΆαααααααααΏααααααΆαααααααΌα
Αα
αααα·ααΆαααΆααααΎα’ααααΆαααΊαααααααααΆαααα·αααααααα
α»α
ΑαΆααΆααΆααααΆααααααα
ααααΌαααΆααααΌααΆα‘αΆααΈα(catecholamine)
ΑαααααΆαααααα(ααααααΌα)αααα»ααααααΆαααΆαα αΌαααΆααααα½α
ααααΆαααΊ ?
Αααααααα αΌαααΆααααα»αααααααΆααααααΌααα·ααα½αααααΆα
ΑααααααΆααααααααΆααααΆα
ααα»ααααααΌα
ΑααααΈαααααααΆααααα»ααααααααααα·ααααΈααααΆααααα»α
ΑααααΎαααααΏααααααΆαααααα αΎα(Increased respiratory rate)
ΑααααααΆαααααΌαααααΌααααΌααα
αααααααα (Decreased renal sodium resorption)
Αα»αααΈα’αΆαα»α‘α¨ααααΆαααααΆααα‘αΎααααααΆααααα’αΆααα·ααα·ααΆααααααα αΎααααααα
αΆααααααΆααααααΈαααΈααΈαα αααααΆαααΆα 120/60 mm Hg αααααΆαααααααΌα 155 beats/min, αα·ααααααΆαααααα αΎα 30 breaths/minα ααΆαααααΆααΆαααΊα
Αααα
αΌαα’α»ααααΈααα (Intubation)
ΑαααΆαEpinephrine
ΑαααΆαBeta blockers
ΑαααΆαIodine
Αααα
αΌαααΆαααΆαα»ααΆα(Fluid challenge)
ΑαααααΆα αααα»αααααααα
αΌαααΆα ααΆαααΆααα½αααααααΆαα½α α ( During blood transfusion, clotting of transfused blood is associated with)
ΑαΆααα·αα
α»αααααα»ααααΆααααα»αααΆα ABO (ABO incompatibility)
ΑαΆααα·αα
α»αααααα»ααααααα»αααΆααααααΆαα
ααα½ααα·α
(Minor blood group incompatibility)
ΑαΆααα·αα
α»αααααα»αααααααααααΆα Rh (Rh incompatibility)
ΑαΆααααα
αΌαααααααΆαα Ringerβs lactate (Transfusion through Ringerβs lactate)
ΑαΆααααα
αΌαααααααΆαα αα·α
ααααααΌα₯%αα·αααΉα (Transfusion through 5% dextrose and water)
Ααααα
ααααα’ααααααααΊαααααΆααααα»ααααααααααααααααααααΆαα ααααΌαααα½ααααα’αΆα αΆαα’ααααΆαααααΉαααααΌα ααΎα’αααΈααΆααααα»ααΆααααααΆααα’αααΈααΆαααααΉαααααΌααααααα’αΆα αΆα?
Αααα·ααααα
ααααΈααααΌαααααΆαααΉαααα (Urinary nitrogen excretion levels)
Αααα·αααααΌααα’ααΈαααα»ααααα»ααααααΌα (Total serum protein level)
Αααα·αα’αΆααααα»αααΈααααα»ααααααΌα (Serum albumin level)
Αααα·ααααα
αΌαtransferrinαααα»ααααααΌαSerum transferrin levels
Ααα
αααααααα αΎα (Respiratory quotient)
ΑααααααααΆααααααΆαααΌαααααααααααααΆαααΆααΊαααα
αΌααα
αααα»αααααΌααααα αΎα ααΆαααααΆααΆαααααΌαααααΌαααααΎα’αααΈ?
Αααα
αΌααα»αααααα»ααααααααααα αα·αααΆαααΌαααααα (Tracheal intubation and suctioning)
ΑαααΆααΆαααααααααααΌα’ααΈα( Steroids)
Α
α·ααα
αΉαα’αΆα αΆααααααΆαααΆαα»ααΆαααΆααααααααα (Intravenous fluid bolus)
Α
αααα
ααααΈααΌααΈααα (Cricothyroidotomy)
ΑαααΆααα·αααααΆαααααααααα αΎαα
ααααααα (High positive end expiratory pressure)
"αα
αααα»αααΆαα’αα»ααααααα
αααααααααααα α’αααΈαααααΆα’αααα·ααΆα? (In performing a tracheostomy, authorities agree that)"
ΑαΆα
ααα»α strap α’αΆα
ααααΌααααααααΈααααΆ (The strap muscles should be divided)
Α
αααααααααααααΈααΌα’ααΈααα·αααααΌαααΆααααααΆαα (The thyroid isthmus should be preserved)
Αααααααααααα½αα
αααα
αααααΈα’ α¬ααΈα£
ΑαααΌαα
ααααΊααααΌαααΆαααααΉα (Only horizontal incisions should be used)
Α
ααααααααααααααααΉαααααΌαααΊααα
αααΎαα
αααα
ααααΈααΌααΈααα ααΎααααΈααααΎααΆααααααααααααααΆαα
"αααααΆαααΆααααααααααααΆαα α’αΆα
ααααΆααααΆααααααΆαα Central venous pressure (CVP) may be decreased by "
ΑαααααααααΆααααα»ααα½α(Pulmonary embolism)
ΑαΎαααα·ααΆαααΆα (Hypervolemia)
ΑααααΆαααααααααα αΎααα·αααααΆα(Positive-pressure ventilation)
Αααααα
αΌααααα»ααα½α(Pneumothorax)
SepsisαααααΆαααα½ααααααααααΆαα’αα·αααααΆα (Gram-negative sepsis)
"ααΆααααα·αααΆα
ααα»ααα
αααα’αααα α’αΆα
αααααΆαααααΈααα½ααααααααααΆαααΆ? (Wasting of the intrinsic muscles of the hand can be expected to follow injury of the)"
ΑααααααααΆαααΌααΆ(Ulnar nerve)
ΑααααααααΆααααΆααααΆαα(Radial nerve)
ΑααααααααΆαααααΆαααΈαααΆαα(Brachial nerve)
ΑααααααααΆαα’αΆαααααΈα‘αΆααΈ (Axillary nerve)
ΑααααααααΆαααααΆαα·αα’ααΈαααΌααααΆ (Thenar and hypothenar nerves)
Αααα
ααΎααΆαααααααΎαααα½α ααΎαααααααα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌα?
ΑαΌα‘αΆααααα
αααααΆα’αα·ααα·ααΆ αααα ααααΆαα½αα’αΆαα·ααααααααααα½α
ΑααΌααΌαααΈαααΎααα½ααΆααΈααααΆαααααα»αααΆαααααααΎαααα½αααααααΆ
Α αααΈααααΌααααΆαααα
αα»ααααα»αααα½α αααα»αα
αααααα’α€αα
α£α¦αααΆααααααααα½α
Αα½ααΆααΈαααααααΌααΌαααΈααααα»αααΆαααααααΎαααα½αααΊ ααααα·αααααα
ααααα
"α’αααα·ααΆαααααΆαααααααΎααα½αααΆααααΌαααΊααΆαα½ααΆααΈααααααααααΌα‘αΆ αααααααααα‘"
Αααα»αααααααα’ααααααα
αΆαααΆααα
αααα»ααααααααααααααααααααΆαα ααΆαααααααααα»αα‘α’ααααΆαααααΆααααααα αααα»ααααΆαααΊα
αΆαα αα·ααααΆααα
ααΆαααΎαααααααααααααΆααα»α( over the ball of his left foot)αα·αααααΆααααα αααααΌαααΆα αααααΉαα‘αΎαααΎαα
αααααααΆααααα»ααααα½αααΎαα ααααααααα»αα
αΆαααΆααΆααααααααΎααΈααΆαααΎααα»αααααα½αααααα ααΎαααααΆααΆαααααααααααααααΆ?
ΑαααΌααααααΈααααΌααααα αααααΆααα αααα (Clostridium perfingens) cause gas gangren
ΑαααΌααααααΈααααΌαααααΆααΈ (Clostridium tetani)
ΑαααΆα αααΈα‘αΌααΌα (Staphylococcus)
Α’αααααΈααΈααααΈαααΆ (Escherichia coli)
ΑαααααΉαααΌααΌα (Streptococcus) related to soid
"ααΆααα·αααααΆααΆαααααα αα½αααΆααΊααΆααΆαααα½ααααααΆαααααα½ααα
αααα’αααα?The true statement regarding tendon injuries in the hand is "
"αααααα½ααααααααΆααααααααΆααααΆαα α
αααΆααααα
αααα
ααα’αΉαααααΆαααααααΆααααΈα‘ (Flexor digitorum superficially inserts on the distal phalanx) "
"αααααα½ααααααααΆααααααααΆαααααα
α
αααΆααααα
αααα
ααα’αΉαααααΆαααααααΆαααααααΆα (Flexor digitorum profundus inserts on the middle phalanx) "
"αααααα½ααααααααΆααααααααΆααααΆαα ααΎαα
ααααΈααΆα
ααα»α common muscle belly (The tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis arise from a common muscle belly) "
Ααααααααα’αααα»αααΎααααΈαα½ααα»ααααααα½αααα αααααα½ααα
αααα»α fibroosseous tunnel (zone 2)
"ααααΎαααΆαααααΆαααααααΎαααα½ααααααα½αααΊααΆααααΎααα»αααΆα
ααααααα½α (The process of healing a tendon injury involves formation of a tenoma) "
Α
ααααααααΈααΆααααααααΎαα½αααΆαααα
αΆαααα»αααΆαααα’αΆαααα½ααααααααα (ααααααα) ?
ΑαΆαααααααααααΆαα αααααΆααααα½αααααααΆαα
ΑαΆαααααΆαααααααΊααααααΌα αααααΆαααααΉαααααΆααααααΆ (mesh repair)
ΑαΆαααααΆαααα»αααΆα
αααα αααααΆααααα’αΆααα»αααΆα
ααααααααα
ΑαααΆααααααααααααααααααΆαα’αΆαααααα·ααα»α
"ααα½ααααααΆαααααΆααααΆαααααΎα αααααΆααααααααααΌα
αα·ααααααα αααΈα
αααΆ "
Αα»ααα’αΆαα»α’α₯ααααΆαααααΆααααααΌαααΆααααααΌαα
αΌααααααααααααααααααααΆαα ααααααααΆααααααααΎααααα’αΆααΆαα ααΆααααΆαα’αΆααΆαα ααααΉααα·ααααααα‘αΎααααα α αα
αα»α, α’ααααααΎααααα αα·αααααΌα αα·ααααααααααΆαα ααΆαααααα·ααααα»αα’αΆ ααΆααα‘ααα‘α αααααΆαααΆαααααΆααα
α»α αααααΆαααααααΌαααΏαα ααΎααΆαααααΆααΆαααΌα
α
ααααΎαααΆαααααα αα½α ααΆααααΉαααααΌα?
Αα·ααα½αααααΎααααΆαα’ααααΈαααΈαααΌαα·αααΉααααααα αααααααΆααΉααα½αααααα»αα’ααααΆαααΌαααΆαααααααααααααααααααΆααααααΆα
Α
αΆαααΆα
αααααΌαααααΌαα
ααααα’αΆαααΆαα·ααΆαα»ααα·ααααααΆαα’ααααΆααα αα
ΑαΆααααααααΆααα½α α’αα»αααααα αααααααΆααΆαααα½ααααααααααΆαααααααααα
Α
αααααα’αΆααααΆαααααΉαα£α¬ ααααΉαα’αααα
ααΆααΌαα
ααα’αα»αααααααα
ααααααΈα£ αα
ααΈα§ ααααααααΆα
ΑαΆαααααααααα
ααααααααΆα αα½αααααΌαααΆαααα’αα»ααααααααΆαααΎαααααΆαααααΉαααΈ αααα»αααααααααααααΆα ααΆαααααααΆαα·ααΉα
Αα»ααα’αΆαα»α’α₯ααααΆαααααΆααααααΌαααΆαααΆαα
αΌααααααααααααααααααααΆααααααααααΆααααααααΎααααα’αΆααΆαα ααΆααααΆαα’αΆααΆαα ααααΉααα·ααααααα‘αΎααααα α αα
αα»α, α’ααααααΎααααα αα·αααααΌα ααααα
ααααααΆαα ααΆαααααα·ααααα»αα’αΆ ααΆααα‘ααα‘α αααααΆαααΆαααααΆααα
α»α αααααΆαααααααΌαααΏαα ααΎααααααααΆαααααααα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌαα
ααααα’ααααααααΊαααΆαααΆαααΎααα?
ΑαααΎααααΆααααααΈαααΈααΈααααααΉααααααααΎααααΈαααααΆααα»ααα»α
Α
αΆααααααΆααααααΆαααααΆααΌαααΊαα·αα
αΆαααΆα
αααααΎαα·αααΆα’ααααααααΊααΆαα
αΆααααααΆααααααΆααα»ααααααΈααααΆα
ΑααααααΆααααααΆααααααΆαα¦α %ααααααααα»ααααααα½ααααααααΎα
αααΆαααααα©
Α’αΆααααΈααΆααααααααααααα»ααααααΆααααΆαααααααααααΆαα·ααΉαααΊα’ααααΆαααααααΆαααααααΌα
Αα½ααααα
αΌααα»ααααααααα αΎαααααΆαααΎααααΈααΆαααΆαααααΌααααα αΎα αα·ααααααα αΎααααα’α»ααααΈααα
ΑαΎααααααααΆαααααααα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌαα
αααα carpal tunnel syndrome ?
ΑαΆααααααΎαααΆαα‘αΎααααααααΆααααααααα·α
ααΆαα
ΑαΆα’αΆα
ααΎαααΆαα‘αΎααα
ααΎα’αααααΆαααααααα
ΑαΆα
αααΎαααΆααΌαα ααα»αααααααΎα’ααααααΉααααααααΆαααΎαααΆα
αααΎααααα
ΑαΆα
αααΎααα½αααααααΆαα½α αααααΊααααααΆα (It is often associated with vascular compromise)
ΑαΆαααααΆααΆααααααΆαααααΆααααΊααΎααααΈαααααextensor retinaculum
ΑαΆαααααΆααΆα leukoplakia αα
αααα»αααΆααααΊα
Αααααααα½αααΆααα‘αΆαααααΌαααΆααα
αα ααΆαααα α§ααααααααα»αbiopsy.
ΑαααΎα’ααααΈαααΈαααΌαα·αααΉααααααα (Application of topical antibiotics)
ΑαααΆααΆααααααΆααααααΈαααα»ααααααΉαααΆα (Low-dose radiation therapy)
ΑαααΎαααΎααααααααΆααα’αααααααα(Ascertaining that dentures fit properly)
ΑαααΆααΆαααΉααααααααααααΆαααΆαα»ααΈααΈ
Αααα
ααΎααΆαα
α»αααααααααααα adrenal cortical ααΎααΆααα·αααααΆααΆαααααα αα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌα?
ΑαΆααΆαααααΆααΆαααααααααααΌα’ααΈαααΊαα·αααΆαααααα·αααααΆα
ΑαΆααααααΆααΆααΆαααα·ααΆαααααΆαααΆαααΆααααα αΆααΈαααΈααααααααααα ααΌα
ααΆαα½α α¬ααα αα
ααΆαα ααααααα’αΆααααααΆαα
ΑαΆαα
α»αααααααααααα adrenal αααΆαααα (ααααΊ Addison) α’αααααααΊαα»αααααΆαα α’αΆα
ααΉαααΆαααααααααΆαα½αα
ααα½αα ααΆαα·αααααααα»αααΆαααααα ααΌααααΌαααααα»αααΆαααααα αα·ααααΌααΆααααΌααααα»αααΆαααΆα (hyperglycemia, hypernatremia, and hypokalemia)
ΑαΆαααααΆααααααα·αααΆαααααΆααΆαααααΊα
α»ααααααααααααα’αΆααααααΆαααααΆαααα α’αΆα
ααΎαα‘αΎααααα»ααααααααΆαα
ΑαΌαα ααα»ααΉαααΆαααααα»ααααα»αααααα
αα
α»αααααα ααΊαααααααααΆα ααααααααααΈαααααααααΆα
ΑαααααΈα’αΆαα»α£α₯ααααΆαααααΆααααΆααα·αα·ααααααααααααΆααΌααααΆαααΎαααΈαα½αα ααΎααΌαααΆααααΆαααΌααααΆα ααα·ααααααααα½αααΆααααααΆ ααΎααααααΌαα’ααααααΎαααΈαααΌααααΈααααααα?
Αα»ααααααα»ααααααΆαα’αααααααα
αΉαααααΆαα’ααΈααααΈαααααα
Α
ααααααα»αααααΌα
ααααα»ααααααΆαα
ααα½αααααΎα¬ααΎαααΈα₯αααα»αα‘αααααΈααααααααΆααα
ΑαΆαα»αααΉααα½ααααα’αΆα
ααΆαααα
αα·ααα
ααααααααα
Αα»αααααΌα
αααΆαααΆαααΆαααααΆαα(Saucer-shaped microcalcifications)
Αα»ααααααααΉααα·αααααΎααΆα
αααΆα
αααΎα (Multiple round well-circumscribed breast densities)
Ααααα·αα·ααα
αααα ααααΊααΎααα»αααΆααααααααααΆαααΆααΈαααΌα’ααΈα αααα―αα―α (primary hyperparathyroidism)?
ΑααααΌαα’αΆαααΈαα αααΌαα αααΆααΆαααΎαααΈ120 IU/L
ΑααααΌαα’αΆααααΆααΈαααΎαααΈ120 IU/L
ΑααααΌαααΆααααααΌαααΎαααΈ11 mg/dL
ΑαΆααααααΌααααα»αααΉααααααααα100 mg/day
Αααα·αα’αααααΌααααΆαααΆααΈαααΌα’ααΈαααααα5 pmol/L
ΑαΎαααααααααΌαααΆααΌααααΆααΈα (Somatostatin) αα
αααα»αααααααααΆαααΆαα½α ?
ΑαΆααΆαα(Inhibition)αααα·ααΆα’αΆααααααΌαααααΈααΆαα
ΑαΆααΆαα(Inhibition)αααα·ααΆα’αΆααα αααΆααααααα
Ααααα
(Stimulation)αααα·ααΆantral gastrinααααα
Ααααα
(Stimulation) ααΆααααα
αααααααα·ααΆαααα»ααααααααΎαααααααααΌα
(duodenum)
Ααααα
α
αααΆααααΌαααααΆαα’αΆα αΆα
ΑαΎααΆαα’αα·ααααΆαααΆαααααα αα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌα αααα
ααΎ Cushing syndrome secondary to adrenal adenoma?
40β60% αα Cushing syndrome ααΆααα’αα αααααΆαααααΈ Adrenal adenomas
ΑαΆααΌαα
ααΆαααααΆααΆα lateralizing the tumors αα»αααααΆαααααααααααααΆαααΈααΈααΈαα αα·α ααΆααααααΈα’αα·α
αα·αααα½αααΆααααααααα
ΑαααΌαααααΎααΆααααα½ααα·αα·αααααααααα’αΆααααααΆααααΆααααααΆα
Α
αααααα»αααααααααΆ (αα·ααααα»αααααΆα) ααΆαααααΆααααΎααααααααΌαααΆαααα’αα»ααααααΆααΌαα
ΑαΆαααααΆααΆααααααααααΆαα αααααααΎαααααΈααΌα’ααΈα ααΊααΎααααΈαααααΆαααΆαα
α»αααααααα»αααΆαα’αΆααααααΆααΈα
ΑαααααΈα’αΆαα»α€α ααααΆαααααΆααααΆααα»αααΈαα‘αα
α’αααααΈαααααααα
αααα»αααα α αα·αααΎαααΆαα αΎαααΌαααααα»ααα
ααααα ααα ααΎααααααΌαααΆαααΆαα’αααΈααααααα?
ΑαααΌααα·αα·αααα‘αΎααα·αβααααΆαααααααααα’αααααΌα
ΑαααΌαααΆαααααα»αααΈααα
αα·αα·ααααααα·ααΆααααΆα
ΑαααΌαααΌααααα»αααΈααα
αα·ααΆααααα·ααΆ
ΑαααΎα ααααα»αα’ααααααΌααΈ (Fluoroscopically) αααααααΎαααα»αααΆαααααΌααα
ααΉαααααααααΎααααΈαα·αα·ααααααα·ααΆ
ΑααααααααααΆαααΌααααΆα αααΈ αα·αααΆααααααα‘αΎααα·ααααααααα½αααΆααααααα
Αααα
ααΎ papillary carcinoma ααααααααααΈαααΌα’ααΈα ααΎααΆαα’αα·ααααΆαααΆαααααααα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌα ααΆααααααα»α?
ΑαΆαααΆαααΆααα
αααΈααΆαααααααααααααΆαααααααα ααΆαααΈααααα
ααΉαααααααααΊααΏα ααΆααααΈα
αΌααα
αααα»ααααααααααα αα·α ααΈαααααααΆααααααΎαααΆαααΆαα·α
αα
ΑαΆααααααααα·αααΆαααΆααα
αααΈααΆααααααααααααα·αα’αΆα
ααΎαααΆαα‘αΎα ααααααααΎαααΆααΆααα ααΆααααΈααΌαααΆαααααααααΆα (carcinoma misleading)
ΑαΆαααΆαααΆαα
αΌααα
αααα»αααα’αΉα αα½ααααααααΉαααΆαα αα·αααααΆααα
ααΆααΆαααααααΆαααα’αΉα ααΆαα·ααα ααα’αΉαααα
ΑαΆα
αααΎαααααΆαααΆααα
αααα»αααΌαααααα»ααα
α αα
ααααΆαααΆαααα αα·αααΆαααΆααα
αααααααΆα ααΆααααααααα
ΑαΆαααΆαααΆααααΆαααΆαααα αα αα
αααααΆαααΈααΆαααααΌα
ααΆαααααΎα αα½α αα·ααα½αααα’αΉα α’ααααΆα’αααα’αΆα
αααααΆαα₯ααααΆα ααΆααααα ααα‘α %α
ΑαΎαα·αααΆαααα CT scanααααααααααΆαααΎ ααααΎααα»ααααΆααα£αααααΈαααααααα
αααα»αααααααα’αΆααααααΆαααααα
αααααα ααΎααα ααΆααααααΆααααααΆααα·ααΆααα·αααΆαααααΆααΆα ααααααΎα’αααΈααααααααΆααα?
Αα·αα·ααααααααα (Observation)
ΑαααΎ αααΈαααΌααααΈ ααΆααααΈααΈαααααααααααα»αααΆαααααΌα (CT-guided needle biopsy)
ΑαΆαααα»ααααΆααα
αα (Excision of the mass)
ΑαΆααααΆααααα
ααααΆααααΌα‘αΆααΈααααα»αααΉαααα
ΑαααΎααααααααααΈαα»α (Cortisol provocation test)
ΑαααααΈααααΆααααΆααα½ααααααααααΆαα ααα½ααα
ααΎαααααΌα ααααα»αααΉαα
ααααΌααααααα α ααΆααααααΉαααΆαααα½αααΆαα·ααΆααααΆααααααα ( fat necrosis of the breast) ααααααΆαα ααΎααΆαα’αα·ααααΆαααΆαααααααα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌα?
ΑαααΎαααΆααα’ααααα’αααααααΊ ααΆααααααααα·αααααααα·α
Ααα½αααΆααΌαα
βαα·αααΊα
αΆαα αα·ααααΆααα
αα·α
ΑαΆααΆαͺααΆα ααααΆαααΆαα αΆααΈαααα
ΑαΆαα·ααΆααααα»αααΆααααα
ααα’ααααΆα
αααΈ (α¬α’ααααααΆααααΆ) αα αΆααΈααααααΆαα
Α’αα»ααααααααααααΆαααΆααααα
ααΒ (Excision exacerbates the process)
ΑαΆαααααΎααααα·αααα·α
ααααααααΉαααααΌααααα»αα
ααααα’αααααααΊααααΆαααααααΆαα ααΎαααΆα, hypo kalemia αα·αααΆααα»αααααΆαααΎααααααααααα αα§αααααΈααααααααΊα
Hypernephroma
Cushingβs disease
Adrenocortical carcinoma
Pheochromocytoma
Carcinoid
Αααα
ααΎααααΊ PagetααΎααΆαα’αα·ααααΆαααΆαααααααα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌα?
ΑαΆααΌαα
ααΉαααααΆααα
ααΆααααΊ Paget ααααα’αΉαα
ΑαΆαααααααΆαααΆαα½αααααΊαααα’ααα»ααα·αααααΆαααα (nipple-areolar eczematous changes)
Αα·αααΆαα αΎαααΌαααααα»ααα
αααααααααααα ααΆααΆααααΆααααααΆααααααααΆ intraductal carcinoma ααααα»αααααα
"ααΆαα
ααα½αα‘α αα
α‘α₯% αααα αΆααΈααααααααΈααααΌαααΆαααααααΎααα αα·αααα·α
ααααααΎα"
Αααα»αααααααααΆαααααααΆαααΆαα»ααααΆαα ααΆαααααΆααΆαααααααΉαααααΌααααα»αααΊααααΆααααααΌααΆαα‘α
Αα»ααα’αΆαα»α€α ααααΆαααααΆααααΆααααααααα·ααααΊαααΆααααααααΆααΌαααα αΎα ααΆαααααΆααΆααααααααΆααα·αααΆαααΆαααααααΎα‘αΎααα ααΎαααΆααα
αΌαααααΆαααααΆααΆααα
αααα»ααααααΈααααααα αααα·ααααααΌαα αααΆααααααΈα ααΎαα‘αΎααα½αα’ααααααααααΆαα α ααΆαααα ααΆαααααΎααααααΎαααΆααα»ααααΆααααΌα
αα½αααααΆαααΎααα
ααααα»αααααα α ααΆαα’αα·ααααΆαααΆαααααααα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌα ααΆααααααΉααααΆαα’αααααααΊ?
Α αΈααααΆααΈαα¬α’αΆα αΆαααααΌααα’ααΈαααΉαααααΎα’ααααΎαααΆααααα
ααα’αΆαααΈα
ΑαΆαα
αΆαααααα
αΌαααααααααΈα α’αΆα
αααααααΆααααΆααααα
ααα’αΆαααΈα
Αα»ααααΆααααααααααα ααααΆααΎαα
αΆααααααΎα
ΑαΆαααΆαααααααααΆαα
α»αααααα ααΆαααααΎαααααΆαααααΆααΆα
H2 receptor antagonists αα·αααΆαααα
ααααα’αααΈ ααΈααΆαααααΆααΆααααΆαααααα
Αααα·ααΆαααΆααΌαα
ααααΆαααΆααααααααααΈαααΌα’ααΈα ααΆααααα·ααΆααα½αααααα½ααααααΆαααΊα
Ααα½αααααrecurrent laryngeal nerve
Ααα½αααααsuperior laryngeal nerve
Α
αααααααααααααΆαααααα·αααΆααααααΌααααα»αααΆαα
α»αααΆα
ΑαααααααΈαααΌα’ααΈαααΆαααααααααααααα‘αΎα(Thyroid storm)
Α αΌαααΆααααααααααΆαααα·αααααΆααααα»αααα½α
ΑααααααΆααααααααΌαα’αααααααΊααααΆαααααααΆαααααα·αααΆααααααΌααααα»αααΆαααααα (hypercalcemia) ααΆα αααααΆααααααααΆαα·ααΉα αα·ααααα
α»α ααΉαααααα·α
αα½α
ααα (furosemide)ααΎααΆαααααΆααΆαααααααΉαααααΌααααα»αααΊ ?
Α
αΆααααααααααααΌα’ααΈααααα»αααααα·αααα·ααΆαααα
ΑαααΆααΆααααααΆααααααΈα
ααααααΆαααΆαααΆααα
αααα»αααα’αΉα
ΑαΆααα£/α€αααααααααααΆαααΆααΈαααΌα’ααΈα
Ααααα·αααΆααα’αΆααααΌααααααααααΆαααΆααΈαααΌα’ααΈα(parathyroid adenoma)
Α
ααααΆαααααΌααααααΊαααα, αα ααΈααΆααΈααα αα·α α’αΆα αΆαααααΎααΈααα·αααααΉαααα
ΑαααααΈα’αΆαα»α£α¦ααααΆαααααΆαα ααΆααα»ααααΆααααα αα‘.α₯αααααΈαααααααα
ααααααααΈαααΌα’ααΈαααΆαααααΆαα ααΆααα·ααΆαααΎααΆαααΆαα»αααααΌαα
αααα ααΆααααα»α papillary neoplasmα ααααααααααααα»ααααΆααααΆααααΆα β Coldβ ααααααα’αα»αααααΆααα ααΆααααΆαααΉα α ααΎααΆαααααΆααΆαααααααΆααααα·ααα½αα’αα»αααααα ?
ααΆαααααααααααΆαααααααααΈαααΌα’ααΈα
ααΆααααααααααΈαααΌα’ααΈαααΆαααααααΆαα
αα
ααΆααααααααααΈαααΌα’ααΈαααΆαααααα»α
ΑαΆααααααααααΈαααΌα’ααΈαααΆαααααα»αααααααΆααααααΎααΆαααΆααlymph node
ΑαΆααααααααααΈαααΌα’ααΈαααα131I radioactive
Αααααααα·αααααΆαααΆαα»α αΌαα
ααααΈααααΆααααααΊ α
ΑαΆαααΆαα» α αΌαα
ααααΆααα¬ααΆα α’αΆα
ααΆααΆαααΆαα»αααΈαα·ααααΆααααααΆ
ΑαΆαα αΌαα
αααααααΎαα
αααΆααααΆααααΈααααΌαααααΎαααΈαααΌααααΈ
ΑαΆαα αΌαααΆααααα αΆαααΆααΆααααΊααΆα
αα
αααααΆααααααα
ΑαΆαα αΌαα
ααααΉαααα (α αααΆα‘αΆααααΌα) αααα αΆαααΆααΆααααΊααΆα
αα
αααααΆααααααα
ΑαΆαα αΌαα
αααααααΆαααααΊ ααΊα
αααΎαα αΌαααΆααααααΆα
Αααα
ααΎ ααααΊ Cushingαα·αα
αααααααααααααΆ Cushing ααααααααΆαααααααααααΎαα½αααΆααΆαααααααα·α ?
ΑαααΊ Cushing ααααΎαααααΆααα’αα αααααΆαααααΈ ααααααα’αΆααααΌαααααΈααΆααααΈααα
ΑαΆαααα·α ACTH ααΎα ααΆαααααααααα½ααααααα
αααααααααααααΆ Cushing
ΑαααααααΆααααΈαα·αααααααΊ Cushing αα·αα
αααααααααααααΆ Cushing ααΊααΌα
ααααΆααααα·α
Neoplasms ααααααααααΈααααΈαααααααΌα
ααΆ α’αΆααααααΆαα ααΆααΌαα ααα»αααα½αααααα α
αααααααααααααΆ Cushing
ΑαααΊ Cushing αα·αα’αΆα
ααααΆααΆαααΆα‘αΎαα
ΑαααααΈα’αΆαα»α£α€ααααΆαααααΆααα§ααααΆα αααααααα αααααΉαα’αΆααααα»αααΈααααααΌαααααααΆαα αααα»αααααααααΎα α‘αΎααα½αα’ααααααααααΆααα ααΎααΆααα·αααααΆααΆαααααααα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌαα
αααααααΆαα’αααααααΊααα?
ΑαΆαααα½αααααΆααααΊαααα ααααΆαααα·ααΆΞ±-cell tumorααααααα
ΑαΆααΌαα
ααΆαααα½αααΊα
αααΎααααααα
ΑαΆαααα½αααΆαααααααΆααΌαα
ααΊααΆα
(malignant)
ΑααααΉαααΆααααααΌααααα»ααααααΌα α’αΆα
α‘αΎαααααα
ΑαΆαααα½αααααΌααααα½ααα·αα·ααααααααααααααααΆαpheochromocytomaαα½ααααα
ΑαααΊαα αΆααΈαααα ααΎαααααΈ Β΄α The incidence of breast cancer
ΑαΆαα
ααα½αααΎαα‘αΎαααΆαα’αΆαα»
ΑαΆαα
ααα½αααα
α»αααΆααααΈααααΆαα‘α©α€α αα
ΑαΆαααααΆααααααααΆαα½αααΉαααΆαα αΌααααα’αΆα αΆαααααΆαα
ΑαΆαααααΆααααααααΆαα½αααΉαααΆαααΉαααΆα ααα
ΑαΆαααααΆααααααααΆαα½αααΉαααΆααααα’αΆα αΆαααααΌαααΈααΆααΈααα
Αα»αααΆα
α ( Tumor) αα·αα’αΆα
ααααΆαααΎα, ααΆαααΌαααααα»αααΆααααααΆααΈαα½ααα
αα½α, αα·αααΎαααΆαααΆαααΆαααΆααα
ααααααααααα α ααΆαααΆααα·αααααΆααααΈαα·αααΆαααΎ α
αΌαααααΎαααΎα ααααΆααααΆααα αΆααΈααααα’ααααΆααααααα
ΑαααΆααααΆαI (Stage I)
ΑαααΆααααΆαII (Stage II)
ΑαααΆααααΆαIII (Stage III)
ΑαααΆααααΆαIV (Stage IV)
ΑαΆαααΈααΌαααΆαααΆα(Inflammatory carcinoma)
Αα»αααα₯.α αααααΈαααααα ααααΈααΈαααΆα ααΌαααααα»αααΆαα
αααΆαα
αα½αααΆα(ααΆαα½ααα»ααα) αα·αααΎαααΆαααΆαααΆαααΆααα
αααΈααΆαααααααααααα ααΆαααΆααα·αααααΆααααΈαα·αααΆαααΎ α
αΌαααααΎαααΎα ααααΆααααΆααα αΆααΈααααα’ααααΆααααααα
ΑαααΆααααΆαI (Stage I)
ΑαααΆααααΆαII (Stage II)
ΑαααΆααααΆαIII (Stage III)
ΑαααΆααααΆαIV (Stage IV)
ΑαΆαααΈααΌαααΆαααΆα(Inflammatory carcinoma)
"αα»αααα’.α‘αααααΈαααααα ααααΈααΈααα·αααΆαααΌαααααα»α αα·αααΎαααΆαααΆαααΆαααΆααα
αααΈααΆαααααααααααα ααΆαααΆααα·αααααΆααααΈαα·αααΆαααΎα α
αΌαααααΎαααΎα ααααΆααααΆααα αΆααΈααααα’ααααΆααααααα ? "
ΑαααΆααααΆαI (Stage I)
ΑαααΆααααΆαII (Stage II)
ΑαααΆααααΆαIII (Stage III)
ΑαααΆααααΆαIV (Stage IV)
ΑαΆαααΈααΌαααΆαααΆα(Inflammatory carcinoma)
Αα»ααααα·αα’αΆα
ααααΆαααΎα αααααααΈααααα·ααααα α αα·αα·αααααααΈαα·αααΆα ααΌαααααα»αααΆαααΎααα’αΉαααααΆααα·α ααΆααααααΆααααΆαααΆαααΆαα ααΆαααΆααα·αααααΆααααΈαα·αααΆαααΎα α
αΌαααααΎαααΎα ααααΆααααΆααα αΆααΈααααα’ααααΆααααααα?
ΑαααΆααααΆαI (Stage I)
ΑαααΆααααΆαII (Stage II)
ΑαααΆααααΆαIII (Stage III)
ΑαααΆααααΆαIV (Stage IV)
ΑαΆαααΈααΌαααΆαααΆα(Inflammatory carcinoma)
"αα»αααα₯.α αααααΈαααααα αα·αα·αααααααΈααΈααα·αααΆαααΌαααααα»α ααΆαααΆαααΆααααα’αΉαααααΈαααααΆαααααΊα ααΆαααΆααα·αααααΆααααΈαα·αααΆαααΎα α
αΌαααααΎαααΎα ααααΆααααΆααα αΆααΈααααα’ααααΆααααααα? "
ΑαααΆααααΆαI (Stage I)
ΑαααΆααααΆαII (Stage II)
ΑαααΆααααΆαIII (Stage III)
ΑαααΆααααΆαIV (Stage IV)
ΑαΆαααΈααΌαααΆαααΆα(Inflammatory carcinoma)
"αα»ααα’αΆαα»α€α£ααααΆαααααΆααααΆαααααααααΆαα·αα
αααααααααααααΆ αααΆααααααααααα
αααααααΆαααααααα·αααΆαααααΆααααααα ααααΈαα·ααα·ααα·ααααααααααααααααα αΆαααΈααααΊ αααΆαααααααααααααααα½α
ααααΆαα αααααΎααααααΎαααΆααα»ααα αααα»αααΆα
ααα·αα·ααααααααααααΆαα ααΆααΆαααααααααΆαα αΆααΈα α α
αααααα»ααααααααΆαα’αα·ααααΆαααΆαααΎ α
αΌαααααΎαααΎα αα·ααΈααααΆαααααααααααααα»α ? (αα»αααααΆαααα αα’ .α₯αααααΈαααααα αα
αααααααΆααααααααααααααααααα) "
ΑαΆααααααααααααα
ΑαΆαααααααααααααααΆαα
α»αααααααααΌα
ΑαΆαααααααααΆαααΎααααααααα (Cecectomy)
ΑαΆαααα½αα
αα ααααΆαααααΆααααααααα (Right hemicolectomy)
ΑαΆαααα½ααααααααααααΎααα·αααΆαααααααααααααααααααα’αααααααα
"αα»ααα’αΆαα»α€α£ααααΆαααααΆααααΆαααααααααΆαα·αα
αααααααααααααΆ αααΆααααααααααα
αααααααΆαααααααα·αααΆαααααΆααααααα ααααΈαα·ααα·ααα·ααααααααααααααααα αΆαααΈααααΊ αααΆαααααααααααααααα½α
ααααΆαα αααααΎααααααΎαααΆααα»ααα αααα»αααΆα
ααα·αα·ααααααααααααΆαα ααΆααΆαααααααααΆαα αΆααΈαα α
αααααα»ααααααααΆαα’αα·ααααΆαααΆαααΎ α
αΌαααααΎαααΎα αα·ααΈααααΆαααααααααααααα»α ? (αα»αααααΆαααα α α‘αααααΈαααααα αα
αααααααΆαααΎααααααααααα) "
ΑαΆααααααααααααα
ΑαΆαααααααααααααααΆαα
α»αααααααααΌα
(Segmental ileal resection)
ΑαΆαααααααααΆαααΎααααααααα (Cecectomy)
ΑαΆαααα½αα
αα ααααΆαααααΆααααααααα (Right hemicolectomy)
ΑαΆαααα½ααααααααααααΎααα·αααΆαααααααααααααααααααα’αααααααα
"αα»ααα’αΆαα»α€α£ααααΆαααααΆααααΆαααααααααΆαα·αα
αααααααααααααΆ αααΆααααααααααα
αααααααΆαααααααα·αααΆαααααΆααααααα ααααΈαα·ααα·ααα·ααααααααααααααααα αΆαααΈααααΊ αααΆαααααααααααααααα½α
ααααΆααα αααααΎααααααΎαααΆααα»ααα αααα»αααΆα
ααα·αα·ααααααααααααΆαα ααΆααΆαααααααααΆαα αΆααΈαα α
αααααα»ααααααααΆαα’αα·ααααΆαααΆαααΎ α
αΌαααααΎαααΎα αα·ααΈααααΆαααααααααααααα»α ? (αα»αααααΆαααα α α .α₯ αααααΈαααααα ααΆαα½αααΉα serosal umbilication in the ileum ) "
ΑαΆααααααααααααα(Appendectomy)
ΑαΆαααααααααααααααΆαα
α»αααααααααΌα
(Segmental ileal resection)
ΑαΆαααααααααΆαααΎααααααααα (Cecectomy)
ΑαΆαααα½αα
αα ααααΆαααααΆααααααααα (Right hemicolectomy)
ΑαΆαααα½ααααααααααααΎααα·αααΆαααααααααααααααααααα’αααααααα
"αα»ααα’αΆαα»α€α£ααααΆαααααΆααααΆαααααααααΆαα·αα
αααααααααααααΆ αααΆααααααααααα
αααααααΆαααααααα·αααΆαααααΆααααααα ααααΈαα·ααα·ααα·ααααααααααααααααα αΆαααΈααααΊ αααΆαααααααααααααααα½α
ααααΆααα αααααΎααααααΎαααΆααα»ααα αααα»αααΆα
ααα·αα·ααααααααααααΆαα ααΆααΆαααααααααΆαα αΆααΈαα α
αααααα»ααααααααΆαα’αα·ααααΆαααΆαααΎ α
αΌαααααΎαααΎα αα·ααΈααααΆαααααααααααααα»α ? (αα»αααααΆαααα α α‘.α αααααΈαααααα αα
ααααααααααΆαααααααααααα , ααΆαααα½α ααΉα αααααααα ααα α α‘.α αααααΈαααααααα
αααα»ααααααααααΆαααααααΎαα) "
ΑαΆααααααααααααα(Appendectomy)
ΑαΆαααααααααααααααΆαα
α»αααααααααΌα
(Segmental ileal resection)
ΑαΆαααααααααΆαααΎααααααααα (Cecectomy)
ΑαΆαααα½αα
αα ααααΆαααααΆααααααααα (Right hemicolectomy)
"ααΆαααα½ααααααααααααΎααα·αααΆαααααααααααααααααααα’αααααααα (Hepatic wedgeresection and appropriate bowel resection) "
"αα»ααα’αΆαα»α€α£ααααΆαααααΆααααΆαααααααααΆαα·αα
αααααααααααααΆ αααΆααααααααααα
αααααααΆαααααααα·αααΆαααααΆααααααα ααααΈαα·ααα·ααα·ααααααααααααααααα αΆαααΈααααΊ αααΆαααααααααααααααα½α
ααααΆααα αααααΎααααααΎαααΆααα»ααα αααα»αααΆα
ααα·αα·ααααααααααααΆαα ααΆααΆαααααααααΆαα αΆααΈαα α
αααααα»ααααααααΆαα’αα·ααααΆαααΆαααΎ α
αΌαααααΎαααΎα αα·ααΈααααΆαααααααααααααα»α ? (αα»αααααΆαααα α α£.α₯ αααααΈαααααα ααΆαα
αΌααα
αααααααΆαααΎααααααααα αα·α ααΆαα
αΌααα
αααα»αααααΎα,)"
ΑαΆααααααααααααα(Appendectomy)
ΑαΆαααααααααααααααΆαα
α»αααααααααΌα
(Segmental ileal resection)
ΑαΆαααααααααΆαααΎααααααααα (Cecectomy)
ΑαΆαααα½αα
αα ααααΆαααααΆααααααααα (Right hemicolectomy)
ΑαΆαααα½ααααααααααααΎααα·αααΆαααααααααααααααααααα’αααααααα
Α’αΌααααααΆααΌαααααΌαααΆαααααααα’αα H2 antagonistsααΆααΆαααααΆααΆααααα
ααααα αα·ααααα
αα»αα’αΌααααΌα αααα½α
ααααΆα ααΊααΎααααΈ ?
ΑααααααΆααααΆαααααααΆαααααΆααααααΆα ααααΆααΌααΈαααααΆααααααΆαααααΆααα·αααααααααααΌα’ααΈα(NSAIDs)
ΑααααΎαααααα·αααααΆαααΆαααΆααααα·ααΆαααααααΆαα B
ΑαΆαααααΆααα¬αααααΆααααααΆαα’αΆαααΈαααααα (Buffering gastric acids)
ΑαΆααΆαααααα·ααΆαααΆααΈααααΆαα hydrogen-potassium-ATPase
ΑαΆααΆααααΆααααα
ααα αααΆαααααααΈααα·αααΆαααα·αα’αΆαααΈααααααα·ααΆαααΆααΈααααΆαα
Ααααα»ααΆααααααΆααααΆααΆαααΆααααΆα (α¬α’ααααΎα) α’αΆα
ααΆαααααα’α
ααααα’αααααααΊ αααααΆα ααΆαα αΌαααΆααααααααααα αααααΆαα
ααα½αααααΆααααααα»αααΆααα·α
αα½α
(ααααα·αααΉαααΌαα ααα») ααΈααααα?
ΑαΆαααααΆααααΆααΆαααΈααα (A significant enlargement of the spleen)
Α
ααα½ααααααΈααΌα‘αΌαααΈαααΎαα‘αΎα(A high reticulocyte count)
ΑαΆααααΆαααΆαα»ααα αααΆααΆααΈαααΌαααΈαααΆα
αααΎααααα»ααα½αααα’αΉα
Α
ααα½αααααΆααα (ααααααΊααα)ααΎαα‘αΎααααα»ααααααααΆααααααααΈααΌα
Α’αααααααΊααΆαα’αΆαα» αα·α
ααΆαα₯ααααΆα(Patient age of less than 5 years)
ΑαΎααΆααααααΆααΆαααααααα½αααΆ ααααΉαααααΌα ααΆααααααΉαααΆααα·αααΆαααααααααΆααα
αα
αααα ?
ΑαΆααα·αααΆαααααααααΆααα
αα
αααααα½ααααααααΎαα»ααα
αααΎαααΆαααααααΈ
Α©α %ααΎαα»αα ααα₯α %ααΎααααααΈ α
α»ααα·α
ααΌααα
ααΆααααααααΆα
ααα»α levator ani complex
ΑαΆααΌαα
ααα·α
ααΌα αααα
αααα
blind pouch (The rectum usually ends in a blind pouch)
Α’αΆα
αααα»αααΆααααΆαα
αααΎαααΆαααΎαα·αααΆααΆα
α»ααα
αααααΆααααααααΆα
ααα»α levator ani
ΑαααΆααΆαα’ααααΆαααααΉαααααΌαααΆαααααΆαααααααααΆααααΆααα·ααΆααα·ααααΆ ααΆαααααΌαααΆαα
αΆαααΆα
αααΎααααΈ αααααΆαααΆαααααααααΆααα
Α’αααααααΊααΆααααααααα·αααα½ααΆαααΆααααΌααΈα ααα½αααΆαααΆαααΆααααααΎααααα·αααα·α
ααααα ααΎαααααααααΌααΈααα½αααΆ αααααααΌαααΆαααααααΎααα
αααααα?
Villous adenoma
Hyperplastic polyp
Adenomatous polyp
Retention polyp
ΑααΌααΈααααααααααΆα (Pseudopolyp)
ΑαΎαααα·ααΆα αα½αααΆααααααααααααααΆααα αααααααααΎααααΆαααΆαααα·ααααα·αααα·α(colostomy) ?
Α αΌαααΆα (Bleeding)
ΑαΌα
ααΆαααααα(Skin breakdown)
ΑαααααΌαα
αααΎααααααααα
ααααΆαααΆαα(Parastomal hernia)
ΑαααΆααααααααααα
αααααΆαααα’αΆα(Colonicperforation during irrigation)
ΑαΆαα
α»ααααααααΆααααααΆαααΆαα(Stomal prolapse)
ΑαΎααΆαα’αα·ααααΆααα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌα αααα
ααΎαα αΆααΈα ααααα ?
ΑαααΈααΆαα
αααΎα ααααΆααααααΆαααΆααααΏαααααααα·αααααΆαααααα»ααααα
CTααααα ααΆαααααααααΆα αα·αααΆαααααααα·αα’αΆα
ααααΆαααα ααΎααααΈααααΎααΆαααααΆαααα
ΑαΎα’αααααααΊα
ααααΆααααΏα α’ααααΆααααΆαα’αΆα
ααααΆααααΆαααΊαα·α
ααΆαα₯%
Αααα»ααααααααΎαααααααα·α
ααααααΎαααααΊαα αΆααΈαααααα ααΊα©α©% ααΆαααΆαααΆαααΆααα
α αΎα
Α’ααααΆαααααΆαα₯ααααΆααααααααααΎαααΆα Whipple (ααΆααααααααα·ααα»αα’αΌααααΌα) ααΊα£α αα
α€α %
ΑαααααΈα’αΆαα»α€α₯ααααΆαααααΆααααααΌαααΆαααααΎαααΆααααΆααααα
αα»αα’αΌααααΌα αααααααΈα¦αααα α
ααααααααααΆααααΌαα ααΆααααααΆααααΆααααααααα· ααααΆααΆααααααααΆα ααααΊαααα
ααααααααΆαααα ααΆαααΌαααααΎαα ααααααΌαααααΎαααΎαααααΎαααΆαααααΆααΆααα½αααΆ αααα»αα
ααααααΆαααααα?
Ααααα·αααααααααΆαααααααΆ
ΑαΆαααα½αααα vagus αα·αααα
αΎααΈααααα·ααααα·αααα·α
ΑαΆαααααααααΆααααααααααααα·ααα½αααα vagus
ΑαααΎαααΎαααΆαααΆαα αααα vagus
ΑαΆααααααααα½αα
αα αα
"ααααααΈα’αΆαα»α€α₯ααααΆαααααΆααααααΌαααΆαααααΎαααΆααααΆααααα
αα»αα’αΌααααΌα αααααααΈα¦ααααααααΆαα
ααααααααααΆααααΌαα ααΆααααααΆααααΆααααααααα·ααααΆααΆααααααααΆα ααααΊαααα
ααααααααΆαααα ααΆαααΌαααααΎα α α¦αααααΆα ααααααααααΆαα α’αααααααΊααα’αΌαααΆ αααααα αΌαα’αΆα αΆαααααααααααΆαα αααααΎα αααΎααααΆα α
α»αααα ααΆαααΌαα ααΎααΆαααααΆααΆααα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌααααα»α αααα»αα
ααααααΆαααααα α "
ΑαααΆαααααΆααααΊα
αΆααααΌα
ααΆαLomotil
ΑαααΆαααΈαααα’αΆα αΆα αα·ααααααααααΌααααΆαα’αααΈααααααααΆααΉαααα
α»ααααααα£ααααααΆαα
ΑαααΆαααΈαααα’αΆα αΆα αα·ααααααααααΌααααΆαα’αααΈααααααααΆααΉαααα
α»α αααα·ααααααααααΆαααα
Αααα»αneuroendocrine tumor (e.g., carcinoid)
Αααα
αααααΎRoux- en-Y gastrojejunostomy
Αα»ααα’αΆαα»α₯α₯ααααΆαααααΆαα ααα’αΌαααΊα
αΆαααααΆαααααα
αααααα
α»ααααα αΎα (epigastric) αααα»αααααααααα’ααααΌααααΌα αααα αΆαααΆ ααΆααααα
ααα αα’αααααΈαααααα αα
α
α»αααααααααααααΌα
(distal lesser curvature)α ααΆααα·ααΆααααα·ααΆαααα αΆαααΆαα·αααΆαααΆαα·ααΆααΆα
ααα αααααααΆαααααΆααΆαααΆαααααααα H2 blockade αα·ααααααΆααα’αΆαααΈα αααα
αα·αααΆααααααααα½αααα ααΆαααααΆααΆααααααααα
ααααααααΊ?
ΑαΆαααααααααΆααΆαα‘αΎααα·ααααααααΆα
ΑαΆαααααα
αα
ααΉααααααα
ΑαΆαααααααααΆαααααBillroth I partial gastrectomy
ΑαΆααααααααααα Vagus αα·αααΆαααααααααΆαααααBillroth I partial
ΑαΆαααααα Vagusαα·αααααΎααΈααααα·ααααα·αααα·α
Αα»ααα’αΆαα»α¦α ααααΆαααααΆαα α
αΌααααααΈαααααααααααΆαααΆαααα’α½αααΆαα ααααΆαααΆα 100/60 mmHg ααΆααα·αα·αααααΎαααΆαα’ααααΎα(ααΆα)ααΈααα αα·α ααΆαααΆα
ααΉα α’ααααΆααΌααααΈα α’α₯% ααΌαααΉααααααα£α α ααΈααααΈααΈαααααΆαααΆααααααα αααααααααααααααΉααααα½αα‘αΎααα·α α’αααααααΊαα½αααα½αααΆαααααΆααΆαααααααΊα
ΑαΆαααααα»αααΆααα‘α»αααΆααααααα’αΆα αΆα (Esophageal balloon tamponade)
ΑααααΆααΈα(Barium swallow)
ΑαααααααΆα (Selective angiography)
Αααα»ααααααααΆαα’ααααΌααααΌαααΆααααααα’αΆα αΆα(Esophagogastroscopy)
ΑαααΎααααααΎααααΈααααΆααΆα(Exploratory celiotomy)
Αααα»ααααααααΆαααα αΆααΈα αααααααααααα»αααααααΎα ( carcinoma of the hepatic flexure of the colon) αα αα·αα’αΆα
ααΆααααααααΆαααΆαααΆαααααααΆαααα£αααααΈαααααααα
ααααααααααααΆαααααααΎααααααΎ ααααΌαααααααααΆαα αα½αααααΎα’αααΈ?
Αααα
ααααΆαααααΆαα αααα½ααα·αα·αααα’αααααααΊααΎααααΈααααΆαααΆαααΆααααααααα αα·αααΆααααααΆαααααΆ ααΆααααα αααααααΆαααΆααα·αα·αααααΆαααααααα½α
Α’αα»ααααααΆαααΆααα
αα ααααΆαααααΆααααααααα αα·αααΆαααααααααααΆαααααΎα
Α’αα»ααααααΆαααΆααα
αα ααααΆαααααΆααααααααα αα·ααααααΆαααΆαααααααΆ
Α’αα»ααααααΆαα
αααααααααΎααααααααα αα·ααααα
αααΆααα·ααΆαααααΆαααααααααΆαααααΆααΆαααΆαααααααααααααΆαααΆαα»ααΈααΈ
Α’αα»ααααααΆαααΆαααα
ααΉααααααααα αΆααΈα αα·ααααα
ααααααΆαααααΆααΆααααααΆααααααΈ ααΎααα½ααα
ααααΎαα
Αα»ααα’αΆαα»α€α’ααααΆαααααΆαα ααααΆααααΆααααααααα· ααααΎααααΆααααααΆαααααΆααα·αααααααααααΌα’ααΈα (NSAIDs) ααΆααααΆαααααααααα½ααα ααααααααΆ ααΆαααααα Helicobacter pyloriα ααΎααΆααααααΆααΆαααααααα½αααΆ ααααΉαααααΌα?
ΑαΆαααΌαααΆααααααα·ααααΆα αααααααΆααα½αααααΆα(+) ααΆαααΈααΆαααααΆαααΆαααΌα
ααααΆαααΊααΈα
Ααααα·αααα·α
ααααα’αΆα
ααααΎα‘αΎααααααααααααααΌα‘αΌααΈ α¬ ααααααααα αΎαα’αα»αααα
ΑαΆαααααΎααααα·αααα·α
ααααααΆααααααΆ ααΊααα½αααΆαααΈααΆαααααα»ααααααααΎααΆαααααααααα»αααααα
ΑαΆαααααΆααΆαααΆαααααα·αααααΆααααα»ααα·αααΆααααααΆαααααΊαααααΊααααΎααααΆααααα½ααα»ααααα»αααααααα αα»αααααΆααααααα H. pyloriα
ΑααΈααΆααα (ααααα) αααααΆααααααααΆαα
ΑαΎααααααΌααααααααα½αααΆ αααα
αΌαααΆαααααΌα spermatic cord α
αααααααΆα
ααα»α cremaster?
Αααα
(Femoral)
Α’αΆααα αααΈααΆααααααΆαα(Direct inguinal)
Α’αΆααα αααΈααΆαααααααα(Indirect inguinal)
Spigelian
Interparietal
"ααααααΈα’αΆαα»α§α ααααΆαααααΆαα ααΆαα’αΆααΆαα ααα’α½α α
ααα’αα α αΎαααΉαααα α
α»αααααααα
ααααααααααΆααααααα ααΆαααα·αααααΆααααΆααααααααα·ααααΆαααα ααααΆααααααααα·αααα½αααααΌαααααααΆααααΆααΌαααα αΎα ααααΆααααα·αααααΆαααααΆααα ααΆααααααΈα’αα·α
ααα ααΆααα»αααΉαααΌααα½ααα
ααααααααααΆαααααααα·αααΆαααααΆα ααααα α ααΆαααααΆααΆαααααααΉαααααΌαααΊα "
ΑαααΎααααΈααΆααα
α»αααααααααΌα
αα·αααΎααααααααα (Ileocolectomy)
ΑαααΎααααΈααΆαααααααααααΆαα (Cholecystectomy)
ΑαααΎααααΈα
ααα
α»αααααααααΌα
(Ileon)αα·αααΆαα
αα(Ileotomy and extraction)
ΑαΆαααα»ααααααααΆαα
αααα»αααΎααααΈαααααααααΆα(Nasogastric tube decompression)
Α’ααααΈαααΈαααΌαα·αααΆααααααααα(Intravenous antibiotics)
ΑαΎααΆαα’αα·ααααΆαααΆαααααααα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌα αααα
ααΎ ααααΊ Hirschsprung ?
ΑαΆααααΌαααΆαααααΆααΆαααα ααΆαααααΌααααα
ααααΆααααααΆαααΆαααα·ααααα·αααα·α
ΑαΆαααααΎααααα·αααα·α
ααααααααΉαααααΌααααα»ααα
ααΎααΆααααΎαααΎααααααΆααΈαααΌαα’αααΈαααΆ(BE)
ΑαααααααααααΆααΊ αα·αααΆαααΌαααααα»ααα
ααΎαααααααααααΉα
ΑαΆαα½αααααααΆαααΎαα‘αΎαααααΊααααΈ ααααΆααα·αααααααΆαααα ααααΌαααααααΌααα·ααααΌααα
ΑαΆααααΊααΈααααΎαααααα½ααααααααΉαααΆαααααα»α ααααΎα’ααααΆαααααααααααα·αααΉααααα½α
ΑαΆααα»αααααααΆαααααααΆαααααααΈααααΎαααΆααααααααα ααΆααΌαα
ααΎαα½αααΆαααααΆαααα
αα·ααααα―αα―ααα
α’αΆαα» α€ααααΆα ?
ΑαααααΌααα
ααα
αΉα(Umbilical hernia)
Patent urachus
Patent omphalomesenteric duct
Omphalocele
Gastroschisis
ΑαΆαααΆαααααααααααΆααααΆααααα’ααααΌααααΌα ααααΌαααΆαααα’αα»ααααα
ααααααααΈα
αααααααααααααΆαααα½αααααΌαααααααΆαα αααα»αααααααααααα½αααΆαααα»αα
ααααααΆαααααα ?
ΑαααΉαααααΎα (Cirrhosis)
Α’αααα·ααΆαααααΆαααααααΆαααΎ (Prior upper abdominal surgery)
ΑαααααααΆααΆααα αΆααΈααααααααααΆαα (Suspected carcinoma of the gall bladder)
ΑαααΊααΆαα(Morbid obesity)
ΑαααΊααΆααα(Coagulopathy)
Αα»ααΆααααααΆα ααααΆαααΆαα αα»αααααααΆααΈααααΎα (anorectal anomalies) ααΆααααααααααΎα’ααααΆααααΈααΆααααααααααααα»αααααααΆαααα ααΎααΆααα»αααααααΆαα½αααΆαααα»αα
ααααααΆαααααα?
ΑαΆααα»αααααααΆααααα’αΉαααα(Abnormalities of the cervical spine)
ΑαΉααααα»ααα½αααααΆα(Hydrocephalus)
Α
ααα’αααα»αα’αΌααΊααΌα(Duodenal atresia)
ΑαααΊαααααΌα(Heart disease)
Ααα’αααααααααα(Corneal opacities)
ΑαααααΈα’αΆαα»α€α¨ααααΆαααααΆαα ααααΆααααααΊα
αΆαααα
αααααααΆαααααααα·αααΆαααααΆαααααα αααα»αααααααα»ααααααΊααΈαα ααΆαααΊα
αΆααααΆααααααααΆααα‘αΎα α‘αααααααααααααΆααααααΌαααΆααααααΌααα
αααααααααααααααααααΆαα αααααΆααααα
αααα½ααα·α
αα½α
ααααΆααααΆαα α‘α£.α α α αα·αααα’αΌαααα’αΆα αΆα α
ααααα’α½αααΆαααα
αΆα ααΊ ααΌα
ααα
αΆααααΉαααΆααα·ααα
ααααααααααααααααα·αααααΆααααααα ααΆααα·αα·αααααΎα ααΆααααΆαααΆαααΊα
αΆαααα
ααααααααααααααααα·αααααΆαααααα ααΆαα½αααΉαααΆααααααααΆααααΆα
ααα»α αααααααααααΆαααααΈαααΆαα αα½αα α’αα»αααααΆααα ααΎαααΆααα»ααααΆαααα½ααα
αααααΆαααααα ααΎαααα»αα
ααααααααα·αααα·α
ααααααΆααααααααααα½αααΆαααααααααΆααααΉαααααΌαααΆααα ?
ΑααΆαααααααααααααααα½α
ααααΆαα(Acute appendicitis)
Αα αΆααΈαααΎααααααααα(Cecal carcinoma)
ΑαΆααααα
ααααααα·α
ααΌα(Hematoma of the rectus sheath)
ΑαΈαα’αΌααααααα½α(Torsion of an ovarian cyst)
ΑααΆααααααααααΆαα(Cholecystitis)
ΑαΎααααΈαααααΆααα’ααααΆαααααΆααΆααααααα ααααααΊααααααΌααα
ααΆα
ααα»ααααααααααΌα (sliding hiatal hernia)α ααα ααΆαααααΌααααα½αααααΎ ααΎααααΈααΆαααααα’αααα»α ?
ΑααααΆααΈααααααcinefluoroscopyαααα»ααααααααΎValsalva maneuver
Ααα’ααααΌααααΌαααα
Αααα½ααα·αα·αααpHαααααα’αΆα αΆααααα»αα’α€αααα
ΑαΆααααα αααααααΌα
ΑαΆαααααααααααααα·ααααΆαααααα·αααΉαααααα’αααααααΊ
ΑαΎααΆαα’αα·ααααΆαααΆαααααααα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌα αααα
ααΎααΌαα ααα»ααααΆαααααααααΌαααααααΆααααΆααααΏα?
ΑαΆαααΎαα‘αΎα SGOT αα·α SGPT ααΆααΌαα
αα½αααααααΆαα½αααααααααΌαααααααΆααααΆααααΏα
Ααααααααααααααα
ααΆααααα
ααααΎα αααααααααΌααα½αααααΎ endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)
Αα»ααα Klatskin ααΆααααΆααααααααΎα’ααααααααααα
ααααΎαααΈαααααα»ααααα
ΑαΆααααααααααααΎααααααααΉααααααΆααααααααα’ααααΆαααααΎααααα·αααα·α
ααααα’αααΈααααααααΌαααααααΆααααΆααααΏα
Αα αΆααΈαααααΆααααααα’αΆα
ααααΎα’ααααΆαααΆαααΊα
αΆαααα
ααΆααααααααΎαααΈα¨α %ααα’αααααααΊ
Αα»ααΆαα©ααααΆαααααΆααααΈαα»αααΆααα»αααΆαααα’ααααααΆ ααααΌαααΆαααΆαα
αΌααααααααααααααααααααΆαα αααααΆα α αΌαααΆαααααΆααα
ααααΈααααΌαα’αΆα αΆαααΆαααΎα ααΆαα αΌαααΆαααααααααΆαααααΈα’αααΈ ?
ΑαΈαααααααΆααααααα’αΆα αΆα
Α
αααααααααααααΆ Mallory-Weiss
ΑααΆαααααα (Gastritis)
Αααα
ααααα (A gastric ulcer)
Αααα
αα»αα’αΌααΊααΌα (A duodenal ulcer)
ΑααααΆαααααΆαααα·αααΆααααααααααΉααααΆαα»αααααΆαα α
ααααα’αααααααΊαα αΆααΈααα·α
ααΌα ααα’αααα»α αα»ααααααααΆαα α’ααα’αααααααΊ α
Αααα»αααΎαααΆαααααΆαααΆα
ΑαΆααΈαααΌαα’ααΈαααααΆ(Barium enema)
MRIα’αΆααααααΆα
CTα’αΆααααααΆα
Α’ααααΌααααΌααΈααΆαααααΆαααΆα
ΑαΆαα’αα·ααααΆαααΆαααααααα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌα α’αααΈααΆαααααΌαααΆαααααααααΌα
?
ΑαΆααααΆαααΆαα»α
α·ααα
αΉα ααααΆαααααα»αααΉααααααααΌαααΆαααααΆααα·αααααΌααααα
α
α»ααα»αα’αΌααααΌα
ΑαΆαααααΌαααααΆααΌα’ααΈααααΆααααα»αα’αΆα αΆαααααααΆαααααααΉααααα
αααΆααααααααα
αααα»αα’ααΈααΈαααΌα
Αα
αααα»αα
αααααααααααααΆααααααααααΈ (short gut syndrome) αααα’αΆα αΆαααΆαααΆααΌα’ααΈααααΆα α
αααΎα ααΉαααΎααα
ααΆααααα»αααΆααααααααΆαα
Α’αΆααααΌαααααααΌαααΆαααααααααΌααααΌαααααααΆααααααΆααααααα
ΑααααΆα’αααααΈααααα brush border αααααααΌα
α’αΆα
ααααΆααα·αααααΌααααα·α
ααΆαα₯%αα α
ααα½ααααααααααΌααα’ααΈαα’αΆα αΆααααα»ααααα’ααααααΆααααααααααα
ΑαΆααααααα·ααααααα αα»αα’αΌααΊααΌα αααααΆααααΈ annular pancreas α
αΌαααααΎαααΎαααΆαααααΆααΆααααααα ?
ΑαααααααΆαWhipple(A Whipple procedure)
ΑαααΆαααααααααΆααααααααα
ααααααααααΆαααααααααΌα
(Gastrojejunostomy)
ΑαΆαααααααα·ααααΆαVagusαα·αααααΆαααααααααΆααααααααα
ααααααααααΆαααααααααΌα
ΑαΆαααααααααααααannular pancreas (Partial resection of the annular pancreas)
ΑαααΆαααααααααΆαααααααααΎααα
ααααααααααΆαααααααααΌα
(Duodenojejunostomy)
ΑαΎααΆαααΆαα»α¬αααΆααα½αααΆαααα»αα
ααααααΆαααααααααα’αΆα
αα½ααααα»αα
αααΆαααααα?
ΑαΆααααααααΆα
(Fear)
Α αααΆαααααααΈα(Gastrin)
ΑαααααααΈα(Secretin)
Α’αΆααααΈαααΌααΈα(Acetylcholine)
ΑαΌα‘ααααΈααααΌααΈααΈα(Cholecystokinin)
Αααα»αα
ααααααΆααα·αααααΆααΆααααααααΎαα½αααΆααααΉαααααΌα ααΆααααααΉα αα αΆααΈααααααα’αΆα αΆα (carcinoma of the esophagus)?
Α’αΆαααα»αααααΌαααΆαα
αΆαααα»αααΆααΆαααααΆααααΎα’ααααΆαprecipitating
Squamous carcinomaβααΊααΆααααααcardioesophageal junctionαα½αααΉαααΆααααΆααα
ΑαΆααΎαα‘αΎαα
αααΎααα
ααΎαα»αα (It has a higher incidence in males)
ΑαΆααΎαα‘αΎαα
αααΎαααΆαααααααΆααΎα’αααααααΊαααΆααααααα’αΆα αΆαααααααααα
ΑαΆαααααΆααααΆαααααααΆαααααΆααΆαααααααα·αααααΆα
Αα»ααα’αΆαα»α£α ααααΆαααααΆαα ααΆααααα
αααααααΆαααΎαααααααααΌα
(αα»αα’αΌααΊααΌα) αααααΌαα’ααααααΆαα ααααα ααΆαααΊα
αΆαααα·ααΆαααααΆα αα·αααααΆααααΆαα αΌαααΆαα αααααΉαα αααΆααααααΈααααααΌαααΎαααΈ 1000 pg/mL (αααα·αααααααΆ 40β150 pg/mL)ααΎααΆααααα
ααααΆααΈ α αα½ααα·ααΆαααααΆααα’αααααααΊα’αααΈααΆαααααΎαααΎα αα·ααΈ ααααΆαααα½αααΆ?
ΑαΆαααααααα·ααααΆαVagusαα·αααααΆαααααααΎαααΈααα
Α’αααα·ααΆαααΎααΆαααΆααααΆαααααααα·ααααΆαVagusαα·αααΆαααα»αααΆα
αα
αα
ΑαΆααα‘ααΆαααααααααα(Subtotal gastrectomy)
ΑαΆαααααααααΆααααΌα(Total gastrectomy)
ΑαΆαααααααααααααααααα (Partial pancreatectomy)
"ααΎααααααααΆααααΈαα·αααΆαααααααα»αααΎααααΊα αααΈααααΌααα
ααΆααααααααααααααααΊ The most common clinical presentation of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis is "
Αααααααα αΌαααα(Ureteral obstruction)
Α αΎαααΎα (Leg edema)
Ααα
αααΎα(Calf claudication)
ΑαΏααααααααααΆα(Jaundice)
Ααααααααααβ(Intestinal obstruction)
Αα
αααα»ααααααΆαααααΆααΆααα αΆααΈαα’αααΈαααααα α 2.8αααααΈαααααααα
ααααΆααα
αα
αααα ααΆαααααΆααΆαααααΌααααααα ααΆαααααΊ
ΑαΆααAbdominoperineal
ΑαΆααααΌααΆααα»ααααΆαααα·αααΌαααααα»ααα
ααααααααΆααααααΆα
ΑαααΆααΆααααααΆααααααΈαα
ααΉααααααα
ΑαααΆααΆαααΆαααααααααααααΆαααΆαα»ααΈααΈ
Αα½ααααααααΆαααΆαααααΆααΆααααααΆααααααΈαα·αααΆαααΆαα»ααΈααΈ
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