Cardiovascular system

Where is the apex of the heart aligned with
1st&2nd costal cartilages
2nd&3rd costal cartilages
3rd&4th costal cartilages
4th&5th costal cartilages
Long exposure to norepinephrine causes
Negative inotropy
Positive inotropy
Negative chronotropy
Positive chronotropy
Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) interact with
Beta-1-receptors
Stenotic valves
Arterial anastomoses
Pectinate muscles
What prevents the excitatory wave flowing from the atria to the ventricles
Trabeculae carneae
Ligamentum arteriosum
Cardiac skeleton
Arterial anastomoses
What structure separates the atria and ventricles on the superficial surface of the heart
Interventricular sulcus
Coronary sulcus
Trabeculae carneae
Ligamentum arteriosum
Which muscles are found within the ventricles
Papillary muscles
Pectinate muscles
Trabeculae carneae
Pectoral muscles
What attaches the pulmonary trunk to the aorta
Arterial anastomoses
Ligamentum arteriosum
Pectinate muscles
Interventricular sulcus
Valve issues can be
Stenotic (rigid)
Prolapsed (flopping-back)
Regurgitant (non-closing)
 
Where arteries meet other arteries is known as
Arterial anastomoses
Gap junctions
Desmosomes
Ligamentum arteriosum
A heart attack is referred to as
Cardiac tamponade
Commotio cardis
Isovolumetric contraction
Myocardial infarction
Due to the intercalated discs allowing for mechanical, chemical and electrical coupling of myocardia cells, the tissue can be described as
Dense
Lattice
Functional syncytium
Aggregative
During the absolute refractory period, Na+ channels are
Open
Closed
Stretch receptors in the right atrium will cause an increase in heart rate following high stretch
Frank-starling principle
Haldane effect
Bainbridge reflex
Hering-Breuer reflex
Afterload is
The delay between atrial and ventricular diastole
The amount of blood left in the heart after contraction
The tension required to open the semilunar valves
The loss of blood volume through perspiration
A sudden cardiac arrest due to a blow to the chest is known as
Commotio cardis
Myocardial infarction
Cardiac tamponade
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