DDS dissertation( ka and ta ) ....

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DDS Dissertation Quiz

Welcome to the DDS Dissertation Quiz! Test your knowledge on the preparation and structure of dissertations, including formatting, citations, and research methodologies. This quiz is a great resource for students and researchers looking to refine their skills.

Key Features:

  • 218 thought-provoking questions
  • Interactive format with multiple choice and checkboxes
  • Immediate feedback on your answers
218 Questions54 MinutesCreated by WritingPencil472
Αžšαž”αŸ€αž”αžšαŸ€αž”αž…αŸ†αž•αŸ‚αŸ’αž“αž€αž•αŸαŸ’αžŸαž„αŸ—αž“αŸƒαž“αž·αž€αŸαŸ’αžαž”αž”αž‘αž…αŸ‚αž€αž…αŸαž‰αž‡αžΆ:
ΑŸ§αž…αŸ†αžŽαž»αž…
ΑŸ¨αž…αŸ†αžŽαž»αž…
ΑŸ©αž…αŸ†αžŽαž»αž…
ΑŸ‘αŸ αž…αŸ†αžŽαž»αž…
Αžœαž·αž’αžΈαžŸαžΆαžŸαŸ’αžšαŸ’αžαž“αŸƒαž€αžΆαžšαžŸαž·αž€αŸ’αžŸαžΆαž…αŸ‚αž€αž…αŸαž‰αž‡αžΆ:
ΑŸ§αž…αŸ†αžŽαž»αž…
ΑŸ¨αž…αŸ†αžŽαž»αž…
ΑŸ©αž…αŸ†αžŽαž»αž…
ΑŸ‘αŸ αž…αŸ†αžŽαž»αž…
Αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž–αžΆαž€αŸ’αž™αž€αžΆαžαŸ‹αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž”αž‰αŸ’αž‡αžΈαž’αž€αŸ’αžŸαžšαž€αžΆαžαŸ‹ ( Abbreviation) :
Αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž…αž»αž…αž–αžΈαžš αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαž˜αž½αž™αž”αž“αŸ’αž‘αžΆαž”αŸ‹αž˜αž€αž‡αžΆαž–αžΆαž€αŸ’αž™αž–αŸαž‰αž αŸαžΈαž™αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαžšαŸ€αž”αžαžΆαž˜αž›αŸ†αžŠαžΆαž”αŸ‹αž’αž€αŸ’αžαžšαž€αŸ’αžšαž˜αž—αžΆαžŸαžΆαž‘αŸ’αž”αžΆαžαžΆαŸ†αž„αž αŸαžΈαž™αžšαžαŸ‹αž‡αž½αžšαž•αž„αŸ”
Αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž…αž»αž…αž–αžΈαžš αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆ αž”αž“αŸ’αž‘αžΆαž”αŸ‹αž˜αž€αž‡αžΆαž–αžΆαž€αŸ’αž™αž–αŸαž‰αž αžΎαž™ αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαžšαŸ€αž”αžαžΆαž˜αž›αŸ†αžŠαžΆαž”αŸ‹αž’αž€αŸ’αžαžšαž€αŸ’αžšαž˜αž—αžΆαžŸαžΆαž‘αžΆαžαžΆαŸ†αž„αž αžΎαž™αžšαžαŸ‹αž‡αž½αžšαž•αž„αŸ”
Αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž…αž»αž…αž–αžΈαžš αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆ αž“αž·αž„αž•αŸ’αžαžΎαž˜αžŠαŸ„αž™αž’αž€αŸ’αžŸαžšαž’αŸ† αž”αž“αŸ’αž‘αžΆαž”αŸ‹αž˜αž€αž‡αžΆαž–αžΆαž€αŸ’αž™αž–αŸαž‰ αž αžΎαž™αž˜αž·αž“αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαžšαŸ€αž”αžαžΆαž˜αž›αŸ†αžŠαžΆαž”αŸ‹αž’αž€αŸ’αžαžšαž€αŸ’αžšαž˜αž—αžΆαžŸαžΆαž‘αžΆαžαžΆαŸ†αž„αž αžΎαž™αžšαžαŸ‹αž‡αž½αžšαž•αž„αŸ”
Αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž…αž»αž…αž–αžΈαžš αž“αž·αž„αž•αŸ’αžαžΎαž˜αžŠαŸ„αž™αž’αž€αŸ’αžŸαžšαž’αŸ†αž”αž“αŸ’αž‘αžΆαž”αŸ‹αž˜αž€αž‡αžΆαž–αžΆαž€αŸ’αž™αž–αŸαž‰αž αžΎαž™ αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαžšαŸ€αž”αžαžΆαž˜αž›αŸ†αžŠαžΆαž”αŸ‹αž’αž€αŸ’αžαžšαž€αŸ’αžšαž˜αž—αžΆαžŸαžΆαž‘αžΆαžαžΆαŸ†αž„αž αžΎαž™αžšαžαŸ‹αž‡αž½αžšαž•αž„αŸ”
Αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžš αž˜αžΆαžαž·αž€αžΆ( Table of content) αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž“αž·αž€αŸαŸ’αžαž”αž”αž‘αžαž˜αŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαž™αž€αžαŸ’αžšαžΉαž˜:
Αž–αžΈαžšαž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„αž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„αž’αŸ† αž“αž·αž„αž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„ αžαžΌαž…αž€αž˜αŸ’αžšαž·αžαŸ‘
Αž”αžΈαž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„αž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„αž’αŸ† αž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„ αžαžΌαž…αž€αž˜αŸ’αžšαž·αžαŸ‘ αž“αž·αž„αž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„ αžαžΌαž…αž€αž˜αŸ’αžšαž·αžαŸ’
Αž”αžΈαž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„αž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„αž’αŸ†αž€αž˜αŸ’αžšαž·αžαŸ‘ αž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„ αžαžΌαž…αž€αž˜αŸ’αžšαž·αžαŸ’ αž“αž·αž„αž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„ αžαžΌαž…αž€αž˜αŸ’αžšαž·αžαŸ£
Αž–αžΈαžšαž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„αž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„αž’αŸ†αž€αž˜αŸ’αžšαž·αžαŸ‘ αž“αž·αž„αž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„αžαžΌαž…αž€αž˜αŸ’αžšαž·αžαŸ’
Αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž“αž·αž€αŸ’αžαŸαž”αž”αž‘αž‡αžΆαž—αžΆαžŸαžΆαžαŸ‚αŸ’αž˜αžšαž“αŸ…αžŸαžΆαž€αž›αžœαž·αž‘αŸ’αž™αžΆαž›αŸαž™αžœαž·αž‘αŸ’αž™αžΆαžŸαžΆαžŸαŸ’αžšαŸ’αžαžŸαž»αžαžΆαž—αž·αž”αžΆαž›αž€αŸ†αžŽαžαŸ‹αž™αž€αž’αž€αŸ’αžŸαžšαžαŸ‚αŸ’αž˜αžšαžŠαŸαžΈαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈαž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž”αŸ’αžšαžΆαžŸαŸ‹αž˜αžΆαž“αŸˆ
Αž”αžΈαž”αŸ’αžšαž—αŸαž‘ Khmer Os Muol, Khmer Os System αž“αž·αž„ Time New Roman
Αž”αžΈαž”αŸ’αžšαž—αŸαž‘ Khmer Os Muol, Khmer Os System αž“αž·αž„ Khmer Os Battambang
Αž–αžΈαžšαž”αŸ’αžšαž—αŸαž‘ Khmer Os Muol αž“αž·αž„ Khmer Os System
Αž–αžΈαžšαž”αŸ’αžšαž—αŸαž‘ Khmer Os Muol Bold αž“αž·αž„ Khmer Os System
Αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž“αž·αž€αŸαŸ’αžαž”αž”αž‘αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰ % ( αž—αžΆαž‚αžšαž™) αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœ:
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαž‘αŸ
Αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž‘αŸ αžαŸ‚αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαž˜αž½αž™
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™
Αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™
Αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž“αž·αž€αŸ’αžαŸαž”αž”αž‘αž‡αžΆαž—αžΆαžŸαžΆαž”αžΆαŸ†αžšαžΆαŸ†αž„ αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰: (αž…αŸ†αžŽαž»αž…αž–αžΈαžš)αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœ:
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž˜αž½αž™ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαž‘αŸ
Αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž‘αŸ αžαŸ‚αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαž˜αž½αž™
Αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž˜αž½αž™ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž˜αž½αž™
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž˜αž½αž™ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž˜αž½αž™
Αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž“αž·αž€αŸαŸ’αžαž”αž”αž‘ αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰, (αž€αŸ’αž”αŸ€αžŸ) αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœ:
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™
Αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆ αž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„αžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™ αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ‚αŸ’αžαžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž·αž“αž”αžΆαž…αŸ‹αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαž‘αŸ
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™ αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ‚αŸ’αžαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž·αž“αž”αžΆαž…αŸ‹αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαž‘αŸ
Αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž“αž·αž€αŸαŸ’αžαž”αž”αž‘ αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰; (αž…αŸ†αžŽαž»αž…αž€αŸ’αž”αŸ€αžŸ) αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœ:
Αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰ αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ‚αŸ’αžαžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™
Αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆ αž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„αžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™ αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ‚αŸ’αžαžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž·αž“αž”αžΆαž…αŸ‹αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαž‘αŸ
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž»αž™ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™
Αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž“αž·αž€αŸαŸ’αžαž”αž”αž‘ αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰. (αž…αŸ†αžŽαž»αž…)αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœ:
Αž€αž»αŸ†αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰ αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ‚αŸ’αžαžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžœαž·αž‰
Αž€αž»αŸ†αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰ αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ‚αŸ’αžαž˜αž·αž“αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž‘αŸ
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰
Αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž“αž·αž€αŸαŸ’αžαž”αž”αž‘ αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰ - (αžŸαž αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰) αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžšαžŽαžΈαž‡αžΆαžŸαŸ†αž™αŸ„αž‚ αžšαžœαžΆαž„αž–αžΆαž€αŸ’αž™αž–αžΈαžšαž–αŸ’αž™αžΆαž„αŸ’αž‚αž‘αŸ’αž”αŸαžΈαž„αž‘αŸ… αžšαžΊαž…αž„αŸ‹αž”αž–αŸ’αž‡αžΆαž€αŸ‹αž–αžΈαž…αŸ†αžŽαž»αž…αž•αžΎαŸ’αžαž˜αž‘αŸ…αžŠαž›αŸ‹αž…αŸ†αžŽαž»αž…αž”αž–αžΆαŸ’αž…αž”αŸ‹αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœ:
Αž€αž»αŸ†αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰ αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ‚αŸ’αžαžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžœαž·αž‰
Αž€αž»αŸ†αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰ αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ‚αŸ’αžαž˜αž·αž“αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž‘αŸ
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰
Αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž“αž·αž€αŸαŸ’αžαž”αž”αž‘ αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰ - (αžŸαž αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰) αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžšαžŽαžΈαž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαžŠαŸαžΈαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈαžšαžΆαž”αŸ‹αž–αžΈαž›αŸ†αžŠαžΆαž”αŸ‹ αž“αŸƒαž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„αžαžΌαž…αŸ—αžšαžΊαž…αŸ†αžŽαž»αž…αž‚αŸ„αž›αŸ—αž“αŸ…αžŠαŸαžΈαž˜αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆ αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœ:
αž€αž»αŸ†αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžšαž½αž…αž‘αŸαžΈαž”αž…αžΆαž”αŸ‹αž•αžΎαŸ’αžαž˜αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαŸ‚αž˜αŸ’αžαž„
Αž€αž»αŸ†αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™ αž‘αžΎαž”αž…αžΆαž”αŸ‹αž•αžΎαŸ’αžαž˜αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαŸ‚αž˜αŸ’αžαž„
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰ αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ‚αŸ’αžαž˜αž·αž“αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž‘αŸ
Αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž“αž·αž€αŸαŸ’αžαž”αž”αž‘ αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž›αŸαžαžŠαž€ - αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž›αŸαžαž”αžΌαž€ + αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž›αŸαžαž‚αž»αžŽ * αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœ:
Αž€αž»αŸ†αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰ αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ‚αŸ’αžαžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžœαž·αž‰
Αž€αž»αŸ†αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰ αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ‚αŸ’αžαž˜αž·αž“αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž‘αŸ
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™
Αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž“αž·αž€αŸαŸ’αžαž”αž”αž‘ αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰( ) (αžœαž„αŸ‹αž€αŸ’αžšαž…αž€)αž•αŸ‚αŸ’αž“αž€αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ…αž‡αžΆαž”αŸ‹αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰ αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœ:
Αž€αž»αŸ†αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰ αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ‚αŸ’αžαžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžœαž·αž‰
Αž€αž»αŸ†αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰ αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ‚αŸ’αžαž˜αž·αž“αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž‘αŸ
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™
Αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž“αž·αž€αŸαŸ’αžαž”αž”αž‘ αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰( ) (αžœαž„αŸ‹αž€αŸ’αžšαž…αž€)αž•αŸ‚αŸ’αž“αž€αžαžΆαž„αž€αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž‡αžΆαž”αŸ‹αž“αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰ αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœ:
Αž€αž»αŸ†αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰ αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ‚αŸ’αžαžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™αžœαž·αž‰
Αž€αž»αŸ†αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™ αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ‚αŸ’αžαž˜αž·αž“αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž‘αŸ
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™
αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž“αž·αž€αŸαŸ’αžαž”αž”αž‘ αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆ “ “(αžœαž·αž‘αŸ’αž”αžΆαžšαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆ) αž•αŸ‚αŸ’αž“αž€αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ… αž‡αžΆαž”αŸ‹αž“αžΉαž„αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆ αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαŸˆ
Αž€αž»αŸ†αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆ αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ’αžαŸ‚αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž˜αž½αž™αžœαž·αž‰
Αž€αž»αŸ†αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆ
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž˜αž½αž™ αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ’αžαŸ‚αž˜αž·αž“αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž‘αŸ
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž˜αž½αž™ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž˜αž½αž™
Αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž“αž·αž€αŸαŸ’αžαž”αž”αž‘ αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆ [ ] (αžœαž„αŸ‹αžŠαž„αŸ’αž€αŸ€αž”) αž•αŸ’αž“αŸ‚αž€αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ… αž‡αžΆαž”αŸ‹αž“αžΉαž„αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆ αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœ:
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž˜αž½αž™
Αž€αž»αŸ†αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™ αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ‚αŸ’αžαž˜αž·αž“αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž‘αŸ
Αž€αž»αŸ†αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰ αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ‚αŸ’αžαžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αž˜αž½αž™αžœαž·αž‰
Αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž“αž·αž€αŸαŸ’αžαž”αž”αž‘ αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆ [ ] (αžœαž„αŸ‹αžŠαž„αŸ’αž€αŸ€αž”) αž•αŸ’αž“αŸ‚αž€αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž‡αžΆαž”αŸ‹αž“αžΉαž„αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆ αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœ:
Αž˜αž·αž“αž”αžΆαž…αŸ‹αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆ αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ‚αŸ’αžαžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž˜αž½αž™αžœαž·αž‰
Αž˜αž·αž“αž”αžΆαž…αŸ‹αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„αžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž˜αž½αž™ αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ‚αŸ’αžαž˜αž·αž“αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž‘αŸ
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž˜αž½αž™ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž˜αž½αž™
Αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž“αž·αž€αŸαŸ’αžαž”αž”αž‘ αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆ = (αžŸαŸ’αž˜αžΎ)αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαŸˆ
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž˜αž½αž™ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαž‘αŸ
Αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αžΆαŸ’αž‰αž‘αŸ αžαŸ‚αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸαžΆαž™αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαž˜αž½αž™
Αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αžΆαŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸαžΆαž™αžŸαž‰αžΆαŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αžΆαŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸαžΆαž™αžŸαž‰αžΆαŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™
αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž“αž·αž€αŸαŸ’αžαž”αž”αž‘ αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆ < (αžαžΌαž…αž‡αžΆαž„) αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆ > (αž’αŸ†αž‡αžΆαž„) αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆ <_ (αžαžΌαž…αž‡αžΆαž„ αžšαžΊαžŸαŸ’αž˜αžΎ)αž“αž·αž„ αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆ >_ (αž’αŸ†αž‡αžΆαž„ αžšαžΊαžŸαŸ’αž˜αžΎ) αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαŸˆ
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž˜αž½αž™ αžαŸ‚αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™ αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž‘αŸ
Αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž‘αŸ αžαŸ‚αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαž˜αž½αž™
Αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž˜αž½αž™ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž˜αž½αž™
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž˜αž½αž™ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž˜αž½αž™
Αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž“αž·αž€αŸαŸ’αžαž”αž”αž‘ αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆ / (Slash) αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœ:
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž˜αž½αž™ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαž‘αŸ
Αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž‘αŸ αžαŸ‚αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαž˜αž½αž™
Αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž‘αŸ
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž˜αž½αž™ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž˜αž½αž™
Αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž“αž·αž€αŸ’αžαŸαž”αž”αž‘ αžŸαž–αžΆαžΆαŸ’αž‰+_αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαŸˆ
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸαžΆαž™αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαž‘αŸ
Αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αžΆαŸ’αž‰αž‘αŸ αžαŸ‚αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸαžΆαž™αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαž˜αž½αž™
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž–αžΆαžΆαŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸαžΆαž™αžŸαž–αžΆαžΆαŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™
Αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž–αžΆαžΆαŸ’αž‰ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸαžΆαž™αžŸαž–αžΆαžΆαŸ’αž‰αž‘αŸ
Αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž“αž·αž€αŸ’αžαŸαž”αž”αž‘ αžŸαž–αžΆαžΆαŸ’αž‰αŸ†c (Degree sign) αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαŸˆ
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž–αžΆαžΆαŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸαžΆαž™αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαž‘αŸ
Αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αžΆαŸ’αž‰αž‘αŸ αžαŸ‚αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸαžΆαž™αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαž˜αž½αž™
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž–αžΆαžΆαŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸαžΆαž™αžŸαž–αžΆαžΆαŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™
Αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž–αžΆαžΆαŸ’αž‰ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸαžΆαž™αžŸαž–αžΆαžΆαŸ’αž‰αž‘αŸ
Αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž“αž·αž€αŸ’αžαŸαž”αž”αž‘ αžŸαž–αžΆαžΆαŸ’αž‰# (Pound sign) αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαŸˆ
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸαžΆαž™αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαž‘αŸ
Αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž‰αžΆαŸ’αž‰αž‘αŸ αžαŸ‚αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸαžΆαž™αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαž˜αž½αž™
ΑžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž–αžΆαžΆαŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸαžΆαž™αžŸαž–αžΆαžΆαŸ’αž‰αž˜αž½αž™
Αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαžΆαž„αž˜αž»αžαžŸαž–αžΆαžΆαŸ’αž‰ αž“αž·αž„αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸαžΆαž™αžŸαž–αžΆαžΆαŸ’αž‰αž‘αŸ
Αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž“αž·αž€αŸ’αžαŸαž”αž”αž‘ αžŸαŸαž…αž€αŸ’αžαžΈαžŸαž„αŸ’αžαŸαž”αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœ:
Αž™αŸ‰αžΆαž„αž…αŸ’αžšαŸαžΈαž“αž˜αžΆαž“αž˜αž½αž™αž‘αŸ†αž–αŸαžš αž˜αž·αž“αž’αžΆαž…αž”αŸ’αžšαŸαžΈαž’αž€αŸ’αžŸαžšαž€αžΆαžαŸ‹ αž˜αžΆαž“αž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„αž‚αŸαžΆαž›αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“αž”αŸ’αžšαžΆαŸ†αž˜αž½αž™
Αž™αŸ‰αžΆαž„αž…αŸ’αžšαŸαžΈαž“αž˜αžΆαž“αž˜αž½αž™αž‘αŸ†αž–αŸαžš αž’αžΆαž…αž”αŸ’αžšαŸαžΈαž’αž€αŸ’αžŸαžšαž€αžΆαžαŸ‹αž”αžΆαž“ αž˜αžΆαž“αž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„αž‚αŸαžΆαž›αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“αž”αŸ’αžšαžΆαŸ†αž˜αž½αž™
Αž™αŸ‰αžΆαž„αž…αŸ’αžšαŸαžΈαž“αž˜αžΆαž“αž˜αž½αž™αž‘αŸ†αž–αŸαžš αž˜αž·αž“αž’αžΆαž…αž”αŸ’αžšαŸαžΈαž’αž€αŸ’αžŸαžšαž€αžΆαžαŸ‹ αž˜αžΆαž“αž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„αž‚αŸαžΆαž›αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“αž”αŸ’αžšαžΆαŸ†αž–αžΈαžš
Αž™αŸ‰αžΆαž„αž…αŸ’αžšαŸαžΈαž“αž˜αžΆαž“αž˜αž½αž™αž‘αŸ†αž–αŸαžš αž˜αž·αž“αž’αžΆαž…αž”αŸ’αžšαŸαžΈαž’αž€αŸ’αžŸαžšαž€αžΆαžαŸ‹ αž˜αžΆαž“αž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„αž‚αŸαžΆαž›αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“αž”αŸ’αžšαžΆαŸ†αž˜αž½αž™αžŠαŸαžΆαž™αž˜αž·αž“αž”αžΆαž…αŸ‹αžŠαžΆαž€αŸ‹αž•αŸ’αž“αŸ‚αž€αž–αž·αž—αžΆαž€αŸ’αžŸαžΆ
Αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž“αž·αž€αŸ’αžαŸαž”αž”αž‘ αž“αŸ…αžαŸ’αžšαž„αŸ‹αž‡αŸ†αž–αžΌαž€αžœαž·αž’αžΈαžŸαžΆαžŸαŸ’αžšαŸ’αžαž“αŸƒαž€αžΆαžšαžŸαŸ’αžšαžΆαžœαž‡αŸ’αžšαžΆαžœαžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαž”αžΆαž“αž…αŸ‚αž€αž…αŸαž‰αž‡αžΆαž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„αžαžΌαž…αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“αŸˆ
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Αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž“αž·αž€αŸ’αžαŸαž”αž”αž‘ αž“αŸ…αžαŸ’αžšαž„αŸ‹αž‡αŸ†αž–αžΌαž€αž§αž”αžŸαž˜αŸ’αžαž“αŸ’αž’ αž―αž€αžŸαžΆαžšαž–αžΆαž€αŸ‹αž–αŸαž“αŸ’αž’αž“αžΆαž“αžΆαžŠαŸ‚αž›αž‚αž½αžšαžŠαžΆαž€αŸ‹αž—αŸ’αž†αžΆαž”αŸ‹αžšαž½αž˜αž˜αžΆαž“αŸˆ
Αž€αž˜αŸ’αžšαž„αžŸαŸ†αžŽαž½αžš αž‘αž˜αŸ’αžšαž„αŸ‹αž€αž·αž…αŸ’αž…αž–αŸ’αžšαž˜αž–αŸ€αž„ αžšαž”αŸ€αž”αž’αŸ’αžœαŸαžΈαžαŸαžŸαŸ’αžαž•αŸ’αžŸαŸαž„αŸ— αžŸαŸαž…αž€αŸ’αžαžΈαžαŸ’αž›αŸ‚αž„αž’αŸ†αžŽαžšαž‚αž»αžŽ αžšαžΌαž”αž—αžΆαž–αž”αŸ’αž‰αžαžΆαžšαžΆαž„αž“αžΆαž“αžΆ
Αž€αž˜αŸ’αžšαž„αžŸαŸ†αžŽαž½αžšαž‘αž˜αŸ’αžšαž„αŸ‹αž€αž·αž…αŸ’αž…αž–αŸ’αžšαž˜αž–αŸ€αž„ αžšαž”αŸ€αž”αž’αŸ’αžœαŸαžΈαžαŸαžŸαŸ’αžαž•αŸ’αžŸαŸαž„αŸ— αžšαžΌαž”αž—αžΆαž–αž”αŸ’αž‰αžαžΆαžšαžΆαž„αž“αžΆαž“αžΆ
Αž€αž˜αŸ’αžšαž„αžŸαŸ†αžŽαž½αžšαž‘αž˜αŸ’αžšαž„αŸ‹αž€αž·αž…αŸ’αž…αž–αŸ’αžšαž˜αž–αŸ€αž„ αžšαž”αŸ€αž”αž’αŸ’αžœαŸαžΈαžαŸαžŸαŸ’αžαž•αŸ’αžŸαŸαž„αŸ— αžŸαŸαž…αž€αŸ’αžαžΈαžαŸ’αž›αŸ‚αž„αž’αŸ†αžŽαžšαž‚αž»αžŽ αžαžΆαžšαžΆαž„αž“αžΆαž“αžΆ
Αž€αž˜αŸ’αžšαž„αžŸαŸ†αžŽαž½αžš αž‘αž˜αŸ’αžšαž„αŸ‹αž€αž·αž…αŸ’αž…αž–αŸ’αžšαž˜αž–αŸ€αž„ αžšαž”αŸ€αž”αž’αŸ’αžœαŸαžΈαžαŸαžŸαŸ’αžαž•αŸ’αžŸαŸαž„αŸ— αž–αžΆαž€αŸ’αž™αžŸαž…αŸ’αž…αžΆαž”αŸ’αžšαžŽαž·αž’αžΆαž“ αžšαžΌαž”αž—αžΆαž–αž”αŸ’αž‰αžαžΆαžšαžΆαž„αž“αžΆαž“αžΆ
Αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž“αž·αž€αŸ’αžαŸαž”αž”αž‘αž‡αžΆαž—αžΆαžŸαžΆαžαŸ’αž˜αŸ‚αžšαž“αŸ…αžŸαž€αž›αžœαž·αž‘αŸ’αž™αžΆαž›αŸαž™αžœαž·αž‘αŸ’αž™αžΆαžŸαžΆαžŸαŸ’αžαŸ’αžšαžŸαž»αžαžΆαž—αž·αž”αžΆαž›αž”αžΆαž“αž€αŸ†αžŽαžαŸ‹αž™αž€αž’αž€αŸ’αžŸαžšαž–αžΈαžšαž”αŸ’αžšαž—αŸαž‘αž˜αž€αž”αŸ’αžšαŸαžΈαž”αŸ’αžšαžΆαžŸαŸ‹αž‚αžΊαŸˆ
Khmer OS Moul αž‘αŸ†αž αŸ†αŸ‘αŸ€αž”αŸ’αžšαŸαžΈαž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŠαžΆαž€αŸ‹αž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„αž‡αŸ†αž–αžΌαž€αž’αžαŸ’αžαž”αž‘ αž“αž·αž„ Khmer OS System αž‘αŸ†αž αŸ† αŸ‘αŸ’αž”αŸ’αžšαŸαžΈαž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž’αžαŸ’αžαž“αŸαž™αž’αžαŸ’αžαž”αž‘
Khmer OS Moul Light αž‘αŸ†αž αŸ†αŸ‘αŸ€αž”αŸ’αžšαŸαžΈαž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŠαžΆαž€αŸ‹αž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„αž‡αŸ†αž–αžΌαž€αž’αžαŸ’αžαž”αž‘ αž“αž·αž„ Khmer OS System αž‘αŸ†αž αŸ† αŸ‘αŸ’αž”αŸ’αžšαŸαžΈαž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž’αžαŸ’αžαž“αŸαž™αž’αžαŸ’αžαž”αž‘
Khmer OS Moul Light αž‘αŸ†αž αŸ†αŸ‘αŸ€αž”αŸ’αžšαŸαžΈαž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŠαžΆαž€αŸ‹αž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„αž‡αŸ†αž–αžΌαž€αž’αžαŸ’αžαž”αž‘ αž“αž·αž„ Khmer OS αž‘αŸ†αž αŸ† αŸ‘αŸ’αž”αŸ’αžšαŸαžΈαž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž’αžαŸ’αžαž“αŸαž™αž’αžαŸ’αžαž”αž‘
Khmer OS Moul αž‘αŸ†αž αŸ†αŸ‘αŸ€αž”αŸ’αžšαŸαžΈαž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŠαžΆαž€αŸ‹αž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„αž‡αŸ†αž–αžΌαž€αž’αžαŸ’αžαž”αž‘ αž“αž·αž„ Khmer OS αž‘αŸ†αž αŸ† αŸ‘αŸ’αž”αŸ’αžšαŸαžΈαž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž’αžαŸ’αžαž“αŸαž™αž’αžαŸ’αžαž”αž‘
Αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž“αž·αž€αŸ’αžαŸαž”αž”αž‘αž‡αžΆαž—αžΆαžŸαžΆαž’αž„αŸ‹αž‚αŸ’αž›αŸαžŸαž”αŸ’αž‰αž”αžΆαžšαžΆαŸ†αž„αž“αŸ…αžŸαž€αž›αžœαž·αž‘αŸ’αž™αžΆαž›αŸαž™αžœαž·αž‘αŸ’αž™αžΆαž›αŸαž™αžœαž·αž‘αŸ’αž™αžΆαžŸαžΆαžŸαŸ’αžšαŸ’αžαžŸαž»αžαžΆαž—αž·αž”αžΆαž›αž”αžΆαž“αž€αŸ†αžŽαžαŸ‹αž™αž€αž’αž€αŸ’αžŸαžšαŸˆ
Time New Roman αž‘αŸ†αž αŸ†αŸ‘αŸ€αž”αŸ’αžšαŸαžΈαž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŠαžΆαž€αŸ‹αž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„αž‡αŸ†αž–αžΌαž€αž’αžαŸ’αžαž”αž‘ αž“αž·αž„ Time New Roman αž‘αŸ†αž αŸ†αŸ‘αŸ’αž”αŸ’αžšαŸαžΈαž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž’αžαŸ’αžαž“αŸαž™αž’αžαŸ’αžαž”αž‘
Time New Roman αž‘αŸ†αž αŸ†αŸ‘αŸ€Boldαž”αŸ’αžšαŸαžΈαž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŠαžΆαž€αŸ‹αž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„αž‡αŸ†αž–αžΌαž€αž’αžαŸ’αžαž”αž‘ αž“αž·αž„ Time New Roman αž‘αŸ†αž αŸ†αŸ‘αŸ’αž”αŸ’αžšαŸαžΈαž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž’αžαŸ’αžαž“αŸαž™αž’αžαŸ’αžαž”αž‘
Time New Roman αž‘αŸ†αž αŸ†αŸ‘αŸ€Boldαž”αŸ’αžšαŸαžΈαž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŠαžΆαž€αŸ‹αž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„αž‡αŸ†αž–αžΌαž€αž’αžαŸ’αžαž”αž‘ αž“αž·αž„ Time New Roman αž‘αŸ†αž αŸ†αŸ‘αŸ’Boldαž”αŸ’αžšαŸαžΈαž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž’αžαŸ’αžαž“αŸαž™αž’αžαŸ’αžαž”αž‘
Time New Roman αž‘αŸ†αž αŸ†αŸ‘αŸ€αž”αŸ’αžšαŸαžΈαž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŠαžΆαž€αŸ‹αž…αŸ†αžŽαž„αž‡αŸαžΈαž„αž‡αŸ†αž–αžΌαž€αž’αžαŸ’αžαž”αž‘ αž“αž·αž„ Time New Roman αž‘αŸ†αž αŸ†αŸ‘αŸ’Boldαž”αŸ’αžšαŸαžΈαž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž’αžαŸ’αžαž“αŸαž™αž’αžαŸ’αžαž”αž‘
Αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž“αž·αž€αŸ’αžαŸαž”αž”αž‘ αž“αŸ…αžŸαž€αž›αžœαž·αž‘αŸ’αž™αžΆαž›αŸαž™αžœαž·αž‘αŸ’αž™αžΆαžŸαžΆαžŸαŸ’αžšαŸ’αžαžŸαž»αžαžΆαž—αž·αž”αžΆαž›αž”αžΆαž“αž€αŸ†αžŽαžαŸ‹αž™αž€αž‡αžΆαž™αž€αŸ’αžšαžŠαžΆαžŸ (Margin)αžŠαžΌαž…αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸαžΆαž˜αŸˆ
Top margin: 2.5, Bottom margin:2.5, Right margin:2, Left margin:2
Top margin: 2, Bottom margin:2 ,Right margin:1.5, Left margin:1.5
Top margin: 2, Bottom margin:2, Right margin:2.5 ,Left margin:2.5
Top margin: 1.5, Bottom margin:1.5, Right margin:2, Left margin:2
Αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž“αž·αž€αŸ’αžαŸαž”αž”αž‘ αž“αŸ…αžŸαž€αž›αžœαž·αž‘αŸ’αž™αžΆαž›αŸαž™αžœαž·αž‘αŸ’αž™αžΆαžŸαžΆαžŸαŸ’αžšαŸ’αžαžŸαž»αžαžΆαž—αž·αž”αžΆαž›αž”αžΆαž“αž€αŸ†αžŽαžαŸ‹αž™αž€αž…αž“αŸ’αž›αŸαžΆαŸ‡αž”αž“αŸ’αž‘αžΆαžαŸ‹(Line spacing) αž“αž·αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŠαž€αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαž–αžΈαž”αŸ’αžšαž™αŸαžΆαž‚αž˜αž½αž™αž‘αŸ…αž”αŸ’αžšαž™αŸαžΆαž‚αž˜αž½αž™(Space bar) αžŠαžΌαž…αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸαžΆαž˜αŸˆ
Line spacing: 1.5 and 1 space bar
Line spacing 1.5 and 1.5 space bar
Line spacing 1 and 1.5 space bar
Line spacing 1 and 1 space bar
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Line spacing: 1.5 and 1 space bar
Line spacing 1.5 and 1.5 space bar
Line spacing 1 and 1.5 space bar
Line spacing 1 and 1 space bar
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Before submitting your dissertation, you should ensure that:
Your writing is free of sexist, racist and disablist language
Other people have read your final draft
You have proofread it thoroughly
All of the above
In general, the content of your results section should include the following elements:
Introductory context for understanding the results by restating the research problem underpinning your study.
Inclusion of non-textual elements, such as, figures, charts, photos, maps, tables
Systematic description of your results, highlighting for the
The page length of your results section is guided and use the past tense when referring to your results.
All are corrects
What is the purpose of the conclusion in a research report?:
It just a summary what the article already said
It summarizes the key findings in relation to the research questions
It contains a useful review of the relevant literature
It outlines the methodological procedures that were employed
The purpose of the results section is:
To present the main data collected and the observations made during the research
It provides interpretation of the analysed data
Does not contain details on the methods, materials or discussion
All are corrects
The first step in writing the results section is:
To review the analysed data
Determine which results to present. This can be done by
Deciding which results are relevant to the question(s) presented in the introduction,
All are corrects
The discussion section is:
Where the results are interpreted and conclusions are drawn
Writing the study design
Descripting the method
Summarize the key findings
The discussion should :
Also compare the results to those of other studies
Give the general significance of the findings
Study limitations, sources of error
All are corrects
Why is it important to have well formulated research questions?:
It gives greater clarity to the research process and what you wish to research.
It leads to more focused research.
It provides more structure to my work.
All of the above.
Which of the following is a criterion for a good research question?:
Questions should be long and use complex terms
Questions should show where my research biases are.
Questions should sound contemporary.
Questions should connect with established theory and research.
The essential parts of a research proposal are generally standard:
Title, background ,literature, Objectives, methodology and bibliography
Objectives and methodology
Timeline and bibliography
The results
The 3 Ways to Select the Right Topic:
Choose what field that interest you most.
Do a thorough research.
Choose your dissertation supervisor wisely
All are corrects
The list of all units in a population is called:
Random sampling
Sampling Frame
Bias
Statistic
The purpose of social science research is:
Academic
Cultivation
Experience
Utilitarian
In discussion section you should write:
Interpret and explain your results
Answer your research question
Justify your approach
Critically evaluate your study
All are corrects
The Discussion section needs to follow from:
Your results
Relate back to your literature review
The existing knowledge about the subject
All are corrects
For most research paper formats in the social and behavioral sciences, there is possible select ways of:
Presenting the results
Organizing the results
Presenting and organizing the results
No answers
The first purpose of a survey is to:
Description
Evaluation
Propagation
Provide Information
The most critical areas of an article to read is:
Results section
Introduction
Abstract
Limitations
The purpose of a results section is to:
Present the key results of your research without
Interpreting their meaning. It cannot be combined with the Discussion section unless
The journal combines the Results and Discussion into one section
All are corrects
The results should be:
Presented in an orderly sequence,
Using an outline as a guide for writing
Following the sequence of the Methods section upon which the results are based
All are corrects
The results section is:
Summary of the experimental outcome of the study
Analyse the data
Write the discussion section
Review the collected data
Writing the results section, try to:
Make it as clear and understandable as possible
Go from the simple finding to more complex
Emphasize significant effect more than nonsignificant
All are corrects
Which of the following is not a “Graphic representation”?:
Pie Chart
Bar Chart
Table
Histogram
Which of the following is NOT a function of referencing?:
To demonstrate breadth of reading
To attribute a quotation
To ensure a sufficiently long reference list
To justify your approach
Any numerical value calculated from sample data is called
Error
Statistic
Bias
Mean
Writing your discussion should be:
Statement of your principal findings
Strengths and limitations of your study
In relation to other studies, discussing in particular any differences
All are corrects
Statement of your principal findings for discussion:
Do not repeat your results!
Summarize the key findings in two or three sentences
Make generalizations with caution (Most subjects reported some kind of patient
All are corrects
The purpose of the results section is
To present the main data collected and the observations made during the research
It provides interpretation of the analysed data
Does not contain details on the methods, materials or discussion
All are corrects
The first step in writing the results section is
To review the analysed data
Determine which results to present. This can be done by
Deciding which results are relevant to the question(s) presented in the introduction,
All are corrects
The discussion section is
Where the results are interpreted and conclusions are drawn
Writing the study design
Descripting the method
Summarize the key findings
The discussion should
Also compare the results to those of other studies
Give the general significance of the findings
Study limitations, sources of error
All are corrects
In writing the results section, try to:
Make it as clear and understandable as possible
Go from the simple finding to the complex
Emphasize significant effects, more than nonsignificant
All are corrects
Usually, information in the results section goes in the following order:
Description of how a participant’s
Results supporting the measure’s validity
Results relatery to the hypothesis and significant
All are corrects
The purpose of the discussion is:
To interpret and describe the significance of your findings
In light of what was already known about the research problem being investigated, and
To explain any new understanding or insights about the problem after you've taken the findings into consideration
All are corrects
Which of the following can be a problem when writing journal articles?:
No theory
Amateur style and tone
Insufficient definition-theory
All of the above
For writing up your synthesis of the literature:
To read, reflect, identify (main themes), categorize by them, categorize by sub-themes.
To write, read, identify, reflect.
To read, reflect (thinking with title), categorize by them, categorize by sub-themes
Reference, thinking,
Writing, identify and title
What the origin of a research question:
Mastering the literature
Being alert to new ideas and technique
Mastering the literature, being alert to new ideas and technique and keeping the imagination
Keeping the imagination
Mastering the literature and being alert to new ideas and technique
The abstract should be about how many words?:
50
75
120
300
It is in this section that you fully interpret and evaluate your results.
Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
Where do you provide a step-by-step account of what the researcher and participants did during the research study?
Introduction
Abstract
Procedure
Design
Select all of the following statements which you believe to be true:?
Sample statistic is a point estimate of a population parameter.
Random sampling implies a haphazard approach to the data analysis.
For a given data set, the standard deviation is always greater than the standard error of the mean.
The inferential process involves drawing conclusions about the sample.
All are corrects
Research is
Activity of finding facts in society or scientific world
Long essay or dissertation on a fact really happening
"Re" meaning again and again plus "search"​
Systematic investigation into and study of materials, methods and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions​
Research question is​
Question asked in a research ​
Question asked in a research to form hypothesis
Question on core of the topic whose answer is a result to be written in a dissertation​
Fundamental core of a research project, study. It focuses the study, determines the methodology, and guides all stages of a dissertation
Topic of a thesis is composed of
What, who, where. when, wonder
What, who, where. when, widen
What, who, where. when
What, who, where. when, win
Which of the following best describes quantitative research?
The collection of non-numerical data
An attempt to confirm the researcher’s hypotheses
Research that is exploratory
Research that attempts to generate a new theory
Qualitative research is often exploratory and has all of the following characteristics except:
It is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic of interest
It relies on the collection of non numerical data such as words and pictures
It is used to generate hypotheses and develop theory about phenomena in the world
It uses the inductive scientific method
What is the key defining characteristic of experimental research?:
Extraneous variables are never present
Positive correlation usually exists
Negative correlation usually exists
Manipulation of the independent variable
Research that is done to understand an event from the past is known as _____?:
Experimental research
Historical research
Replication
Archival research
Research occurs when the researcher manipulates the independent variable:
Causal-comparative research
Experimental research
Ethnography
Correlational research
Which of the following includes examples of quantitative variables?:
Age, temperature, income, height
Grade point average, anxiety level, reading performance
Gender, religion, ethnic group
Age, temperature, income, height and grade point average, anxiety level, reading performance
The strongest evidence for causality comes from which of the following research methods?:
Experimental
Causal comparative
Correlational
Ethnography
Rationale for the study is to:
Tell why you raise the topic to study
Tell when you raise the topic to study
Tell a problem you raise the topic to study
Tell a solution you raise the topic to study
Rationale for the study is to:
Tell why you raise the topic to study​
Tell when you raise the topic to study
Tell a problem you raise the topic to study
Tell a solution you raise the topic to study
General objective is:
General idea on thesis results​
Aim you desire to show in your thesis​
General idea on the thesis discussion
General idea on the thesis conclusion
Specific objective is:​
An objective defining specific point, which is separated from the general objective​
An objective defining specific step, which is separated from the general objective​
An objective defining specific point from the general objective that orientates the thesis hypothesis
An objective defining specific point from the general objective that orientates the thesis conclusion
Introduction is:​
Piece of the dissertation relevant to simple composition​
Piece of the dissertation relevant to the disease you focus
Piece of the dissertation relevant to the background of the disease
Piece of the dissertation relevant to your topic on simple and scientific assentation​
Literature review is to:​
Piece of writing relevant to what the topic needs
Piece of writing relevant to what the rationale for the study needs
Piece of writing relevant to the what the thesis results need
Piece of writing relevant to the what the objectives need​
Cross-sectional study is:
Study of prevalence of a disease
Study of percentage of a disease
Study to collect data at one specific point in time of a whole activity of a sample or subject​
Study to collect data a whole activity of a sample or subject
Retrospective cohort study is:
Historic cohort study, generally means to take a look back at events that already have taken place​
Study on history of a disease that you are raising to write your dissertation​
Study on history of an author that you are raising to write your dissertation​
Study on history of all samples that you are raising to write your dissertation​
Case study is:​
Study on disease cases happening in a period of time​
Study on disease cases happening in a region of a period of time​
Study or dissertation on cases of a disease or something written by a person, group, which has been studied over time​
Study on disease cases happening in a group of people
Case control study is :​
Study on two groups of samples that one is a group of disease cases and another is a group of control cases​
Study on two groups of samples that one is a group of ill samples and another is a group of healthy samples​
Study to control ill samples so as to collect data for dissertation​
Study on two groups of samples that ones using real medications and others using placebo​
Qualitative data is :​
Information that has high quality for writing a dissertation​
Information gathered from a study that is descriptive and not based on numbers and not measurable​
Information that has high quality for analyzing out the results​
Information that has high quality for building tables of a dissertation​
Quantitative data:​
Information that has huge quantity for writing a dissertation​
Information that has huge quantity for analyzing out the results​
Information gathered from a study that is descriptive and based on countable and measurable things​
Data of descriptive research​
Correlation is​:
Mutual relationship or connection between two or more things or variables​
Relationship between two diseases happening together​
Relationship between two researches done in the same period​
Relationship between two or more diseases contracted in a group of samples​
Analysis to establish tables of results is followed by :​
Specific objectives​
General objectives​
Rationale for the study​
Introduction of the thesis ​
Commentaries on tables are written on the base of :​
Why the results happening​
What and why are the results happening​
What are the total results​
What are contained in the table
Discussion is a part of a dissertation that: ​
Have to focus arguments of a group of people​
Have to focus on figures in tables, reasons and assertions form other authors​
Have to focus on fiercely debate with each others​
Have to write about results of other authors
An important practical issue to consider when designing a research project is:​
Which theoretical perspective you find most interesting​
Whether or not you have time to retile the bathroom first​
Which colour of ring binder to present your work in​
How much time and money you have to conduct the research
What is a research design?:​
Way of conducting research that is not grounded in theory​
The choice between using qualitative or quantitative methods​
Framework for every stage of the collection and analysis of data​
The style in which you present your research findings, e.g. A graph
If a study is "reliable", this means that:​
It was conducted by a reputable researcher who can be trusted​
The measures devised for concepts are stable on different occasions​
The findings can be generalized to other result settings​
The methods are stated clearly enough for the research to be replicated
In an experimental design, the dependent variable is:​
The one that is not manipulated and in which any changes are observed​
The one that is manipulated in order to observe any effects on the other​
Measure of the extent to which personal values affect research​
An ambiguous concept whose meaning depends on how it is defined​
What is a cross-sectional design?:​
Study of one particular section of society, e.g. The middle classes​
One that is devised when the researcher is in a bad mood​
Collection of data from more than one case at one moment in time​
Comparison of two or more variables over a long period of time
How can you tell if your research questions are really good?:​
If they guide your literature search​
If they are linked together to help you construct a coherent argument​
If they force you to narrow the scope of your research​
All of the answers in this question​
Which of the following should you think about when preparing your research?:​
Your sample frame and sampling strategy​
The ethical issues that might arise​
Negotiating access to the setting​
All of the answers in this question​
What practical steps can you take before you actually start your research?:​
Find out exactly what your institution's requirements are for a dissertation​
Make sure you are familiar with the hardware and software you plan to use​
Apply for clearance of your project through an ethics committee​
All of the answers in this question
Why do you need to review the existing literature?:​
To make sure you have a long list of references​
Because without it, you could never reach the required word-count​
To find out what is already known about your area of interest​
To help in your general studying
To read critically means:​
Taking an opposing point of view to the ideas and opinions expressed​
Skimming through the material because most of it is just padding​
Evaluating what you read in terms of your own research questions​
Being negative about something before you read it​
A systematic literature review is:​
One which starts in your own library, then goes to on-line databases and, finally, to the internet​
Replicable, scientific and transparent process​
One which gives equal attention to the principal contributors to the area​
Responsible, professional process of time-management for research
When accessing the internet, which of these steps is the most essential?:​
Recording the full URL​
Noting the access dates​
Downloading material to be referenced​
They are all equally important​
The importance of measurement in quantitative research is that:​
It allows us to delineate fine differences between people or cases​
It provides a consistent device or yardstick​
It allows for precise estimates of the degree of relationship between concepts​
All of the answers in this question​
Quantitative research has been criticized because:​
The measurement process suggests a spurious and artificial sense of accuracy​
The reliance on instruments and procedures makes it high in ecological validity​
It underestimates the similarities between objects in the natural and social worlds​
All of the answers in this question​
A sampling frame is:​
Summary of the various stages involved in designing a survey​
An outline view of all the main clusters of units in a sample​
List of all the units in the population from which a sample will be selected​
Wooden frame used to display tables of random numbers
A simple random sample is one in which:​
From a random starting point, every nth unit from the sampling frame is selected​
Non-probability strategy is used, making the results difficult to generalize​
The researcher has a certain quota of respondents to fill for various social groups​
Every unit of the population has an equal chance of being selected
It is helpful to use a multi-stage cluster sample when:​
The population is widely dispersed geographically​
You have limited time and money available for travelling​
You want to use a probability sample in order to generalize the results​
All of the answers in this question
Why is it important for structured interviews to follow a standardized procedure?:​
To increase validity, as the interview can be adapted for each respondent​
To increase reliability, because all respondents receive the same interview stimulus​
To allow for an in-depth exploration of the topic
To make it easier for untrained interviewers to carry out complex surveys
Which of the following is not a disadvantage of telephone interviewing?:​
Researchers do not have to spend so much time and money on travelling​
Some people in the target population may not own a telephone
It can be difficult to build rapport over the telephone​
Interviewers cannot use visual cues such as show cards
According to your text, what are the five key objectives of science?:​
Prediction, summary, conclusion, explanation, description​
Influence, prediction, questions, exploration, answers
Exploration, description, explanation, prediction, influence​
Questions, answers, prediction, explanation, summary​
Which of the following best describes quantitative research?:​
The collection of nonnumerical data​
An attempt to confirm the researcher’s hypotheses​
Research that is exploratory​
Research that attempts to generate a new theory​
All of the following are common characteristics of experimental research except:​
It relies primarily on the collection of numerical data​
It can produce important knowledge about cause and effect​
It uses the deductive scientific method​
It rarely is conducted in a controlled setting or environment​
Qualitative research is often exploratory and has all of the following characteristics:​
It is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic of interest​
It relies on the collection of non-numerical data such as words and pictures​
It is used to generate hypotheses and develop theory about phenomena in the world​
It uses the inductive scientific method
Research that is done to understand an event from the past is known as:​
Experimental research​
Historical research​
Replication
Archival research
The strongest evidence for causality comes from which of the following research:​
Experimental
Causal-comparative​
Correlational
Ethnography
A good qualitative problem statement:​
Defines the independent and dependent variables​
Conveys a sense of emerging design​
Specifies a research hypothesis to be tested​
Specifies the relationship between variables that the researcher expects to find
The statement of purpose in a research study should:​
Identify the design of the study​
Identify the intent or objective of the study​
Specify the type of people to be used in the study​
Describe the study​
One step that is not included in planning a research study is:​
Identifying a researchable problem​
Review of current research​
Statement of the research question​
Conducting a meta-analysis of the research​
The feasibility of a research study should be considered in light of:​
Cost and time required to conduct the study​
Skills required of the researcher​
Potential ethical concerns​
All of the answers in this question​
The research participants are described in detail in which section of the research plan?:​
Introduction
Method
Data analysis​
Discussion
The Method section of the research plan typically specifies:​
The research participants​
The apparatus, instruments, and materials for the research study​
The planned research procedures​
All of the answers in this question
Which of the following need(s) to be obtained when doing research with children?:​
Informed consent from the parent or guardian​
Assent from the child if he or she is capable​
Agree with the parents or guardian and the child​
All of the answers in this question
Which of the following generally cannot be done in qualitative studies conducted in the field:
Getting informed consent​
Keeping participants from physical harm
Maintaining consent forms​
Having full anonymity rather than just confidentiality​
Which of the following is not an ethical guideline for conducting research with humans?:​
Getting informed consent of the participant​
Telling participants they must continue until the study has been completed​
Keeping participants’ identity anonymous​
Telling participants they are free to withdraw at any time
Ideally, the research participant's identity is not known to the researcher. This is called:​
Anonymity
Confidentiality
Deception
Desensitizing
Research participants must give what before they can participate in a study?:​
Guidelines
Commitment
Informed consent
Private information
Which scale is the simplest form of measurement?:​
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Which of these is not a method of data collection:​
Questionnaires
Interviews
Experiments
Observations
Secondary/existing data may include which of the following?:​
Official documents​
Personal documents​
Archived research data
All of the answers in this question
Which one of the following is of a method of data collection:​
Questionnaires
Interviews
Secondary data​
All of the answers in this question
A census taker often collects data through which of the following?:​
Standardized tests​
Interviews
Secondary data​
Observations
A baseline:​
Is used as the standard against which change induced by the treatment is assessed​
Is the occurrence of a response in its freely occurring or natural state​
Is first obtained prior to the administration of a treatment​
All of the answers in this question
Which of the following is characteristic of qualitative research?​:
Generalization to the population​
Random sampling​
Unique case orientation​
Standardized tests and measures
The type of qualitative research that describes the culture of a group of people is called:​
Phenomenology
Grounded theory​
Ethnography
Case study
Which of the following does not apply to qualitative research?:​
Data are often words and pictures​
Uses the inductive scientific method​
Ends with a statistical report​
Involves direct and personal contact with participants
The following is a step in the process of historical research?:​
Identifying a research topic and formulation of the research problem or question​
Data synthesis​
Data collection and/or literature review​
All of the answers in this question​
Which of the following is a weakness of quantitative research?:​
Provides precise, numerical data​
The researcher’s categories that are used might not reflect local constituencies’ understandings​
Testing hypotheses that are constructed before the data are collected​
Can study a large number of people​
Which of the following is a weakness of qualitative research?:​
The results are more easily influenced by the researcher’s personal idiosyncrasies​
Data are based on the participant’s own categories of meaning​
Can determine idiographic causation​
Useful for describing complex phenomena​
Complete this sentence. A hypothesis is:
Statement of the aims of an investigation
Statement which serves as the basis for further investigation
The methodical evaluation of research evidence
All of these
Complete this sentence. Confounding variables are a problem in:
Experimental studies
Correlational studies
Longitudinal studies
All answers
Content analysis uses which of the below methods?:
Counting
Classifying
Recording
All answers
---------is a statistical index which describes the degree and direction of the relationship between two characteristics or variables:
Mean
T-test
Correlation
Probability
What purpose do clearly stated aims serve?:
Aims state clearly how the research will be done and what conclusions are expected
Aims state clearly what the research intends to contribute and justifies the research being carried out
Aims state clearly what the research intends to contribute and details how the research will be done
Aims state clearly in detail how research will be done and justify why research is being carried out
What is the main advantage of producing a written research proposal?:
Helps the institution
Helps keep people employed
Informs all interested parties
Help with credibility
All of these may appear in a research proposal, but which one will ALWAYS appear?:
Creative objective
Research objective
Marketing objective
Business objective
The timing section of a proposal will NOT include:
Progress report dates
Deadlines for submitting the final report ​
Guidelines on ethics
Deadlines for ending data collection
Good research proposal will always:
Focus on addressing the research objective ​
Consider all possible research that hard previously been done on the topic
Provide respondent names and addresses
Focus on the Harvard style
The proposal’s literature review is important because:
It looks authoritative
The tutor insists upon it
It is expected by university
It shows that you are knowledgeable about the literature that relates to your research topic
Which ONE of these is best avoided in a proposal?:
Short, clear sentences
Accurate spelling and grammar
Careful use of correct gender terms
Jargon
The final research report is NOT:
Tangible evidence of a research project
Basis for decision-making
Research proposal
Future secondary data
What helps to agree timing, agree resource allocation and also draws boundaries?:
The final report
The questionnaire
The proposal
The observation form
What is an example of a subject variable?:
Sex
Religion
Race
All of these
The concept of 'variables':
Has always been used in psychology
Is derived from statistics
Is derived from physics
Is derived from biology
Which of the following are the most similar?:
Nominal, ratio, and interval data
Ordinal, interval and ratio data
Nominal and ratio data
Nominal, ordinal and ratio data
What sort of data are post codes (zip codes)?:
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
What sort of data is income?:
Nominal
Interval
Ordinal
Ratio
What sort of variable is dress size?:
Dependent
Ordinal
Ratio
Nominal
Complete the following sentence. All else being equal, it is more likely results will be statistically significant if:
You have a representative sample
You have a larger sample
You use random sampling
All of these
When is a single case experimental study the most useful?:
When studying behaviour change
When you are studying yourself
When research requires a substantial sample to be worthwhile or effective
When a participant has a rare condition
The difference between a convenience sample and a representative sample is:
Convenience sample limits the participants to the population of interest
The size - a representative sample is bigger
The availability - a convenience sample is easier for the researcher to approach
The convenience sampling selects participants randomly and a representative sample does not
A study is conducted in which participants are recruited from local sixth form colleges in the north-east of the UK. The study takes place on a Tuesday so only those in college on that day take part. What sort of sample is this?:
Random sample
Representative sample
Convenience sample
None of these
Which of the following statements is true of the relationship between sample sizes and effect sizes?:
The effect size and sample size have no relationship
The bigger the difference, the bigger the sample size
Smaller effect sizes are more likely to be significant with smaller sample sizes
The bigger the effect, the bigger the sample size
A correlation of or around zero can be interpreted as which of the following?:
Curvilinear relationship is present
Linear relationship is present
No relationship is present
It could mean either no relationship or a curvilinear one
Which of the following show the proportion of variance shared between two variables?:
Correlation
Standard error
Co-efficient of determination
Attenuation
Quantitative data refers to:
Statistical analysis
Any data you present in your report
Numerical data that could usefully be quantified to help your research question and to meet your objectives
Graphs and tables
Computers are useful for quantitative data analysis because:
They are fun to use
They are so powerful
They enable easy calculation for those of us not too good with figures
Increasingly data analysis software contain algorithms that check the data for obvious errors as it is entered
What does 'sampling cases' mean?:
Sampling using a sampling frame
Identifying people who are suitable for research
Literally, the researcher's brief-case
Sampling people, newspapers, television programmes etc
Why is data analysis concerned with data reduction?:
Because far too much data is collected than is required
Because we need to make sense of the data(αžŠαŸ„αž™αžŸαžΆαžšαžαŸ‚αž™αžΎαž„αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαž™αž›αŸ‹αž–αžΈαž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™)
Because of the repetitions in answers to questionnaires
Because the sample size has been exceeded
What is dissertation is ?:
An original piece of work to demonstrate your ability to research and learn independently
An academic assignment prepared by undergraduate, post-graduate and a part of their final year course
Final year project, as a form of assessment differs from other module assessments
The longest piece of academic paper that you have to submit in the final year of your post graduation for acquiring the degree. It is a detailed research related to your area of study
All are corrects
For writing a dissertation you need?:
To conduct research
To analyze and evaluate the information critically
To discuss the underlying concepts along with future scope of the study
All are corrects
Demonstrating understanding typically takes place in the following sections of a dissertation?:
The literature review
The methodology
Data analysis
Conclusions and recommendations
All are corrects
In a completed dissertation, analysis would be displayed(described) in several areas?:
The problem statement and aims
The literature review
The methodology
Conclusions and recommendations
All are corrects
The main skills being tested in a dissertation are?:
Knowledge and understanding
Critique and analysis
Synthesis and creativity
Svaluation
All are corrects
Which of the following requirements for a dissertation may depend on your institution?:
Whether an abstract should be included
The format for referencing
The word limit
All of the above
The role of a project supervisor is to:
Make sure you keep to your schedule and deadlines
Provide intellectual support, guidance and critical feedback
Negotiate access to the research setting on the student's behalf
Give you a reading list
You can manage your time and resources best, by:
Working out a timetable
Finding out what resources are readily available to you
Calculating a budget for likely expenditure
All of the above
How can you tell if your research questions are really good?:
If they guide your literature search
If they are linked together to help you construct a coherent argument
If they force you to narrow the scope of your research
All of the above
Which of the following should be included in a research proposal?:
Your academic status and experience
The difficulties you encountered with your previous reading on the topic
Your choice of research methods and reasons for choosing them
All of the above
Which of the following should you think about when preparing your research?:
Your sample frame and sampling strategy
The ethical issues that might arise
Negotiating access to the setting
All of the above
Why is it helpful to keep a research diary or log book while you are conducting your project?:
To give you something to do in the early stages of your research when nothing is happening
Because funding councils generally demand to see written evidence that you were working every day during the period of the research
To keep a record of what you did and what happened throughout the research process
All are corrects
What can you do to ensure your physical safety during your research?:
Be alert to the possibility of exposure to danger
Avoid interviewing alone in the respondent's residence
Make sure someone knows where you are and how you can contact them in an emergency
All of the above
What practical steps can you take before you actually start your research?:
Find out exactly what your institution's requirements are for a dissertation
Make sure you are familiar with the hardware and software you plan to use
Apply for clearance of your project through an ethics committee
All of the above
When planning to do social research, it is better to:
Approach the topic with an open mind
Do a pilot study before getting stuck into it
Be familiar with the literature on the topic
Forget about theory because this is a very practical undertaking
Which comes first, theory or research?:
Theory, because otherwise you are working in the dark
Research, because that's the only way you can develop a theory
It depends on your point of view
The question is meaningless, because you can't have one without the other
We review the relevant literature to know:
What is already known about the topic
What concepts and theories have been applied to the topic
Who are the key contributors to the topic
All of the above
A deductive theory is one that:
Allows theory to emerge out of the data
Involves testing an explicitly defined hypothesis
Allows for findings to feed back into the stock of knowledge
Uses qualitative methods whenever possible
Which of the following is not a type of research question?:
Predicting an outcome
Evaluating a phenomenon
Developing good practice
Hypothesis
Which of the following is not a data-collection method?:
Research questions
Unstructured interviewing
Postal survey questionnaires
Participant observation
The core ingredients (elements) of a dissertation are:
Introduction; Data collection; Data analysis; Conclusions and recommendations
Executive summary; Literature review; Data gathered; Conclusions; Bibliography
Research plan; Research data; Analysis; References
Introduction; Literature review; Objectives, Research methods; Results; Discussion; Conclusion
A literature review requires:
Planning
Good and clear writing
Lot of rewriting
All of the above
A literature review is based on the assumption that:
Copy from the work of others
Knowledge accumulates and learns from the work of others
Knowledge disaccumulates
None of the above option
A theoretical framework:
Elaborates the r/s among the variables
Explains the logic underlying these r/s
Describes the nature and direction of the r/s
All are corrects
Which of the following statement is not true?:
Research proposal is a document that presents a plan for a project
Research proposal shows that the researcher is capable of successfully conducting the proposed research project
Research proposal is an unorganized and unplanned project
Research proposal is just like a research report and written before the research project
Preliminary data collection is a part of the :
Descriptive research
Exploratory research
Applied research
Explanatory research
Conducting surveys is the most common method of generating:
Primary data
Secondary data
Qualitative data
None of the above
The introductory section of a research report should aim to:
Identify the specific focus of the study
Provide a rationale for the dissertation, or article
Grab the reader's attention
All of the above
Which proposal section is intended to describe the purpose with a full statement of the research question?:
Literature review
Introduction
Proposed Method
References
An open question is one that:
Allows respondents to answer in their own terms
Does not suggest or provide a limited range of responses
Can help to generate answers for closed questions
All of the above
In order to post-code answers to open questions, it is necessary to:
Count the frequency with which each answer has been given
Categorize unstructured material and assign a code number to each category
Identify the three most commonly cited responses and give them a code
Find out where each respondent lives and make a note of their postcode
Informant factual questions are those that:
Enquire about personal details such as age, income and occupation
Ask people about the characteristics of a social setting or entity that they know well
Seek to find out about people's attitudes and opinions on a range of topics
Try to identify the normative standards and values held by a social group
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