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Pneumology

A detailed illustration of the human respiratory system, highlighting lungs, airways, and related anatomy, in a vibrant and educational style.

Essential Pneumology Quiz

Test your knowledge on pneumology and respiratory health with our engaging quiz! This quiz covers a wide range of topics, from lung function and capacity to respiratory diseases and bacterial infections.
Challenge yourself and see how well you understand the complexities of the respiratory system!

Multiple-choice questions
Real-world health applications
Ideal for students, teachers, and healthcare professionals

100 Questions25 MinutesCreated by DivingDoctor752

Which of the following is NOT a function of the lung?

Metabolism

Serves as a reservoir of blood for left ventricle

It is a filter to protect to systemic vasculature

Facilitates exchange of O2 and CO2 between air and blood

All answers are correct

Which of the following is NOT a normal occurrence with increasing age?

Vital capacity of lung decrease

Residual volume decrease

Function residual capacity decrease

Inspiratory capacity decrease

Expiratory reserves volume increases

Which of the following does NOT happen during inspiration?

The ribs move upward

The diaphragm lifts up when inspirations

The anteroposterior dimensions of the chest are increased

The transverse dimension of the thorax is increased

The scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscles can be recruited for expiration

Which of the following is NOT true concerning respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants?

Their ability to synthesize DPPC is limited

Higher pressures are required to ventilate the lung

Lung compliance is low

Positive pressure respirators are often used to assist them in breathing

Alveoli tend to over-expand of premature infants and sometimes burst at the end of inspirations

Lung volumes

Inspiratory reserve volume

Tidal volume

Expiratory volume

Residual volume

All answers are correct

Lung capacities

Inspiratory capacity

Vital capacity

Functional residual capacity

Total lung capacity

All answers are correct

Respiratory control center is located in the ……

Midbrain and medulla

The medulla and pons

Pons and midbrain

Upper spinal cord and medulla

Cerebellum

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lung and through all cell membranes by …….

Osmosis

The diffusions

Filtration

Active transport

Using ATP

What is a forced expiratory manoeuvre?

Breathe in to desired volume

Exhale as fast as possible to RV

Volume time or flow volume plot

Easy for adult and children > 6y, difficult for young children

All answers are correct

What are factors that affect lung volumes?

Age

Height

Weight

Disease

All answers are correct

Risk factors for infection with Antibiotic resistance pneumococcus

Age < 5 or > 65 years

Age < 4 years

Age > 10 or < 30 years

Age > 5 or <65 years

All answers are not correct

Which bacteria is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in children?

Streptococcus pneumonia

The staphylococcus

Meningococcus

Hemophilia Influenza

All answers are not correct

Penicillin Resistant to Streptococcus pneumonia since

1965 - 1975

1950

1975

1985

1955 - 1965

Invasive disease is included:

Meningitis, sepsis and bacterial pneumonia

The otitis media

Diabetic

Diarrhea

Otitis media and non-bacterial pneumonia

What are the risk factor of macrolide resistance to the pneumococcus?

Recent macrolide use (prior 1 -3 months)

The age < 5 or > 65 years

Attendance in day care center

Recent hospitalization

All answers are not correct

What is horizontal gene transfer?

Transfer of 1 gene to other gene

Transfer of the antibiotic resistance genes to other bacteria

Transfer an antibiotic to gene

Transfer an antibiotic to bacteria

None of them

What are the alteration of target sites?

Alteration of ribosomal target site

Alteration of cell wall precursor targets

Alteration of target enzyme

Alteration of ribosomal target site, of cell wall precursor targets and of target enzyme

None of them

What are the risk factors of fluoroquinolone resistance to pneumococcus?

Prior exposure to fluoroquinolone

The nursing home, Nosocomial infections

Penicillin resistance

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD)

All answers are not correct

How many type of alteration of bacterial membranes?

Alteration of outer membrane permeability

The alteration of inner membranes permeability

Alteration of outer and inner membrane permeability

Alteration of cell wall

Alteration of cytoplasm

Because of antimicrobial resistance in increasing worldwide so:

Global and local program of bacteria resistance surveillance are needed

The vaccine campaigns have significant effect in reduction of resistances

Prudent use of antibiotics is pertinent

Antibiotic stewardships have most important effect

All answers are not correct

What one is not included in upper the respiratory tract?

Oral cavity

Nasopharynx

Paranasal

The pharynx

Larynx

Which one is not included in upper the respiratory tract infection?

Epiglottitis

Laryngitis

Bronchitis

The pneumonia

Pharyngitis

Which one is included in lower the respiratory tract infections?

Epiglottitis

Laryngitis

Bronchitis

Pneumonia

All answers are correct

Which one is included in upper the respiratory tract infections?

Rhinosinusitis

Otitis

Laryngitis

Rhino-pharyngitis

All answers are correct

Bacterial super infections:

Otitis media

Purulent sinusitis

Bacterial tonsillitis

Bacterial pharyngitis

All answers are correct

Risk factors airway infections in children:

Sibling

Passive smoke exposure

Low birthweight

Malnutrition

All answers are correct

The most common and most important bacterial responsible for pharyngitis?

Staphylococcus

Haemophilus influenzae

Corynebacterium diphtheria

Streptococcus tonsillitis

The Strep. Pyogenes (group A B hemolytic)

Which disease of the upper airway is associated with a yellow nasal discharge?

The sinusitis

Laryngitis

Polyps

Cancer

Epiglottitis

Signs and symptoms of sinusitis include all of the following. Except:

Sneezing

Fever

The syncope

Nasal discharge

Headache

The term Red Puffers describes a person with which type of disease?

The emphysema

Bronchitis

Tuberculosis

AIDS

Laryngitis

The lung at birth:

Volume small but related to body weight

All airways present and differentiated with smooth muscle which is innervated

�-½ alveoli give sufficient gas exchange for body surface area

Blood gas barrier as in adult

All answers are correct

Influences on lung growth:

Normal embryonal and feat development

Genetic predisposition

Endocrine factor

Fetal breathing movement

All answers are correct

Lung agenesis and hypoplasia:

Both pulmonary agenesis and hypoplasia

Usually apparent soon after birth and associated with respiratory distress

Maybe accompanied by renal anomaly

Cardiac defects occur in 50% of patient

All answers are correct

Cystic adenomatoid malformations:

25% of all congenital lung malformation

Arises from a defect in the development of the terminal bronchiole

A hamartomatous proliferation of cysts occurs and resemble bronchiole (airways without cartilage)

Respiratory distress occurs in neonatal period, when collateral pores of Kohn ventilate alveolar tissues present

All answers are correct

Why treat congenital lung disease? (debated indication)

Risk of infection

Risk of Hogh out put heart failure

Risk of interference with lung growth

Risk of malignancy

All answers are correct

Pulmonary sequestrations:

Pulmonary sequestration accounts for 6/ of all congenital lung malformation

Mostly occurs in lower lobe

Bronchopulmonary mass without a normal bronchial communication and with normal or anomalous vascular supply

Sequestrated lung may be intra lobar or extra lobar

All answers are correct

At what age, the UAW reach adult configuration?

By the age of 8 years

At 3 years

At 5 years

At 7 years

At 9 years

What are the function of UAW?

Respiratory

Gastro-intestinal

Speech

Protection of lower airway

All answers are correct

What are symptoms of airway obstructions?

Asthenia

Stridor

Wheezing

Loss of breath sound

All answers are correct

What is stridor?

High pitch respiratory sound

Can be inspiratory, expiratory or biphasic

May appear worse with crying

Barking cough

All answers are correct

Cause of expiratory stridor:

Tracheomalacia

Brochomalacia

Vascular abnormality

Extrinsic compression

All answers are correct

Etiology of vocal cord paralysis:

CNS malformation

Idiopathic

Iatrogenic

Neoplasia

All answers are correct

What are the symptoms of croup?

Barking cough

Often prodromal URTI/pyrexia

Often present at night, worse on second night

No drooling or positional change

All answers are correct

What are the severity sign of croups?

Change in mental status

Increase inspiratory recession

Pallor / cyanosis

All answers are correct

What is the most common complication of retro pharyngeal abscess?

The mediastinitis

Gastroenteritis

Meningitis

Adenitis

Osteitis

What is agent causal of respiratory papilloma?

HPV (human papilloma virus)

Adonovirus

H. Influenza

E. coli

Hepatitis

The cause of cystic fibrosis:

Genetics

Bacterial infection

Viral infection

Tuberculosis infection

Pneumococcal infection

The symptoms of cystic fibrosis are:

Difficulty breathing

Up mucus

Poor growth

Fatty stool

All answers are correct

The usual onset symptoms recognizable in

1 month

2 months

8 months

9 months

6 months

The diagnosis method of cystic fibrosis

Sweat test and genetic testing

Blood test

Stool test

Blood culture

Chest RX

The frequency of cystic fibrosis

1 in 3,000

2 in 4,000

2 in 6,000

4 in 4,000

4 in 6,000

The treatment of cystic fibrosis

Antibiotics, pancreatic enzyme replacement and the lung transplantations

Pancreatic enzymes replacement

The antibiotics

Pancreas transplantation

All answers are not correct

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that effect mostly:

Kidney

Lungs

Liver

Bone marrow

Heart

The consequence of cystic fibrosis on gastrointestinal tract

Failure to thrive

Difficulty with weight gain due to pancreas deficiency

Digestive problem

Intestinal blockage

All answers are correct

The consequences of cystic fibrosis on liver:

Bile duct obstruction lead to the focal cirrhosis

Biliary stone

Liver steatosis

Bile duct obstruction

All answers are not correct

Role of CFTR protein inside the lung cells

Control the flow of H2O and HC ions in and out of cell inside the lung

Stimulation secretion of surfactant

Control flow of ions sodium and calcium

Control of insulin secretion

All answers are not correct

Bronchoscopy can be used for:

Viewing the air way

Checking for anomaly

Doing a brocho biopsy

Removing a foreign body

All answers are correct

The place where the bronchoscopy should be done:

In the operating room

In ICU

In consulting room

In opened air room

All answers are not correct

The risks of bronchoscopy:

Bleeding and infection

Bronchospam or laryngospam

Brochial perforation

Pneumothorax

All answers are correct

During the bronchoscopy procedure, the patient is lied on the bed:

Without anesthesia

With rachial anesthesia

With general anesthesia

With the conscious sedations

All answers are not correct

Two years and half old girl was playing on the ground with her friends, suddenly appearing dyspnea and wheezing. No fever nor any other symptoms were notable. Diagnosis probably is:

Thoracic trauma

The foreign bodies

Acute bronchitis

Pneumonia

Asthma attack

Which part of air ways where most of foreign body was found?

In larynx

In trachea

In the right main bronchus

In left main bronchus

Bilateral

How many percentage of foreign body was found in the right main bronchus?

30%

40%

50%

52%

60%

There are many reasons that cause the children aspirate the foreign material:

Lack of molar teecth

While chewing, children talk, laugh, run

Children eat even nonfood substance

None of them

The lack of molar teeth while chewing children talk, laugh, run, children eat even nonfood substance

The first aid that can save the patient's life from choking is called:

The Heimlich maneuver

Faraboeuf maneuver

Lasegue manerver

Kernig maneuver

Bratch maneuver

Which year did Dr. Heimlich describe his maneuver?

1950

1960

1974

1980

1990

Aerosol therapy

Relieve spasms of bronchial muscles and reduce edema of mucous membrane

Render bronchial secretions more liquid so that they are more easily removed

Humidify respiratory tract

Administer antibiotics locally by depositing them in the respiratory tract

All answers are correct

Which disease is not related with Aerosol therapy?

Asthma

Bronchiolitis

BPD

Nasopharyngeal cancer

Deposition affected by

Dimension of airway

Air flow

Particle size

Particle density

All answers are correct

Pressurized metered dose inhalers; which one is wrong?

Need of a holding chamber

Small children

The electricity needed

Fast inhalation

Expensive

Factors influencing lung deposition

Patient

Disease

Aerosol device

Interface

All answers are correct

Factors influencing lung deposition in patient

Specific factors in infant

Age

Breathing pattern

Cooperation and mask leak

All answers are correct

Optimal MMAD is likely to be

1 μm

2 μm

3 μm

<2.4 μm

4 μm

Wet nebulizer; which one is wrong?

High dose

Small children

The Need of a holding chamber

Time and size

Lung deposition very variable

Deposition by impaction

Bigger particle

Higher density

Higher flow rate

Smaller airway diameter

All answers are correct

Deposition by sedimentation

Bigger particle

Higher density

Larger airway dimensions

Low flow rate

All answers are correct

Sleep is:

A complex reversible disengagement form

An unresponsiveness to the external environment

A high active and complex state

Divided into REM and NREM

All answers are correct

Stages of NREM (Non-Rapide Eye Movement) sleep:

Divided into stages 1, 2, 3

Clear but empirical rule for differentiation of stage

In generally there is a deepening of sleep with each numerical increase in stage

Differentiation of stages occurs over first six months of life

All answers are correct

By EEG, NREM sleep stage 2 is identified:

Low voltage mixed with frequency EEG activity

Often combined as low wave sleep

High amplitude, low frequency

Deep sleep, lowest arousal threshold

Appearance of the sleep spindles and K complexes

Developmental changes in newborn sleep:

Sleep 16-20 hours/day

40 minutes sleep cycle

3 sleep state

No day/night differentiation

All answers are correct

Developmental changes in infant sleep:

Average sleep declines to 14 hours/day

3 to 4 hours longest sleep period to 3/12

4 sleep states

70-80% sleep through night at 9/12

All answers are correct

A problem in Sleep Disorder Breathing (SDB) is caused by:

Obstructive SDB

Hypoventilation

Dysfunctional control of breathing

Unclear problems

All answers are correct

Type of SDB:

Central apnea

Obstructive apnea

Mixed apnea

Hypopnea and periodic breathing

All answers are correct

Risk factors of SRBD:

Obesity

Down syndrome

Prader Willy Syndrome

Neuromuscular disorder

All answers are correct

Symptoms of SDB during the day:

Headaches upon awakening

Daytime sleepiness

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Learning problem

All answers are correct

Symptom of SDB during night time:

Episodes of apnea

Sleeping in a seated position with neck hyperextended

Sleep gaps/snoring noise observed

Frequent snoring over a week

All answers are correct

Which of the following is not a prevention in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia?

Prevention of prenatal birth, Surfactant, Inhaled corticosteroid

The antibiotic prophylaxis

Lung protective ventilation, Short, non invasive ventilation

Post natal steroids: dexamethasone, Post natal steroids: hydrocortisone

Antenatal steroids, Accept lower saturation level

Which of the following is not a Long term consequences in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia?

Smaller airway

Less efficient muco ciliary clearance

Immature innate immune system

Severe forms: abnormal lung architecture

The bigger airways

Which of the following is not a Long term treatment in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia?

Oxygen

No routine inhalation

Hypercaloric feeding

Reduction in passive smoke exposure

The Antibiotic prophylaxis

Which of the following is not a risk factor in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia?

Low gestational age

Low birthweight

The post term fetus

Genetic Susceptibility

Sepsis/ Inflammation

Postnatal glucocorticoids can reduce rates of BPD via:

Reduced inflammation as well as the induction of lung maturational changes

Protects against lung injury

Maintaining integrity of respiratory tract epithelium

Decreased risk of oxidative lung injury and pulmonary vascular remodeling

All answers are not correct

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease most commonly seen in:

The premature infants

Adult

Children between 2-5 years

Twin baby

All answers are not correct

Many babies who develop BPD are born with:

Serious respiratory distress syndromes

Serious encephalopathy

Autoimmune disease

Metabolic disease

All answers are not correct

Surfactant is used to prevent BPD in premature infant, what of following related to surfactant is true?

Surfactant mixture is an essential group of molecules to support air breathing

Surfactant is produced in the lungs by type II alveolar epithelial cell

Surfactant is a complex mixture of specific lipids, proteins and carbohydrate

Surfactant help to decrease surface tension at air liquid interface of the alveoli

All answers are correct

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) develops as a result of an infant's lungs becoming irritated or inflamed, what is the cause of lungs damage?

Lungs infection

Oxygen therapy

Ventilation

Surfactant deficiency

All answers are correct

Infants who have severe BPD may also develop which of the following?

Growth delay and may also the develop pulmonary hypertension

Prolong fever

Seizure

Metabolic disorder

Severe renal failure

All are true about definition Bronchiectasis: Except one:

Abnormal irreversibly dilated and often thick-walled bronchi

Frequent bacterial infection

Inflammatory destruction of bronchial and peri bronchial tree

End result of suppurative lung disease

Is the most common in the right lower lobes

Prenatal corticosteroids also can help baby's organs develop more quickly while he/she is in the womb, such as:

Lung

Brain

Kidney

Bone

Lungs, Brain, Kidney

Many BPD preterm infants are associated with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), which has clinical sign as:

Rapid, shallow breathing

Sharp pulling in of chest below and between ribs with each breath

Grunting sound

Flaring of the nostril

All answers are correct

Many BPD preterm infants are associated with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), which need intervention such as:

Surfactant replacement therapy

Breathing support with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or a ventilator, oxygen therapy

Preventing lung infections by giving antibiotic

Nutrition and other support to help the lungs grow and recover

All answers are correct

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