EPY 500
Quantitative Approaches
Summarize results numerically
Dependent Variable
Behavior that is expected to change due to different treatment
Extraneous Variable
Refer to any other variable that might affect the dependent variable.
Single Subject Research
Is a type of experimental research in which one or a small number of participants are studied Data are collected multiple times during a baseline period where no treatment is present A treatment is then presented and data are collected to see if there is a change in the dependent variable
Causal Comparative Research
Examines differences between groups based on their past experience Researcher identifies two groups with different past experiences
Correlational Research
Seeks to explore relationships among two or more variables all of which are measured
Meta-Analysis
Examines whether studies looking at the same research question have obtained the same results Summarizes the results of the studies statistically
Qualitative sub-questions
Research questions that guide research without limiting it
Purposeful sampling
Select participants who have key information or can provide rich data
Key informants
Participants who inform researcher on frequent basis
Field notes
Narrative data recorded in the field observations
Coding
Initial analysis of data into categories
Triangulation
Comparison of data from different methods
Case Study
Ethnographic Research
Examines culture and interactions of a group in natural environment Aims to understand how meaning is constructed within a cultural group
Phenomenological Resarch
Tries to capture the everyday lived experiences of participants and understand what the meaning of these experiences for participants Data are collected mainly through multiple in-depth interviews
Narrative Research
Seeks to portray the lives of people in a specific setting or context through story telling. Data are analyzed and restorying is used to retell the person’s story in a logical chronological order
Action Research
Seeks to improve educational practices Uses both qualitative and quantitative methods Conducted by practitioners in their own educational settings
Program Evaluation
Attempts to determine the degree of success or failure of educational programs Collects quantitative and qualitative data
Qualitative Measure
Methods are flexible and naturalistic Tools are developed by researcher to fit goals of study Data are in narrative (words) or image (pictures, maps) formats
Gatekeepers
Control access to the site
Descriptive field notes
Summarize what the researcher sees and hers with as few subjective comments as possible
Reflective field notes
Summarize the observer’s feelings and thoughts about what is observed
Quantitative Measure
Setting is controlled by the researcher. Hypothesis states a prediction before data is collected based on prior research
Subjectivity
Researcher must examine how their own biases and assumptions affect the research
Credibility
Has the researcher accurately recorded what has happened and what people think, feel and do? Are the data are valid representations of the setting and participants? Has the researcher controlled for observer bias?
Dependability
Can one track the procedures and processes used to collect and interpret the data?
Transferability
Can the lessons learned in one setting be applied with caution to another setting?
Promoting Action and Collaboration (Catalytic Authenticity)
Has the study stimulated actions to improve education or enhance the lives of persons with little power?
Qualitative Approaches
Summarize results using words
Inductive Reasoning
Qualitative Research: leads to more specific yet flexible research questions
Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning
Quantitative Research: leads to a research hypothesis
Variable
Anything that can be measured or manipulated
Construct
Abstract concepts underlying variables
Operational Definition
Describes how a variable will be measured
Sample
Smaller group who participates in research
Population
Larger group from which sample is drawn
Random Sampling
Everyone has equal chance of being selected
Sampling Bias
Systematic differences between sample and population
Descriptive Survey Research
Guided by board research question and subquestions. Survey is administered to a randomly selected group.
Group Experimental
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