MCQ Basic-science (Part A) Ratini !!!

Create an illustration of a human embryo developing in the womb, highlighting the stages of embryonic development, filled with vibrant colors and labeled anatomy, with a medical textbook in the background.

Advanced Embryology Quiz

Test Your Knowledge on Basic Science and Embryology!

Welcome to the Advanced Embryology Quiz, where you can challenge yourself with detailed multiple-choice questions covering various aspects of embryology and reproductive biology. This quiz is designed for students and professionals who want to deepen their understanding of the subject.

  • 23 engaging multiple-choice questions
  • Test your knowledge on oogenesis, germ layers, and fetal development.
  • Perfect for revision and self-assessment.
250 Questions62 MinutesCreated by StudyingScientist47
มžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžปแŸขแŸฃแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž“แŸ…แž‡แžทแžแž–แŸแž› ovulation แž“แŸƒ menstrual cycle แŸ” แž—แžถแž–แž–แŸแž‰แžœแŸแž™แž“แŸƒ oocyte แž“แžนแž„แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แžกแžพแž„แž‡แžถแž›แžพแž€แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž“แŸƒ meioticdivision (undergo the first meiotic division), แžแžพ Hormone แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž…แžผแž›แžšแžฝแž˜แž‡แžฝแž™แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ hormonal stimuli ?
มž”แž‰แŸ’แžˆแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž•แž›แžทแžprogesterone (The cessation of progesterone secretion)
มž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž”แž“แžทแŸ’แžแž…แž˜แŸ’แžแž„แŸ—แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹ follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (The gradual elevation of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) titers)
มžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž”แž“แžทแŸ’แžแž…แž˜แŸ’แžแž„แŸ—แž“แŸƒ estrogen แžšแžฝแž˜แž–แŸแž›แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž€แžถแžšแž‘แžปแŸ†แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ follicle (The low estrogen titers associated with the maturing follicle)
มž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž™แžบแžแŸ—แž“แŸƒ progesterone แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž•แž›แžทแžแžŠแŸ„แž™ luteal cells (The slow elevation of progesterone produced by luteal cells)
มž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸƒ luteinizing hormone (LH) แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแžŸแžถแžšแž‡แžถแžแžทestrogen แžกแžพแž„แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹ (The surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) initiated by high estrogen titers)
มžแžพแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžŸแŸ’แžšแž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž”แžธ(three primitive germ layers)แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž–แžธแžŽแžถ ?
Cytotrophoblast
Epiblast
Syncytiotrophoblast
Hypoblast
Yolk sac
มž€แžถแžšแžœแžทแžœแžแŸ’แžแž‘แžถแžšแž€ (embryo/fetus)แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแž“แŸƒแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ, แžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แž“แŸ…แžแŸ‚แž‘แžธแž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“?
มž‘แžธแŸก (First)
มž‘แžธแŸข (Second)
มž‘แžธแŸค (Fourth)
มž‘แžธแŸฆ (Sixth)
มž‘แžธแŸฉ (Ninth)
Ectoderm แž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแžแž•แŸ’แž‘แžถแž›แŸ‹แž˜แž€แž–แžธแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
Hypoblast
Epiblastic cells แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แžพแžแž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžœแžทแžœแžแŸ’แžแž“แŸƒembryoแž–แžทแžแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแž€แžŠ(undergo gastrulation)
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Epiblast แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแžแž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธembryo แž‘แŸ(Nongastrulated epiblast)
มžˆแžถแž˜แž‘แžถแžšแž€แž˜แž€แž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแžŸแžปแž€แž˜แžถแž“oxygen แž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž› 80% แŸ” แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžŽแžถแž€แŸแžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แŸแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž›แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžˆแžถแž˜แž‘แžถแžšแž€แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžแŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹ oxygen แž“แŸ…แžแŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ’แžœแŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžถแž“แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž“แžผแžœแž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“ oxygen แž”แžถแž“แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžˆแžถแž˜แž–แžธ แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แŸ—แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“oxygen แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แŸ” แžแžพแžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แž‘แžถแžšแž€แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž•แŸ’แž‘แžปแž€แž›แŸ’แž”แžถแž™oxygen แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ ?
Abdominal aorta
Common carotid arteries
Ductus arteriosus
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
มž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถ hematopoietic tissues แžฌแžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚(organs) แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แžพแžแž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธ endoderm?
Thymus
Tonsils
Bone marrow
Spleen
Blood islands
มžแžพแžแŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžŽแžถแžšแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž‘แžธแžแžถแŸ†แž„แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแž€แžถแžšแžšแžธแž€แž›แžผแžแž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ’แžšแžนแžแŸ’แžแž‘แŸ…แž–แžธแžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹ thoracic region cranial แž‘แŸ… septum transversum?
Gastrulation
Lateral folding
Cranial folding
Neurulation
Fusion of the endocardial heart tubes
มž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž€แžถแžšแž“แžถแŸ†แžˆแžถแž˜แž–แžธแž˜แŸ’แžแžถแž™แž‘แŸ…แž€แžผแž“แžŠแŸ„แž™แž•แŸ’แž‘แžถแž›แŸ‹แžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆ lacunae แž“แŸƒ placenta แžแžพแžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ ?
มž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ cytotrophoblast
Extraembryonic mesoderm
มžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แž‘แžถแžšแž€ (Fetal blood vessels)
มž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ syncytiotrophoblast
มž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ Amniotic
มž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž˜แž€แž‡แžฝแž”แž‚แŸ’แžšแžผแž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹, แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแžผแž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†vitamin A แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžšแŸ„แž‚แž˜แžปแž“(แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžŸแžพแžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€) แžแŸ‚แž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“แžŠแžนแž„แžแžถแž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž„แž“แŸ‹แŸขแžแŸ‚แž˜แž€แž แžพแž™แŸ” แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‘แžถแžšแž€แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž–แžถแž›แŸ‹แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž›แžผแžแž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ ?
The digestive system
The endocrine organs
The respiratory system
The urinary and reproductive systems
The skeletal and central nervous systems
มžแžพแžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚ neural plateแž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ ?
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Somatopleuric mesoderm
Splanchnopleuric mesoderm
Hypoblast
มž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แž‚แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž˜แž€แž–แžธ paraxial mesoderm?
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
Humerus
Biceps brachii
Masseter
มžแžพแžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚ cerebral cortex แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ ?
Telencephalon
Myelencephalon
Metencephalon
Mesencephalon
Diencephalon
มž‡แžถแž™แžแžถแž แŸแžแžปprimordial germ cells แž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแž‡แžผแž”แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแžšแžœแžถแž„oogonia แž“แžทแž„ spermatogoniaแŸ” แžแžพแž“แŸ…แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ ?
Dorsal mesentery of the hindgut
Gonadal ridge
Endodermal lining of the yolk sac
Primary sex cords of the developing gonad
Chorion
มž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžขแžถแž…แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž€แžผแž“แž—แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡ (Monozygotic twins) แž”แžถแž“ ?
มž€แžถแžšแž…แžผแž›แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž“แŸƒembryonic blastomeres แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ แž€แžผแž“แŸข(two zygotes)
มž€แžถแžšแžšแžธแž€แž’แŸ†แž’แžถแžแŸ‹แž“แŸƒoocytes แŸขแžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžš sperm แŸข (Fertilization of two oocytes by two sperm)
มž€แžถแžšแžšแžธแž€แž’แŸ†แž’แžถแžแŸ‹แž“แŸƒoocytes แŸกแžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžš sperm แŸข (Fertilization of one oocyte by two sperm)
มž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‚แž„แž…แŸ‚แž€แž“แŸƒinner cell mass (embryoblast) แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„embryonic primordia แŸข (Division of the inner cell mass (embryoblast) into two embryonic primordia)
มž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž”แŸ‚แž€แž˜แžทแž“แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹zygote แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“double chorion (Extra cleavage divisions of the zygote induced by the presence of a double chorion)
มžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžœแžทแžœแžแŸ’แžแž“แŸแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹embryo ,แžแžพแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜(edge)แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ectoderm แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž€แžถแžšแžœแžทแžœแžแŸ’แžแžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แžŽแžถแŸกแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ ?
Chorion
Amniotic membrane
Yolk sac lining
Extraembryonic mesoderm
Adventitia of the umbilical vessels
มž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถ processes แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžแžปแžŸแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž›แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž“แŸƒ paired dorsal aortae ?
Lateral folding
Craniocaudal folding
Looping of the heart tube
Neurulation
Gastrulation
มž—แžถแž–แž˜แžทแž“แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžพแž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž“แŸƒแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถmembrane แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแŸกแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
Membrane synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum
Membrane modification in the Golgi apparatus
มžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸƒ carbohydrates แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ cytoplasmic surface
มžšแž”แžถแž™แž“แŸƒ cholesterol
มž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‚แž„แž…แŸ‚แž€แžแžปแžŸแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแž“แŸƒproteins แžšแžœแžถแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘lipidแŸขแž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ‚แž€ (Flipping proteins between the leaflets of the lipid bilayer)
มž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž‡แžถแž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ large subunit แž“แŸƒribosome ?
มž…แž„แž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹ messenger RNA (mRNA)
มž…แž„แž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹ transfer RNA (tRNA)
มž”แŸ’แžšแžแžทแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž”แŸ†แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ‚ peptide (Catalyze peptide bond formation)
มž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™ ribosomes แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžกแžถแž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ‚ polyribosome (Link adjacent ribosomes in a polyribosome)
มžŸแŸ†แž™แŸ„แž‚ protein แž›แžพแž€แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„ (Initiate protein synthesis)
มž—แžถแž–แž›แŸ†แž“แžนแž„(stability) แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‚แž„แž…แŸ‚แž€แž“แŸƒactin filaments แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž“แŸ’แžแžถแž”แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž“แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแž›แŸ’แžขแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแžšแž‚แžบแžขแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸแž™แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ ?
The structure of the actin filaments
Microtubules
Intermediate filament proteins
Actin-binding proteins
Motor molecules, such as kinesin
มžแžพแŸกแžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž–แžธแž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž—แŸ’แž›แžถแž˜แŸ—แž“แŸƒ filaments?
Generate movement
Provide mechanical stability
Carry out nucleation of microtubules
Stabilize microtubules against disassembly
Transport organelles within the cell
มžแžพแŸกแžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แž™แž“แŸ’แžแž€แžถแžš(mechanisms) แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžmitochondrial electrochemical gradient ?
The action of ATP synthase
Transfer of electrons from NADH to O2 in the intermembrane space
Pumping of protons into the mitochondrial matrix by respiratory chain activity
Proton-translocating activity in the inner membrane
Transport of ATP out of the matrix compartment by a specific transporter
มž…แž›แž“แžถแž…แžผแž›แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž“แŸƒ แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แž…แžผแž›(Endocytosis) แž–แžฝแž€low-density lipoprotein (LDL) แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžแžปแžŸแž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแžšแžœแžถแž„phagocytosis แž“แŸƒ damaged cells แŸ” แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžš แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ ?
Use of membrane-enclosed vesicles in the uptake process
Coupling with the lysosomal system
Dependence on acidification
Use of clathrin-coated pits
Use of hydrolases
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“Cushingโ€™s syndrome แž‡แžถแžšแžฟแž™แŸ—แž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž“แžผแžœosteoporotic changes แŸ” แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แžนแž„แž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž“แŸƒosteoporosis แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšCushingโ€™s syndrome ?
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž€แŸ†แžšแžทแž glucocorticoid แž‡แžถแž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แž‚แžบแž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡ quality of the bone deposited
มž€แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แž‘แžปแž€แž›แžพแžŸแž“แŸƒ osteoid (Excess deposition of osteoid)
มž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž… แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”calcium (Stimulation of intestinal calcium absorption )
มž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แžปแŸ‡แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžPTH (Decreased PTH levels)
มž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž•แžปแž™ (แžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž™) แž‡แžถแž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธ excess bone resorption
มž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแžปแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžปแŸฅแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž”แžถแž“แžšแž แŸ‚แž€แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†gastrocnemius แž–แŸแž›แžœแžถแž‡แžฝแž”แž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แžแŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแž‡แžทแŸ‡แž€แž„แŸ‹แžŠแžผแž›แŸ” แžแžพแž€แžถแžšแžŠแžปแŸ‡แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰แžแžถแž˜แŸกแžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ ?
Differentiation of satellite cells
Dedifferentiation of myocytes into myoblasts
Fusion of damaged myofibers to form new myotubes
Hyperplasia of existing myofibers
Hyperplasia of existing myofibers
มž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž˜แžถแž“แžแžฝแž“แžถแž‘แžธแžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„regulator of salivary secretion ?
Antidiuretic hormone
Autonomic nervous system
Aldosterone
Cholecystokinin
Secretin
มž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแžปแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แžขแžถแž™แžปแŸคแžแŸ’แž„แŸƒ แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž„แž“แŸ‹7 lb, 6 oz, แž˜แŸ’แžแžถแž™แžœแžถแž”แžถแž“แž“แžถแŸ†แž…แžผแž›แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ (emergencyroom) แž‚แŸ’แžšแžผแž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™แž”แžถแž“แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แžƒแžพแž‰แžแžถแžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€แž“แžทแž„sclerae แž˜แžถแž“icteric แŸ” แžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚แžˆแžถแž˜แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžแžถelevated unconjugated bilirubinแŸ” แžแžพแž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžbilirubin แž“แŸแŸ‡แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‡แžถแž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž˜แž€แž–แžธแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ ?
มž€แžถแžšแž…แžปแŸ‡แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ„แž™ enzymes regulating bilirubin solubility
Hepatocellular proliferation
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž“แŸƒ destruction of red blood cells
มž€แžถแžšแžšแžธแž€แž“แŸƒ common bile duct
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„ hepatocyte uptake of bilirubin
มž”แžปแžšแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžปแŸคแŸฃแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž‘แžพแž”แžแŸ’แžšแžกแž”แŸ‹แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž€แŸ†แžŸแžถแž“แŸ’แžแž“แŸ… Peru แž˜แžถแž“severe watery diarrhea,vomiting แž“แžทแž„dehydration แŸ” แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž€แžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แž•แž„แžŠแŸ‚แžšแž“แžผแžœแžšแž˜แžผแž›แž€แŸ’แžšแž–แžพแž‡แžพแž„ (leg cramps) แž“แžทแž„แž…แžปแŸ‡แž‘แŸ†แž„แž“แŸ‹ 8 lb แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžกแž”แŸ‹ แž˜แž€แžœแžทแž‰แŸ” แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแŸ‡แž›แžถแž˜แž€(Fecal culture)แžƒแžพแž‰แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“V. cholerae แŸ” แžแžพ V. cholerae แž“แŸแŸ‡แžœแžถแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แŸ€แž”แžŽแžถ ?
Activation of enterokinase on the brush border of epithelial cells
Activation of cholecystokinin effects on pancreatic secretion
Closure of chloride channels in the enterocyte cell membrane
Inhibition of cyclic AMP in the enterocytes
ADP-ribosylation of GS of the GTP-binding protein in enterocytes
Adrenal cortex แž˜แžถแž“แžฅแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž–แž›แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž•แž›แžทแžแž“แŸƒ adrenal medulla แžแžถแž˜แž˜แž’แŸ’แž™แŸ„แž”แžถแž™แž˜แžฝแž™แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž˜แž’แŸ’แž™แŸ„แž”แžถแž™แžŠแžผแž…แžแž‘แŸ…แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
มž€แžถแžšแž•แž›แžทแž aldosterone แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ intra-adrenal circulation
มž€แžถแžšแž•แž›แžทแž glucocorticoids แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ intra-adrenal circulation
มž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแžถแž‘ Autonomic (Autonomic neural connections)
มž€แžถแžšแž•แž›แžทแž monoamine oxidase แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ portal circulation
มž€แžถแžšแž•แž›แžทแž androgens แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ intrarenal circulation
A pituitary adenoma แžขแžถแž…แž“แžนแž„แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžขแŸ„แž™แž€แžพแžแŸก แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžŠแžผแž…แžแž‘แŸ…แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
Cushingโ€™s syndrome
Deficiency in T3 and T4
Diabetes insipidus
Osteoporosis
Stunted growth or dwarfism
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžestrogen แž€แŸ†แžกแžปแž„แž–แŸแž›menstrual cycle แž‡แžถแž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แŸก แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
มžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžLH (Decrease LH levels)
มžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡ regulate แž“แŸƒFSH receptors แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„granulosa cells (Downregulate FSH receptors on granulosa cells)
มž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžFSH (Increase FSH levels)
มž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸƒ ciliation of the epithelial cells of the oviduct
มžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡ synthesis แž“แžทแž„storage of glycogen แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ the vaginal epithelium
มžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžทแž“แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แŸƒtestosterone แžฌ androgens แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แŸ—แž‘แŸ€แž ?
มž€แžถแžšแž•แž›แžทแžแž˜แž€แž–แžธprostatic epithelium (Secretion from the prostatic epithelium)
มž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแž“แŸƒprostatic glands (The function of the prostatic glands)
มž€แžถแžšแž›แžผแžแž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹(แžœแžทแžœแžแŸ’แžแž“แŸ)แž“แŸƒpenis แž˜แž€แž–แžธindifferent phallus (Development of the penis from an indifferent phallus)
Spermatogenesis
มž€แžถแžšแž›แžผแžแž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸƒtestis แž‘แžถแžšแž€ แžขแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸแž™แžŠแŸ„แž™indifferent gonad(Fetal testis development from an indifferent gonad)
มžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžปแŸขแŸฆแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแŸ’แžšแžธแž˜แžถแžŸแž‘แžธแŸฃแž“แŸƒแž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž•แž›แžทแžแž‘แžนแž€แžŠแŸ„แŸ‡แž–แžธแž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž‰แž‘แžนแž€แžŠแŸ„แŸ‡(mammary glands) แžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž…แž•แŸ’แž‘แžถแž›แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™ แž˜แžฝแž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
Oxytocin from the neurohypophysis
Prolactin from the corpus luteum
The influence of vasopressin
Placental lactogen
Neurohumoral reflexes
แžšแž™แŸˆแž–แŸแž›แŸฃแŸ แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž“แŸƒแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แž•แŸ’แžขแŸ‚แž˜แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹, แž˜แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แžนแž„ แž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜(kidney function) แžขแžถแž…แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แž˜แžฝแž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ? 
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“ selectivity แž“แŸƒ filtration barrier
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡ permeability แž“แŸƒ plasma proteins
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„ glomerular filtration rate
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡ secretion of aldosterone
Glycation of proteins in the basal lamina
มžแžถแž˜แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแžŠแŸ„แž™แžกแŸ‚แž€แž“แŸƒrenal medulla?
Proximal convoluted tubules
Distal convoluted tubules
Collecting ducts
Afferent arterioles
Thin loops of Henle
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแž˜แžฝแž™แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
มžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸƒ photoreceptor (rod and cone) perikarya
Phagocytosis of worn-out components of photoreceptor cells
มž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž˜แž€แž–แžธ inner layer แž“แŸƒ optic cup แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž›แžผแžแž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž–แŸแž›embryonic development
มžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸƒ amacrine cells
Synthesis of vitreous humor
มžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžฝแž”แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸ‡แž–แŸแž›แž˜แžถแž“ diabetic retinopathy?
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž€แŸ†แžšแžถแžŸแž“แŸƒ basal lamina of small retinal vessels
Microaneurysms
มž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™capillary permeability (Decreased capillary permeability)
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“retinal blood flow (Increased retinal blood flow)
มž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹แžŸแž˜แžแŸ’แžแž—แžถแž–แž“แŸƒ phagocytic of the pigmented epithelium
มžแžพแž…แŸ†แžŽแžปแž…แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž แŸแžแžปแž•แž›แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™ vestibular hair cell stereocilia แž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แž—แŸ’แž›แžบแž…แžถแŸ†แž„(deflected) ?
มž—แžถแž–แžแžปแžŸแž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแžšแžœแžถแž„ type I แž“แžทแž„ type II hair cells
มž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แžแžถแž‘แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แžธ cells are depolarized แžฌ hyperpolarized แž€แŸแžŠแŸ„แž™
มž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แžแžถแž‘แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แžธ linearแžฌangular acceleration แž€แŸแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰
มž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แž–แžธแž‘แžทแžŸแžŠแŸ…แž“แŸƒ blood flow แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ stria vascularis
มž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™frequency แž“แŸƒแžŸแŸ†แž›แŸแž„(sound)
มžแžพ Perilymph แž“แŸ…แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถ แžšแž…แž“แžถแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แž“แŸ’แž’แŸ(structures) แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ ?
Utricle
Saccule
Semicircular canals
Scala media
Scala tympani
มžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž‡แžถแž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹vestibular membrane ?
มžšแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแžแž›แž™แž—แžถแž–แžšแžœแžถแž„theendolymph แž“แžทแž„ the perilymph
มžšแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แžšแžœแžถแž„ the tympanic แž“แžทแž„ vestibular cavities
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แž„แžŸแŸ†แžกแŸแž„แž‘แŸ… the oval window
มžšแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแžแž›แž™แž—แžถแž–แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แŸ—แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹ sensory transduction
มžšแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แž“แŸƒauditory ossicles (Dampen the action of the auditory ossicles)
มž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถ carcinoma แž€แžพแžแžแŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹ medial portion แž“แŸƒแž”แž”แžผแžšแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แžขแŸ„แž™ metastasize แž‘แŸ… lymph nodes แž˜แžฝแž™แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„ แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž…แŸ†แžŽแžปแž…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแŸกแžŽแžถ ?
Submandibular
Parotid
Superficial cervical
Submental
Buccal
มžแžพแž‚แžผแžšแžŽแžถแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ แž‘แŸ†แžšแž„แŸ‹แž“แŸƒโ€‹ venous แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแž–แŸ’แžœแž…แžผแž›แž‘แŸ…แž…แžทแž‰แŸ’แž…แžนแž˜แžŠแž›แŸ‹ dural sinuses แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž“แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแž“แŸƒแž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„ occipital ?
Sigmoid แž“แžทแž„ transverse sinuses
Inferior sagittal แž“แžทแž„ cavernous sinuses
Occipital แž“แžทแž„ straight sinuses
Transverse แž“แžทแž„ inferior petrosal sinuses
Superior petrosal แž“แžทแž„ occipital sinuses
มž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž‡แžถแž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœแž•แŸ’แž‘แžถแž›แŸ‹(direct route) แž“แžถแŸ†แžขแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแž™แž—แžถแž™ infection แž–แžธ the paranasal sinuses แž‘แŸ… the cavernous sinus แž“แŸƒ the dura mater ?
Pterygoid venous plexus
Superior ophthalmic vein
Frontal emissary vein
Basilar venous plexus
Parietal emissary vein
มžแžพvertebral arteries แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž˜แž€แž–แžธแžŽแžถแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแžšแž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ ?
มžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž˜แž€แž–แžธ the common carotid artery แžแžถแž„แž†แŸ’แžœแŸแž„ แž“แžทแž„ the brachiocephalic artery แžแžถแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแŸ†
มžœแžถแž…แžผแž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ cranium แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แžแžถแž˜ the anterior condylar canals
มžœแžถแž…แžผแž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ cranium แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แžแžถแž˜the posterior condylar canals
มž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แžแžถแž˜ the transverse processes แž“แŸƒ several cervical vertebrae
มžœแžถแž•แŸ’แžแž›แŸ‹แžขแŸ„แž™ the posterior cerebral arteriesแž•แŸ’แž‘แžถแž›แŸ‹
มž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž—แŸ’แž›แžถแžแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜(jaw) แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ†แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž‘แžธแž“แŸƒ the articular disk แžขแŸ„แž™แž•แžปแžแž–แžธthe articular tubercle แž“แŸƒแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„the temporomandibular joint แž‡แžถแž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“ spasm แžฌexcessive contraction แŸ” แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜ muscles แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ ?
Buccinator
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid
Masseter
Temporalis
มžŠแžผแž…แž‡แžถแž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž‰ endocrine แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžŠแŸ‚แžš, แž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž‰ thyroid แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž…แžทแž‰แŸ’แž…แžนแž˜แžŠแŸ„แž™แžˆแžถแž˜แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแŸ” แž‡แžถแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž‰ thyroid แž‘แž‘แžผแž›แžˆแžถแž˜แž˜แž€แž–แžธbranche แŸกแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถ branches แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
Internal carotid artery
Lingual artery
Subclavian artery
Transverse cervical artery
Vertebral artery
มžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแž…แŸ†แžŽแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸจแŸฅแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž˜แž€แž–แžทแž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž“แŸ…แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แž–แžทแž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžนแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž…แžปแŸ‡แž‘แŸ†แž„แž“แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แž–แžทแž”แžถแž€แž‘แŸ†แž–แžถแžšแžขแžถแž แžถแžšแŸ” แžแžพแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžแžฝแž“แžถแž‘แžธแž›แžพแž€แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜(jaw) แž‘แŸ†แž–แžถแžšแž–แžทแž แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแž€แžŠ ?
Buccinator muscle
Geniohyoid muscle
Lateral pterygoid muscle jaw
Medial pterygoid muscle
Posterior fibers of temporalis muscle
มž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แžฝแž™แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž…แŸ†แž แŸ€แž„แž€(neck) แžแžถแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแŸ†แž“แžทแž„แžšแžถแž›แž‘แŸ…แž…แžปแž„แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถแžŸแŸ’แžแžถแŸ†(right clavicle to the tip of the right) แž€แžแŸ’แžแžถแž“แŸแŸ‡แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แžนแž„แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแŸกแžŽแžถ ?
Cervical cardiac accelerator nerves
Posterior vagal trunk
Right intercostal nerves
Right phrenic nerve
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
มž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแžถแž‘แž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž‡แŸ†แž“แžธ (intercostal neurovascular bundle)แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แž„แžถแž™แžšแž„แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž”แžถแž€แŸ‹แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž‡แŸ†แž“แžธ(ribs)แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‘แŸ†แžšแž„แŸ‹แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž”แžถแž€แŸ‹(locations)แž˜แžฝแž™แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž‘แŸ†แžšแž„แŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžแžพแžขแžธแŸ’แžœ?
มž‚แŸ‚แž˜แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแž“แŸƒแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž‡แŸ†แž“แžธแžแžถแž„แž˜แžปแž (Above the superior border of the ribs, anteriorly)
มž‚แŸ‚แž˜แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸƒแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž‡แŸ†แž“แžธแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™ (Beneath the inferior border of the ribs)
มž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžšแž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ† intercostal แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ… แž“แžทแž„แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„(Between external and internal intercostal muscle layers)
มž‚แŸ‚แž˜แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž“แŸƒ intercostal membrane แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™(Deep to the posterior intercostal membrane)
มž‚แŸ‚แž˜แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž“แŸƒแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž‡แŸ†แž“แžธแžแžถแž„แž˜แžปแž (Superficial to the ribs, anteriorly)
มž”แŸ’แžšแž–แž“แŸ’แž’แŸ venous แž’แŸ†แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž“แžถแŸ†แžˆแžถแž˜แž–แžธ coronary sinus แžแŸ’แžšแžกแž”แŸ‹แž…แžผแž›แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„ แžแŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แž˜แžฝแž™แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
Inferior vena cava
Left atrium
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Superior vena cava
มž”แžปแžšแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžปแŸฃแŸฆแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž“แŸ…แž€แžถแžšแžทแž™แžถแž›แŸแž™แž˜แž€แž–แžทแž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž–แžธแž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžŠแž€แžŠแž„แŸ’แž แžพแž˜แž”แžถแž“แžแŸ’แž›แžธแŸ— แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž€แŸแž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž•แž„แžŠแŸ‚แžšแž–แžธแž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แžŠแžพแžšแž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แŸแž›แžกแžพแž„แž‡แžŽแŸ’แžแžพแžšแŸ” แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แžฎแžŸแŸ†แžกแŸแž„ diastolic rumblingmurmur แž“แŸƒ mitral valve แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แŸ” แžแžพแž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžŽแžถแžขแžถแž…แžฎแžŸแŸ†แžกแŸแž„ mitral valve แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ ?
มž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž‡แŸ†แž“แžธแž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹sternum แžแžถแž„แž†แŸ’แžœแŸแž„(Left side adjacent to the sternum in the second intercostal space)
มž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž‡แŸ†แž“แžธแž‘แžธแŸฅแž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹sternum แžแžถแž„แž†แŸ’แžœแŸแž„(Left side adjacent to the sternum in the fifth intercostal space)
มž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž‡แŸ†แž“แžธแž‘แžธแŸฅแž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž†แŸ’แžœแŸแž„แž…แŸ†แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแžแŸ‹แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžŠแž„แž€แžถแŸ†แž”แžทแž (Left side in the midclavicular line in the fifth intercostal space)
มž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž‡แŸ†แž“แžธแž‘แžธแŸขแž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹sternum แžแžถแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแŸ† (Right side adjacent to the sternum in the second intercostal space)
มž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž‡แŸ†แž“แžธแž‘แžธแŸคแž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹sternum แžแžถแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแŸ†(Right side adjacent to the sternum in the fourth intercostal space)
มžŸแŸ†แž›แŸแž„แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แž‘แžธแŸก (S1, or โ€œlubโ€) แž“แžทแž„แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸแž„แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แž‘แžธแŸข (S2 or โ€œdupโ€) แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแŸก แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแžŠแžผแž…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
มž€แžถแžšแž”แžทแž‘pulmonary valve แžšแžฝแž…แž”แž“แŸ’แžแžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แžทแž‘aortic valve (Closure of the pulmonary valve followed by closure of the aortic valve)
มž€แžถแžšแž”แžทแž‘tricuspid valve แžšแžฝแž…แž”แž“แŸ’แžแžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แžทแž‘mitral valve (Closure of the tricuspid valve followed by closure of the mitral valve)
มž€แžถแžšแž”แžทแž‘atrioventricular valves แžšแžฝแž…แž”แž“แŸ’แžแžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แžทแž‘semilunar valves (Closure of the atrioventricular valves followed by closure of the semilunar valves)
มž€แžถแžšแž”แžทแž‘atrioventricular valves แžšแžฝแž…แž”แž“แŸ’แžแžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แžทแž‘semilunar valves (Closure of the atrioventricular valves followed by opening of the semilunar valves)
มž€แžถแžšแž”แžพแž€atrioventricular valves แžšแžฝแž…แž”แž“แŸ’แžแžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แžทแž‘atrioventricular valves (Opening of the atrioventricular valves followed by closure of the atrioventricular valves)
มžšแžผแž”แž—แžถแž–แžแžถแž˜แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹ diaphragm แžŠแŸ„แž™ esophageal hiatusแž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แž˜แžฝแž™แž‘แŸ€แžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
Azygos vein
Hemiazygos vein
Azygos and hemiazygos veins
Anterior and posterior vagal trunk
Thoracic duct
มž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แž€แž–แžธแžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แž“แŸ…แžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹ epigastric แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž“แžถแŸ†แžฒแŸ’แž™แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžˆแžบแž“แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž…แŸ†แž แŸ€แž„แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแŸ† แž“แžทแž„แžขแžถแž…แž˜แžถแž“แžˆแžบแž“แŸ…แž˜แŸ’แžแžปแŸ†แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แŸ‚แž“แž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแž“แŸƒแžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แž‘แŸแŸ” แžแžพแžแžถแž˜แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„Anatomy แž“แŸแŸ‡แžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž“แŸ…แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžŽแžถ ?
มž“แŸ…แž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡ left lobe แž“แžทแž„ caudate lobe แž“แŸƒแžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜ liver
มž“แŸ…แž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡ right lobe แž“แžทแž„ quadrate lobe แž“แŸƒแžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜ liver
มž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ falciform ligament
มž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ lesser omentum
มž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ right anterior leaf แž“แŸƒ coronary ligament
มž”แžปแžšแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžปแŸฆแŸฅแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž…แŸแž‰แž›แžฟแž„แž›แžพแžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€แžแžถแŸ†แž„แž–แžธ แŸขแž‘แŸ…แŸฃแžขแžถแž‘แžทแžแŸ’แž™, แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„ แž“แžทแž„แžˆแžบแž“แŸ…แžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹ epigastric แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แŸ” แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžœแžแŸ’แžแžทแžšแž›แžถแž€แž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡ (peptic ulcers) แž แžพแž™แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžทแž“แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžขแžถแž แžถแžšแž‘แŸแŸ” แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‚แžบแž“แŸ…แž…แŸ†แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแžแŸ‹แž–แŸ„แŸ‡ แž“แžทแž„แž‡แžฝแž“แž€แžถแž›แžˆแžบแž‘แŸ…แžแŸ’แž“แž„แž˜แŸ’แžแž„แŸ—แŸ” แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แžถแžแžท bilirubinogen แž“แžทแž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แžถแžแžท bilirubin แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„ (serum bilirubin 5.8 mg/dl)แŸ” Helical CT แžŸแž„แŸ’แžŸแŸแž™แž˜แžถแž“ mass แž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แž›แŸ†แž–แŸ‚แž„ (head of the pancreas) แž‡แžทแž descending duodenum แž“แžทแž„แžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แžšแžธแž€แž’แŸ†แŸ” แžแžถแž˜แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž‚แžทแžแžแžถ แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž‡แžถแžแžท bilirubin ?
Viral hepatitis
Blocked cystic duct
Open hepatic duct
Blocked duodenal papilla
Gilbert syndrome
มž€แžผแž“แž„แžถแžแžผแž…แž˜แžฝแž™แž—แŸแž‘แž”แŸ’แžšแžปแžŸแž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž€แŸ’แžขแžฝแžแžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž–แžธแž”แŸ…แž”แžถแž“แŸกแž˜แŸ‰แŸ„แž„แŸ” แž™แžพแž„แžŸแŸ†แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แžƒแžพแž‰แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž…แžปแŸ‡แž‘แŸ†แž„แž“แŸ‹แž“แŸ…แŸคแŸจแž˜แŸ‰แŸ„แž„แž…แžปแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ” แž€แŸ†แžขแžฝแžแž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž–แžŽแŸŒแž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แž‘แŸ แž“แžทแž„แžŠแž„แŸ’แž แžพแž˜แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž€แžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แžƒแžพแž‰แžแžถแž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“neither tense nor bloated แŸ” แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž‚แžทแžแžแžถแžŸแž˜แžšแž˜แŸ’แž™แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ ?
Congenital(แž–แžธแž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแž) hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
Congenital(แž–แžธแž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแž) absence of a kidney
Patent ileal diverticulum
มž‘แŸ’แžœแžถแžšแž’แŸ†แž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ„แž„(Imperforate anus)
มž”แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹แžขแžถแž แžถแžš แž“แžทแž„แž”แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž™แž›แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž™แž…แžผแž›แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถ (Tracheoesophageal fistula)
มž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แžŸแŸ’แžšแžธแž‡แŸ†แž‘แž„แŸ‹แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžปแŸกแŸฉแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž“แžถแŸ†แž…แžผแž›แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹แž—แŸ’แž›แžถแž˜แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แžแŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แžšแžถแž…แžšแžŽแŸแžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แžพแž€แžšแžแž™แž“แŸ’แž แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž›แŸ’แž”แžฟแž“แž›แžพแžŸแž–แžธ แŸคแŸฅmiles แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แŸกแž˜แŸ‰แŸ„แž„ แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž›แŸ†แž“แžนแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แžฏแž„แž”แžถแž“แžšแžขแžทแž›แž‘แŸ…แž”แžปแž€ แž”แž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ„แž›แŸกแŸ” แž“แžถแž„แž”แžถแž“แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž€แŸ’แžšแžœแŸ‰แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแžปแžœแžแŸ’แžแžทแž—แžถแž–แžŠแŸ‚แžš แžแŸ‚แž˜แžปแžแž“แžถแž„แžŸแŸ’แž›แŸแž€, แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แžŠแžพแžšแž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹, แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜แž…แžปแŸ‡แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แžแŸ’แžšแž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แžปแž„แžŠแŸƒแž…แžปแž„แž‡แžพแž„, แž“แžถแž„แžŠแŸแž€แž“แŸ…แžŸแŸ’แž„แŸ€แž˜แžŸแŸ’แž‘แžพแžšแžŸแž“แŸ’แž›แž”แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แŸ” แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แžถแž€แŸ‹แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž‘แŸแž“แžทแž„แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแžถแž‘แž“แŸ…แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ (cranial nerve test is normal)แŸ” แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŸแžปแŸ†แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ CT Scan แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžŠแŸ„แž™แž แŸแžแžปแžแžถแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŸแž„แŸ’แžŸแŸแž™แž˜แžผแž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
มž”แŸ‚แž€แžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜ (Lacerated kidney)
มž”แŸ‚แž€แžขแžŽแŸ’แžแžพแž€ (Ruptured spleen)
มž”แŸ‚แž€แžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹ (Ruptured gallbladder)
Diverticulitis
มžฌแžŸแžŠแžผแž„แž”แžถแž (Hemorrhoids)
มžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸฅแŸฅแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž”แžถแž“แž…แžผแž›แž˜แž€แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹แŸกแžแŸ’แž„แŸƒแž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแžแŸ’แž„แŸƒแž”แžปแžŽแŸ’แž™ St. Patrickโ€™s Day แžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ’แžขแž€แžˆแžถแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแžŸแŸ‹แŸ—แŸ” แžแžถแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแžœแžแŸ’แžแžทแž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แž…แžผแž›แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž€แž“แŸ…แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‡แžถแž‰แžนแž€แž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŠแŸ‚แžš,แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž–แžทแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž–แžธแž˜แžปแž“แž˜แž€แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžƒแžพแž‰แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แžšแžธแž€แž’แŸ† แŸฅแžŸแž˜ แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž‡แŸ†แž“แžธแž…แŸ†แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแžแŸ‹แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžŠแž„แž€แžถแŸ†แž”แžทแžแŸ” แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž แŸ… gastroenterologist แžŠแŸ„แž™แž‚แžทแžแžแžถแžˆแžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แžšแž แž˜แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแŸก แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
มžฌแžŸแžŠแžผแž„แž”แžถแž (Hemorrhoids)
มž˜แž แžถแžšแžธแž€แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แž’แŸ† (Colon cancer)
มžแŸ†แž”แŸ…Duodenum (Duodenal ulcer)
มžแŸ†แž”แŸ…แž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡ (Gastric ulcer)
Esophageal varices
มž”แžปแžšแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸคแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž˜แžšแžแž™แž“แŸ’แžแž˜แžฝแž™ แž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž“แžนแž„แžšแžแž™แž“แŸ’แžแž˜แžฝแž™แž‘แŸ€แžแŸ” แžแŸ’แžœแžธแžแŸ’แž”แžทแžแžแŸ‚แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž€แŸ’แžšแžœแžถแžแŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแž€แŸแžŠแŸ„แž™ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž—แŸแž™แžแŸ’แž›แžถแž…แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžšแž”แžฝแžŸแž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžแžถแž„แž†แŸ’แžœแŸแž„ แžšแŸ†แž–แŸแž…แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“แžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถแŸ” แž–แŸแž›แžŠแžนแž€แžแžถแž˜แžกแžถแž“แžŸแž„แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แž€แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แž˜แž“แŸ’แž‘แžธแžšแž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž—แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แžปแŸ‡ (blood pressure kept dropping), แž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แžŸแŸ’แž›แŸแž€แžŸแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แžŠแžพแžšแž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แž–แžธแž“แŸแŸ‡แžŸแžฝแžแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ แžŸแŸ†แžกแŸแž„แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ, แžŠแžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแŸแžšแŸ‰แžผแž˜intravenous saline แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แŸ…แžŠแŸƒแŸ” แž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแž“แŸแŸ‡แžแžพแžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž„แžถแž™แžšแž„แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž–แžถแž›แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ ?
Stomach
Duodenum
Pancreas
Left kidney
Spleen
มžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถ artery แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แŸ…แž…แžทแž‰แŸ’แž…แžนแž˜แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“ แž“แžทแž„แž€แž“แŸ’แž‘แžปแž™แž›แŸ†แž–แŸแž„ (body and tail of the pancreas) ?
Common hepatic artery
Inferior phrenic artery
Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Superior mesenteric artery
มž–แŸแž›แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž”แžปแžšแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžปแŸฅแŸขแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž€แžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แžƒแžพแž‰แž˜แžถแž“แžฌแžŸแžŠแžผแž„แž”แžถแžแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„(internal hemorrhoids)แŸ” แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžขแžผแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แžšแžแžถแž˜แžถแž“แžˆแžถแž˜แž›แžถแž™แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž›แžถแž˜แž€(blood in his stool)แŸ” แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถartery แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžขแžถแž…แž‡แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แž“แŸ…rectum ?
Superior rectal artery แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž˜แž€แž–แžธ inferior mesenteric artery
Middle rectal artery แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž˜แž€แž–แžธ internal iliac artery
Inferior rectal artery แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž˜แž€แž–แžธ internal pudendal artery
มž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž–แžธแžš b แž“แžทแž„ c
A, b, แž“แžทแž„ c
Benign prostatic hypertrophy แž‡แžถแž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แžŸแŸ’แž‘แŸ‡แž”แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹แž“แŸ„แž˜(urinary tract)แŸ” แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž“แŸ„แž˜แž…แŸแž‰แžแžทแž…แŸ—, แž€แžถแžšแž›แŸ†แž”แžถแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แžแžทแž…แž˜แŸ’แžแž„แŸ— แž แžพแž™แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž“แŸ„แž˜แž€แŸแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แžแžทแž…แž˜แŸ’แžแž„แŸ—แžŠแŸ‚แžšแžšแž แžผแžแžŠแž›แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แžขแžถแžšแž˜แŸ’แž˜แžŽแŸแžŸแž›แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แžšแžถแž›แž–แŸแž›แž“แŸ„แž˜แžšแžฝแž…แž˜แŸ’แžแž„แŸ—แŸ” Benign prostatic hypertrophy แž“แŸแŸ‡แžœแžถแžšแžฝแž˜แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸ†แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž€แžถแžšแžšแžธแž€แž’แŸ†แž“แŸƒแžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แž˜แžฝแž™แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
Entire prostate gland
Lateral/posterior lobes
Mucosal and submucosal regions
Anterior region
มžแžพแž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž„แžถแž™แžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แžขแž…แŸแžแž“แžถแž–แŸแž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ hysterectomy ?
Uterine artery
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Kidney
มžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแžšแž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž› ovulated egg แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแžœแžทแžœแžแŸ’แžแž–แŸแž›แž‡แžฝแž” sperm ?
Ampulla of the oviduct
Uterus
Uterus
Isthmus of the oviduct
Cervical canal of the uterus
มž‚แŸ„แž›แžทแž€แžถแž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แžšแž แž˜แž“แžนแž„แžšแžธแž€แž”แŸ‰แŸ„แž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž‚แŸแžŠแžถแž€แŸ‹แžœแžถแž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžผแž›แžปแž™แžŸแŸ’แžŸแžปแž„แž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แŸ–
100 mmol CaCl2
150 mmol NaCl
250 mmol KCl
250 mmol urea/urรฉe
350 mmol mannitol
มž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž“แž”แžพแž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแŸŠแžธแž™แŸ‰แžปแž„ K+ แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž–แžธ4mEq/Lแž‘แŸ…10mEq/L:
มžŸแž€แŸ’แžแžถแž“แžปแž–แž›แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž“แžนแž„แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžขแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแŸ‚แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„
The sodium conductance will increase / conductance du sodium sโ€™accroit (แž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž“แžนแž„แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„)
Potassium conductance will increase / conductance du potassium sโ€™accroit (แž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžผแž˜แž“แžนแž„แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„ )
มž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž“แžนแž„แž˜แžถแž“แžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž…(excitable/excitable)แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแŸ‚แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„
Na-K pump / pompe de Na-Kแž“แžนแž„แž‘แŸ…แž‡แžถแž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–
มž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹Na-K pump / pompe Na-Kแž“แžนแž„แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž˜แžถแžŒแžœแžแŸ’แžแžปแžšแžถแžœแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹ K+ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ
Hyperpolarization / Hyperpolarisationแž“แŸƒแžŸแž€แŸ’แžแžถแž“แžปแž–แž›แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แžผแžœแžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž›แŸ†แž แžผแžšแžขแŸŠแžธแž™แŸ‰แžปแž„แžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž…แŸแž‰แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ
มž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž…แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž“แžนแž„แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแžŠแŸ„แž™แŸ–
Na+แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
K+แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
Cl-แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡
Ca2+แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡
H+แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡
Resting potential / potentiel restant แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แž–แžนแž„แž•แŸ’แžขแŸ‚แž€แž‡แžถแž”แž‹แž˜แž‘แŸ…แž›แžพแž—แžถแž–แžแžปแžŸแž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž“แŸƒแž‡แž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž›แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹ (concentration gradient / gradient de concentration) แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แŸ–
มž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜
มžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜
มž€แžถแž›แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜
มž€แŸ’แž›แžš
มž”แŸŠแžธแž€แžถแž”แžผแžŽแžถแž
Which one of the following muscle proteins plays an important role in contraction of both smooth and striated muscle? แžแžพแžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžผแžแŸแžขแŸŠแžธแž“แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ† แžŠแžพแžšแžแžฝแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžšแž›แŸ„แž„แž•แž„ แž“แžทแž„ แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž†แŸ’แž“แžผแžแž•แž„?
Calmodulin
Troponin
Tropomyosin
Actin
Myosin light chains / Myosine ร  chaรฎne lรฉgรจre
Which of the following words or phrases is most closely associated with an endplate potential at the neuromuscular junction? แžแžพแž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™ แžฌ แžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแžŽแžถแžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž‡แžทแžแž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„endplate potentialแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแŸ†แžŽแžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ† (neuromuscular junction / jonction neuromusculaire) ?
มž†แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžแž”แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹ แžฌแž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž†แŸ’แž›แžพแžแžแž”
Depolarization / dรฉpolarisation
Hyperpolarization / hyperpolarisation
มžŸแž€แŸ’แžแžถแž“แžปแž–แž›แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–(Action potential/Potentiel action)
มžšแž“แŸ’แž’แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแžแŸ’แžšแžฝแžœแžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž…แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžปแž€แžขแž‚แŸ’แž‚แžทแžŸแž“แžธ
มž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แž˜แžฝแž™ แž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แž“แŸƒแžŸแž€แŸ’แžแžถแž“แžปแž–แž›แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–(magnitude of the action potential)แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแž˜แžฝแž™แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แŸ–
มž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž…(Magnitude of the stimulus)
มž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ
มž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ
มžŸแž€แŸ’แžแžถแž“แžปแž–แž›แž–แŸแž›แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž€(resting membrane/membrane restante)
มžขแž„แŸ’แž€แžแŸ‹แž•แŸ’แž…แžทแžแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹axon
มž”แžšแžทแž˜แžถแžŽแž€แž˜แŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžขแžถแž…แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžš แŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แžผแžœแž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แžขแŸŠแžธแž™แŸ‰แžปแž„Mg2+แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแŸŠแžธแž™แŸ‰แžปแž„Ca2+แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แžผแžœแžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹acetylcholine esterase
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡แžšแž™แŸˆแž–แŸแž›แž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†
มž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„preload/prรฉchargeแž›แžพแžŸแž–แžธ2.2ยตm
มžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแžถแž™แž—แžถแž™แž“แŸƒแž—แžถแž‚แž›แŸ’แžขแžทแžแž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž“แžนแž„แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž“แž”แžพแŸ–
มž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแž“แŸƒแž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แžแžผแž…
มž€แŸ†แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸƒแž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แž“แŸƒแž—แžถแž‚แž›แŸ’แžขแžทแžแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แŸƒแžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžแžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž—แžถแž‚แž›แŸ’แžขแžทแž (particle gradient/ gradient de particule)แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡
มž—แžถแž–แžšแž›แžถแž™แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž—แžถแž‚แž›แŸ’แžขแžทแžแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แŸ‹แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡
Periodic Hyperkalemie paralysis / Paralysie hyperkaliรฉmique pรฉriodique แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แžกแžพแž„แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž“แžทแž„แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžขแžแŸ‹แž€แž“แŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžถแž€แŸ‹แŸ” แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜ แžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ„แž™ แž แžพแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž›แž‘แŸ’แž‹แž•แž›แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แžผแžœแž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜ แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ
Hyperpolarization / hyperporisationแž“แŸƒแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†
มž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–channels / canauxแžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰ neurotransmitters / neurotransmetteurs แž–แžธ alpha motoneurons / alpha neurone moteurs.
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžŸแžผแž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžšแž™แŸ‡แž–แŸแž›แž“แŸƒแžŸแž€แŸ’แžแžถแž“แžปแž–แž›แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžŠแŸ„แž™alpha motoneurons / alpha neurone moteurs.
มž›แŸ†แž แžผแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž€แžถแž›แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž…แžผแž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž‚แžบแž‡แžถแžŸแž˜แžถแžŸแž’แžถแžแžปแž…แžถแŸ†แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸƒแžŠแŸ†แžŽแžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžถแž›แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸƒแžŸแž€แŸ’แžแžถแž“แžปแž–แž›แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ (upstroke phase of action potential in ) แŸ–
มžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžแžแž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„
มžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžšแž›แŸ„แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แžแžผแž…
มžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„
มž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€body / corpsแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘
Presynaptic nerve terminals / terminaisons nerveuse prรฉsynaptique
มžŸแž€แŸ’แžแžถแž“แžปแž–แž›แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž“แžนแž„แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹แž”แŸ‰แžผแž›(depolarize/dรฉpรดlariser)แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแž แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž“แž”แžพแž—แžถแž–แž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡ แŸ–
มž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜
มžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜ แž“แžทแž„ แž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜
มž€แŸ’แž›แžš
มž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜ แž“แžทแž„ แž€แŸ’แž›แžš
มžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜
มž€แžถแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžšแžšแžœแžถแž„แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹(pain fibers/fibles douleurs) แž–แžธแžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แžแžฝแžšแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„ แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแž”แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžฝแž› แžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆ แŸ–
Achetylcholine
Substance P
Endorphins / Endorphines
Somatostatin / Somatostatine
Serotonin / Sรฉrotonine
มžแžพแžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž…แž›แž“แžถแž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž‡แž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž›แžขแŸแžกแžทแž€แžแŸ’แžšแžผแž‚แžธแž˜แžธ (electrochemical gradient/gradient รฉlectrochimique) แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถ?
มžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž…แŸแž‰แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘
มž€แžถแž›แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž…แžผแž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„sarcoplasmic reticulum / rรฉticulum sarcoplasmique
มžขแŸŠแžธแžŠแŸ’แžšแžผแžŸแŸ‚แž“แž…แžผแž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž›แŸ†แž แžšแž”แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹distalแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹nepron / nรฉphron
มž‡แžถแžแžทแžŸแŸ’แž€แžšแž…แžผแž›แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแžแŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แŸ‹(adipose tissue/tissue adipeux)
มž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž…แžผแž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž†แŸ’แž“แžผแž
NMDA (N-methyl-D-Aspartate) receptorแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแŸ–
Glycine
Acetylcholine
Substance P
Glutamate
Glutamateแž“แžทแž„glycine
มžŸแŸ†แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แžทแž„แžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž…แž„แŸ’แžœแžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžแž”แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„:
มž€แžถแžšแž แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽ
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžŸแžธแžแžปแžŽแŸ’แž แž—แžถแž–แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“
มž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž“แŸ…แž‘แžธแžแžถแŸ†แž„แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹
มž€แžถแžšแžกแžพแž„แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแžŒแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž›แž›แžถแžŠแŸแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›
มž€แžถแžšแž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜
มž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ†แžกแžปแž„แž–แŸแž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž›แŸ†แž แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽแž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แžˆแžถแž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžถแž‰แŸ‹แž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ 1แž“แžถแž‘แžธ(cardiac output/dรฉbit cardiaque) แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแž’แž“แŸ‹แž“แŸƒแžŸแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แžŠแŸ„แž™แžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž…แžŸแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘Sympathetic
มž€แžถแžšแžšแžธแž€แž“แŸƒแžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžœแŸ‰แŸ‚แž“
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž˜แžถแžŒแžˆแžถแž˜แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž…แžปแž„diastole
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜แž˜แž’แŸ’แž™แž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžขแžถแž‘แŸ‚แžš
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžแž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„
Electrocardiogram (ECG) แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แŸ’แž’แž—แžถแž–แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแžปแž€แžšแž€ แž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž“แŸƒแŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžแž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„
มžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜แž˜แž’แŸ’แž™แž˜
มž—แžถแž–แž’แž“แŸ‹แžŸแžšแžปแž”แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แž‡แžถแž™แŸ—(peripheral/pรฉriphรฉrique)
มž”แŸ’แžšแž—แžถแž‚แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แžˆแžถแž˜แž–แžธแž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„
มž›แŸ†แž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒcoronary / coronaire
มž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžขแŸ†แžกแžปแž„แž–แŸแž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž›แŸ†แž แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽ (aerobic exercise/exercise aรฉrobique) แž›แŸ†แž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แž“แŸ…แžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“แž›แŸ†แž“แžบแž„แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แŸ–
มžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€
มž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„
มžแžฝแžšแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›
มžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„
มžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜
มžขแž„แŸ‹แžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžแžปแžŸแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž fibrin monomers แž‚แžบแŸ–
Heparin / hรฉparine
Plasminogen / Plasminogรจne
Thrombin / Thrombine
Kininogen / Kininogรจne
Prothrombin / Prothrombine
มžŸแŸ†แž–แžถแž’แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž˜แžถแžŒแžˆแžถแž˜
มž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž…แž›แž“แžถแžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžœแŸ‰แŸ‚แž“
มž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž—แžถแž–แž’แž“แŸ‹แžŸแžšแžปแž”แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แž‡แžถแž™แŸ—(peripheral/pรฉriphรฉrique)
มžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž…แž„แŸ’แžœแžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„
มž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹ aldosterone แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถ
มž—แžถแž–แž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แžแžผแž…แŸ— (capillary/caplillair) แž…แžปแŸ‡แž‘แžถแž”แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแž แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ แŸ–
มžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜
มžขแžŽแŸ’แžแžพแž€
มžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜
มžแžฝแžšแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›
มžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€
(Blood flow through an organ would be increased by decreasing) แžˆแžถแž˜แž แžผแžšแž€แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แž˜แžฝแž™ แžขแžถแž…แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แŸ–
มžขแž„แŸ’แž€แžแŸ‹แž•แŸ’แž…แžทแžแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžขแžถแž€แž‘แŸ‚
มž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แž“แŸƒแžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžขแžถแž€แž‘แŸ‚แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžพแž€
มžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžขแžถแž€แž‘แŸ‚
มžขแž„แŸ’แž€แžแŸ‹แž•แŸ’แž…แžทแžแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžœแŸ‰แŸ‚แž“
มžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแžขแŸแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžแžผแž‚แŸ’แžšแžธแž
Warfarin (Coumarin) แž‡แžถแžฑแžŸแžแž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„แžˆแžถแž˜แž€แž€ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแžšแžฟแž™แŸ—แž‚แŸแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžœแžถแž›แžพแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“ Heart attack / Crise cardiaqueแŸ” แžแŸ‚แž‘แŸ„แŸ‡แž‡แžถแž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžŽแžถแž€แŸแžŠแŸ„แž™ แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž“แž”แžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžฑแžŸแžแž“แŸแŸ‡แž›แžพแžŸแž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹ แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžขแžถแž…แž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšWarfarinแž“แŸแŸ‡ แžขแžถแž…แž€แžพแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž’แŸ’แž„แž“แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž„แžšแžกแžพแž„ แž”แžพแž‚แŸแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹ แŸ–
Aspirin / Aspirine
Heparin / Hรฉparine
T-PA (tissue plasminogen activator) / Activateur plasminogรจne tissulaire
Vitamin K
Fibrinogen / Fibrinogรจne
(Citrate is a useful anticoagulant because of its ability to) Citrateแž‚แžบแž‡แžถแžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแž€แž€แžˆแžถแž˜แžŠแŸแž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸ„แž‡แž“แŸ แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถแŸ–
มž‡แžถBuffer basic groups of coagulation factors / Groupements basiques tamponรฉs de facteurs de coagulation
มž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™factor XII
มžœแžถแž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžœแžธแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“ K
มžœแžถแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž™แž€calcium
มž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž˜แžแžถแž”แžผแž›แžธแžŸแž™แžบแžแŸ—
มžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒ Lymph / lymphe แžแžปแžŸแž–แžธแž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แžŸแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แžแžผแž…(capillaries/capillaires) แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแžถแŸ–
มž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แžแžทแž…
มž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž€แžถแžšแžแžแž˜แŸ’แžšแŸ€แž”แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž“แŸƒแžขแž„แŸ‹แžŠแžผแžแŸแž›แŸ’แž™แžผแž˜
มž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“valves
มž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›
Collapse / Collapsus แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸƒแžŸแŸ†แž–แžถแž’ interstitial / interstitielle
มžแžพแžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž–แŸแž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž›แŸ†แž แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽ?
มžŸแŸ†แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜ diastole
Central vascular resistance / rรฉsistance vasculaire central
มžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžขแžปแž€แžŸแŸŠแžธแžŸแŸ‚แž“แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžœแŸ‰แŸ‚แž“
มž›แŸ†แž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แž‘แŸ…แžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜
มž˜แžถแžŒแžˆแžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แžšแž“แŸ’แžแžˆแžถแž˜แžšแžแŸ‹
มž€แžถแžšแž…แŸ‚แž€แž…แžถแž™แžˆแžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แž“แžถแž“แžถแž“แŸƒแžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแžแž˜แŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž—แžถแž–แž’แž“แŸ‹แž“แŸƒแŸ–
Arteries / Artรจres
Arteriols / Artรฉrioles
Precapillary sphinters / Sphincter prรฉcapillaires
Postcappilary venules / Vรจnules postcapillaires
Veins / Veines
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แž‡แžถ anaphylactic shock / choc anaphylactiques แž‡แžถแž‡แžถแž„ hypovolemic shock / choc hypovolรฉmiqueแž–แžธแž–แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡ แŸ–
Cardiac output / dรฉbit cardiacqueแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ
มž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžแž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„ (ventricle/ventricule) แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž‡แžถแž„แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ
มž—แžถแž–แž’แž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž˜แžผแž›แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ
Creatinin / Crรฉatinine แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ
มžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž…แž„แŸ’แžœแžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ
มžœแžทแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“B12 แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž”แž‡แžถแžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แŸ–
มž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum / IIรฉon
Colon
มžขแžšแŸแž˜แŸ‰แžผแž“แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž”แŸ†แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž‘แžธแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ motor complexes / complexes moteurs แž‚แžบแŸ–
Gastrin / gastrine
Motilin / Motiline
Secretin / Secrรฉtine
Cholecystokinin / Cholecystokinine
Enterogastrone
มž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰ trypsinogen / trypsinogรจne (แž‘แž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แžขแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜) แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„duodenum / duodรฉnum แžขแž„แŸ‹แžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ†แž›แŸ‚แž„แž‘แŸ…แž‡แžถ Trypsin (แž‘แž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜) แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแŸ–
Enteropeptidase
Procarboxypeptidase
Pancreatic lipase
Trypsin แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰แž–แžธแž˜แžปแž“
PH แžขแžถแž›แŸ‹แž€แžถแžกแžถแŸ†แž„
มž™แž“แŸ’แžแž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž” แžŸแžฝแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜ แž–แžธแž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แžแžผแž…แž‚แžบแŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžแžผแžšแž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž“แŸƒ Na+-H+
มž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แžšแžฝแž˜แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™ potassium
Electrogenic transport / transport electrogรจnique
Neutral NaCl absorption / Absorption neutre de NaCl
มž€แžถแžšแž‘แžถแž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžšแŸ†แž›แžถแž™
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž…แŸแž‰แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž”แž„แŸ’แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แžแžผแž…แž“แžถแŸ†แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž…แžปแŸ‡แžแž™แž“แŸƒแŸ–
Basal acid output / dรฉbit dโ€™acide basal
Maximal acid output / dรฉbit dโ€™ acide maxima (แžŸแž˜แžทแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž•แž›แžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแžขแžแžทแž”แžšแž˜แžถ)
มž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžšแžถแžœแž–แžธแž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡
มž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžšแžนแž„แž–แžธแž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰แžขแž„แŸ‹แžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜แž–แžธแž›แŸ†แž–แŸ‚แž„
มžแžพแž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž–แžทแž–แžŽแŸŒแž“แžถแžŠแŸ„แž™แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžแžถแž˜แžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡?
มž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แžˆแž”แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แžขแžถแž แžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แž”แžผแžšแžแŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แŸ‹
มž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แžˆแž”แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแžขแžถแž˜แžธแžŽแŸแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„duodenum / duodรฉnum
มž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž…แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšatropine
มž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžแŸ‹แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž€แžถแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžแž”แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„cholecystokinin / cholรฉcystokinine
มž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžแž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžถแž›แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹sphincter of Oddi / sphinctรจre dโ€™ Oddi
Acidification of the duodenum / acidification de duodรฉnum แž“แžนแž„ แŸ–
มž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰bicarbonateแž–แžธแž›แŸ†แž–แŸ‚แž„
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰แžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡
มž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰แž…แŸ†แžŽแžธแžขแžถแž แžถแžšแž–แžธแž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžแŸ‹
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹sphincter of Oddi / sphinctรจre dโ€™ Oddi
มž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžšแž”แž”แžขแžถแž แžถแžšแž“แŸƒแž–แžฝแž€แžœแžทแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“แžแžพแžœแžธแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแž€แžถแžšแžŸแžถแž™แž—แžถแž™ (diffusion)?
Vitamine C
Folate
Vitamine D
Niacin
Vitamin B12
มžŠแŸ„แž™แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแŸ€แž”แž’แŸ€แž”แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแžแŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แŸ‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž€แžถแž”แŸ„แž“แžœแŸ‚แž„แž–แžฝแž€แžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแžแŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แŸ‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž€แžถแž”แŸ„แž“แž˜แž’แŸ’แž™แž˜ แŸ–
มžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžแŸ’แž…แž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถ Chylomicrons แž•แž„แžŠแŸ‚แžš
มžขแžถแž…แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž€แžถแžกแžผแžšแžธแž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แžแžผแž…แžŸแŸ†แžšแžผแž”
มž˜แžถแž“แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžšแž”แž”แžขแžถแž แžถแžš
มž˜แžทแž“แžŸแžผแžœแžšแž›แžถแž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‘แžนแž€
มžแŸ’แžšแžกแž”แŸ‹แž…แžผแž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แžˆแžถแž˜แžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แž‘แžนแž€แžšแž„แŸƒ
มžแžพแž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ€แž”แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแŸ†แž–แžธแžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแž€แžถแžšแž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แžœแžธแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“ B12แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ?
มž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ Intrinsic factor / Facteur intrinsรจque แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™chief cells / cellules principales แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž‰แž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡
มžœแžธแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“B12 แž…แž„แž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™ intrinsic factor / facteur intrinsรจque แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡
มž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž–แŸแž‰แžœแŸแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แžœแžธแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“B12แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžกแžพแž„แžแžถแž˜แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแŸ„แž™แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แžแžผแž…
มž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แžœแžธแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“แž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžแŸ’แžŸแŸ„แž™แž›แŸ†แž–แŸ‚แž„
มž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸ‡passive diffusion / diffusion passiveแž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„enterocytes
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰ chyme แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž“แŸƒแž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แžแžผแž… แž“แžนแž„แŸ–
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰แž‘แžนแž€แžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡
มž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰bicarbonateแž–แžธแž›แŸ†แž–แŸ‚แž„
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžšแžนแž„แž–แžธแž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡
มž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž€แž˜แŸ’แžšแžทแžCCK (cholecystokinin) แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜ (Decrease circulation CCK levels)
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“segmentationแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แžแžผแž…
มž”แŸ’แžšแžผแžแŸแžขแŸŠแžธแž“แžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžแžปแžŸแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž“แžถแŸ†แž…แžผแž›แž‚แŸ’แž›แžปแž™แž€แžผแžŸแž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แžแžแžผแž…แž แŸ…แžแžถแŸ– "
Glut-2 (Glucose transporter 2 / Transporteur du glucose 2)
Glut-5 (Glucose transporter 5 / Transporteur du glucose 5)
SGLT1 (Sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 / Transporteur 1 du glucosedรฉpendant du sodium)
SGLT2 (Sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 / Transporteur 2 duglucosedรฉpendantdu sodium)
SGLT5 (Sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 / Transporteur 5 du glucosedรฉpendantdu sodium)
ADH (antidiuretic hormone/Vasopressine) แž“แžนแž„แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™posterior pituitary / post-hypophyse แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž˜แžถแž“แŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹ Na+ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถ
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž”แžšแžทแž˜แžถแžŽแž”แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถ
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹ K+ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถ
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡ pH แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถ
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹ Ca2+ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถ
มž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž แžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž›แž“แŸƒแž‡แžถแžแžท glucose แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แž™แž€แžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰ (reabsorption) แž‚แžบแŸ–
0 mg/mn
120 mg/mn
165 mg/mn
200 mg/mn
320 mg/mn
มž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž“แž”แžพแžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแž˜แžฝแž™แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžขแžถแž€แž‘แŸ‚แžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜ แžแŸ‚แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“ แž“แŸ…แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžœแŸ‚แž“แžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜แž‘แŸ แŸ– "
Clearance / clairance แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžพแž“แžนแž„แžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž…แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ glomerule
มžœแžถแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžแŸ‚แžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แž™แž€แžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜
มž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžแŸ‚แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถ
Clearance / clairance แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžพแž“แžนแž„แž›แŸ†แž แžผแžšแž”แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜
มžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแž“แŸ„แŸ‡แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžแŸ‚แž”แžถแž˜แž…แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แžŠแŸ„แž™แžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜
มž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž•แŸ’แž›แžถแž‰ supraoptic nuclei / noyau supraoptique แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแžฝแžšแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แž“แžนแž„แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแŸ‚แž”แŸ’แžšแžฝแž›แžŠแžผแž…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แž“แžผแžœแž˜แžถแžŒ แž“แžทแž„แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™? (แžŸแž“แŸ’แž˜แžแŸ‹แžแžถแž€แžถแžšแž•แžนแž€แž‘แžนแž€แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžพแž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€)
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž˜แžถแžŒแž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แž“แžทแž„แž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แžšแžถแžœแžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž˜แžถแžŒแž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แž“แžทแž„แž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แžแžถแž”แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„
มž˜แžถแžŒแž“แžทแž„แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž˜แžถแžŒแž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แž“แžทแž„แž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แžšแžถแžœแžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž˜แžถแžŒแž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แž“แžทแž„แž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แžแžถแž”แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„
มžแžพแž€แžถแžšแžœแžทแž›แžแŸ’แžšแžกแž”แŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แžšแž€แž—แžถแž–แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™ แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แž˜แžถแž“chronic respiratory acidosis / acidose respiratoire chronique ?
Alveolar Ventilation / Ventilation alvรฉolaire
Arterial PCO2 / PCO2 artรฉrielle
Arterial PO2 / PO2 artรฉrielle
มž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹Bicarbonateแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถ
มž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแŸŠแžธแž™แŸ‰แžปแž„แžขแŸŠแžธแžŠแŸ’แžšแžผแžŸแŸ‚แž“แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžขแžถแž€แž‘แŸ‚
PH แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžšแžถแžœแž“แŸƒ distal nephron / tube distal แžขแžถแž…แž‘แžถแž”แž‡แžถแž„ pHแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžšแžถแžœแž“แŸƒ proximal tubule / tube proximal แž–แžธแž–แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡ แŸ–
Gradient แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ sodium แž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แž‡แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแŸ†แž„ (wall/paroi) แž“แŸƒ distal nephron / tube distal แž’แŸ†แž‡แžถแž„แž“แŸ…แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แž‡แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸƒ proximal tubule / tube proximal
มž˜แžถแž“ buffer/tampon แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžšแžถแžœแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ distal nephron/tube distal แž‡แžถแž„แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ proximal tubule / tube proximal
มžขแŸŠแžธแž™แŸ‰แžปแž„แžขแŸŠแžธแžŠแŸ’แžšแžผแžŸแŸ‚แž“แž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ distal nephron / tube distal แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‡แžถแž„แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ proximal tubule / tube proximal
Brush border / Bordure en broche แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ distal nephron / tube distal แž˜แžถแž“แž•แŸ’แž‘แžปแž€ carbonic anhydrase / anhydrase carbonique แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‡แžถแž„แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ proximal tubule / tubeproximal
มžŠแŸ†แžŽแžšแž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹ (tight junctions/jonctions รฉtroite) แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ distal nephron / tube distal แž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžšแž›แžถแž™แžแžทแž…แž‡แžถแž„แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ proximal tubule / tube proximal
มžแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸ„แž‚แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถ แžŸแŸ’แžแžธแžขแŸ†แž–แžธRenin / Rรฉnine ?
มžœแžถแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™ proximal tubule / tube proximal
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰ Renin / Rรฉnine แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹แžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜ แž“แžทแž„แž‘แžนแž€แž–แžธแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰ Renin / Rรฉnine แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‡แŸ†แžšแžปแž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžŸแŸ†แž–แžถแž’แž˜แž’แŸ’แž™แž˜แž“แŸƒแžขแžถแž€แž‘แŸ‚แžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜
Renin / Rรฉnine แž”แŸ†แž›แŸ‚แž„ angiotensinogen / angiotensinogรจne แž‘แŸ…แž‡แžถ angiotensin I / angiotensineI
Renin / Rรฉnine แž”แŸ†แž›แŸ‚แž„ angiotensin I / angiotensine I แž‘แŸ…แž‡แžถ angiotensin II / angiotensineII
มž€แžถแžšแž€แŸ‚แžแŸ†แžšแžผแžœแžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜แž–แŸแž›แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž›แžพแžŸแž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜ แž“แžนแž„แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž› แžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“แŸ–
Alkalosis / alcalose
Acidosis / acidose
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰ HCO3- แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰ H+ แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰ Na+ แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž”แžปแžšแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž•แžนแž€แž‘แžนแž€ 2แž›แžธแžแŸ’แžš แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž”แŸ†แž–แŸแž‰แž“แžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แžแžถแž˜แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‚แž€แž‰แžพแžŸแž–แŸแž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž›แŸ†แž แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽแŸ”แž”แžพแž”แŸ’แžšแŸ€แž”แž’แŸ€แž”แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แž˜แžปแž“ แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž–แŸแž›แž”แŸ‚แž€แž‰แžพแžŸ แŸ–
มž’แžถแžแžปแž‘แžนแž€แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž“แžนแž„ hypertonic / hypertonique
มž’แžถแžแžปแž‘แžนแž€แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž“แžนแž„ hypertonic / hypertonique
มž˜แžถแžŒแž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž“แžนแž„แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž˜แžถแžŒแž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž‚แžถแžแŸ‹ แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž‘แžนแž€แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ แž“แžทแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž“แžนแž„แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแŸ‚แž”แŸ’แžšแžฝแž›แžกแžพแž™
มž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“ potassium แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰แžแžถแž˜แžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜แž“แžนแž„แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡ แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž“แž”แžพ แŸ–
มž›แŸ†แž แžผแžšแž“แŸ…แž”แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹ Distal แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜ แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
Adosterone แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แžšแž“แŸ’แžแžˆแžถแž˜ แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž€แžถแžšแž“แžถแŸ†แž…แžผแž›แž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แžแžถแž˜แžขแžถแž แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž”แžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰แž“แŸƒ Na+ แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹ distal แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰แž…แŸ„แž›แž“แŸƒแžขแŸŠแžธแž™แŸ‰แžปแž„แžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚ แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž“แžผแžœแž—แžถแž–แž‘แž”แŸ‹แž‘แž›แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžขแžถแž€แž‘แŸ‚ afferent แž“แŸƒ glomerulus / glomรฉrule แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜แž“แžนแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™ แŸ–
มž›แŸ†แž แžผแžšแž”แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜
The Filtration fraction / Fraction de filtration
มžŸแŸ†แž–แžถแž’ Oncotic / oncotiques แž“แŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒ peritubular / pรฉritubulaire
มžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž…แž˜แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แž“แŸ… glomerulus / glomรฉrule
มž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
Metabolic alkalosis / alcalose mรฉtabolique แž“แžนแž„แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž‚แŸแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แžƒแžพแž‰แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แŸ–
Aldosterone แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„ (Hyperaldosteronism/hyperaldostรฉronisme)
Hyperventilation
มžšแžถแž‚แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹
มžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ„แž™
มž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แž•แŸ’แžขแŸ‚แž˜
Metabolic acidosis / Acidose mรฉtabolique แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแŸ–
มžŸแŸ’แžแžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡ aldosterone (Hypoaldosteronism/hypoaldostรฉronisme)
Hyperventilation
มž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡
มž˜แžถแžŒแžˆแžถแž˜แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡
มž€แžถแž›แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แž˜แŸ’แžšแžทแž แž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„ แžขแžถแž…แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแŸ–
Atropine
Epinephrine
Glucagon
Lactic acid / Acide lactique
Isotonic saline / Sรฉrum salรฉ isotonique
มž˜แžถแžŒแžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžšแžถแžœแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž”แžปแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž›แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแž‚แžบแž”แŸ’แžšแž แžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž›แŸ–
5% แž“แŸƒแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸ‹แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ
10% แž“แŸƒแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸ‹แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ
20% แž“แŸƒแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸ‹แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ
40% แž“แŸƒแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸ‹แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ
60% แž“แŸƒแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸ‹แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ
มžแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžแŸ’แžŸแŸ„แž™แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹ แžขแŸแžšแž˜แŸ‰แžผแž“ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžŠแŸ„แž™แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜?
มž แžพแž˜(Edema/Oedรจme)
Hypertension
มžแŸ’แžœแŸ‡แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แžšแž แžถแž˜แžฌ แžŸแŸ’แž›แŸแž€แžŸแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„(Anemia/Anรฉmie)
Uremia / Urรฉmie
Acidosis / Acidose
มžฅแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž–แž›แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ แžขแžถแŸ†แž„แžŸแŸŠแžปแž™แž›แžธแž“ แž‘แŸ…แž›แžพแž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ† แž‚แŸ’แž›แžปแž™แž€แžผแžŸแž‚แžบแŸ–
มžขแžถแž…แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแž‡แž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž›(gradient)แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹
มž‡แŸ†แžšแžปแž‰แž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แž…แžผแž›แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ adipocytes
มž‡แŸ†แžšแžปแž‰แž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แžขแŸแž–แžธแžแŸแž›แŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜
มž‡แŸ†แžšแžปแž‰แž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แž…แžผแž›แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž˜แžปแž„แžแžฝแžšแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›
มž‡แŸ†แžšแžปแž‰แž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹musosa / muqueuseแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“
มžแžพแžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹glucagon แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ?
มžœแžถแž‡แŸ†แžšแžปแž‰แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž”แŸ‚แž€glycogenแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†
มžœแžถแž”แž„แŸ’แžขแžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰ แžขแžถแŸ†แž„แžŸแŸŠแžปแž™แž›แžธแž“
มžœแžถแžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž…gluconeogenesis / gluconรฉogรฉnรจseแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜
มžœแžถแžšแžถแžšแžถแŸ†แž„adenyl cyclase
มžœแžถแžšแžถแžšแžถแŸ†แž„ phospholipase C
มž€แžถแžšแž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแŸแžšแž˜แŸ‰แžผแž“แž‘แžธแžšแŸ‰แžผแžขแŸŠแžธแž (thyroid hormone/hormone thyroide)แž‘แŸ…แž›แžพแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ แž“แžนแž„แŸ–
มž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžขแžปแž€แžŸแžธแžŸแŸ‚แž“
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แž™แŸ„แž‚แž”แŸ’แžšแžผแžแŸแžขแŸŠแžธแž“แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†
มž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แžแŸ†แžšแžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแž–แž–แžฝแž€แžœแžธแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžผแžกแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแŸแžšแžผแž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถ
มž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถLipolysis / Lipolyse
มžฅแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž–แž›แž“แŸƒแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ primary hyperaldosteronism / hyperaldosteronisme primaire (Connโ€™s syndrome / syndrome de Conn) แžšแžฝแž˜แž˜แžถแž“แŸ–
Hypertension
มž€แž˜แŸ’แžšแžทแžแž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž˜แžถแžŒแžœแžแŸ’แžแžปแžšแžถแžœแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡
มžŸแž˜แžแŸ’แžแž—แžถแž–แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แžแžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มžขแŸแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžแžผแž‚แŸ’แžšแžธแž(hematocrite)แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž‰แž›แžพแžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜ Adrenalectomy/Adrรฉnolectomie แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“:
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž‡แžถแžแžทแžŸแŸ’แž€แžšแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹insuline
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ†แžŽแŸ‚แž“แžแŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แŸ‹แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแžแŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แŸ‹
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰แž‡แžถแžแžทแž‘แžนแž€แžแžถแž˜แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹แžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แžแžถแž˜แž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜
มž—แžถแž–แžŸแŸŠแžถแŸ†แž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„แž€แžถแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แž„แžšแŸ„แž‚ แž“แžทแž„shockแž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแŸ‚แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแžšแžกแžพแž„
มžขแžถแžšแž˜แŸ’แž˜แžŽแŸแžŸแžปแžแžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž› แž“แžทแž„แžŸแž”แŸ’แž”แžถแž™(Euphoria/Euphorie)
มžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แž“แŸƒangiotensin II / Angiotensine IIแžšแžฝแž˜แž˜แžถแž“ แŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแžšแžธแž€แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžขแžถแž€แž‘แŸ‚แžšแžแžผแž…แŸ—แž“แŸ…แž‡แžถแž™แŸ—(peripheral arteriole / atรฉriole pรฉriphรฉrique)
มž‡แŸ†แžšแžปแž‰แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰แž‡แžถแžแžทแžขแŸ†แž”แžทแž›แžแžถแž˜แž”แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰aldosteroneแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰renin / rรฉnineแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž€แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แžแžพแž˜แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸแž…แž‘แžนแž€
Islets of Langerhans / ilรดt de Langerhansแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž›แŸ†แž–แŸ‚แž„แŸ–
มžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžƒแžพแž‰แž‡แžถแž”แž‹แž˜แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แž›แŸ†แž–แŸ‚แž„
มž˜แžถแž“แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“ 30% แž“แŸƒแž‘แŸ†แž„แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ†แž–แŸ‚แž„แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž˜แžผแž›
มž˜แžถแž“ 6 แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž‰
มž˜แžถแž“แžˆแžถแž˜แž…แžทแž‰แŸ’แž…แžนแž˜แž”แž“แŸ’แžแžทแž…แž”แž“แŸ’แžแžฝแž…
มž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰insulin / insulineแž“แžทแž„glucagon
มž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž—แžถแž–แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžŠแŸ„แž™แžฑแžŸแžแž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แžถแž€ (Anti-inflamatory / anti-inflamatoire) แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž‚แžทแžแžแžถ แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแŸ–
มž—แžถแž–แž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แž“แŸƒแž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแžŸแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แžแžผแž…แŸ—(capillary/capilaire)แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž€แžถแžšแž•แž›แžทแžleukotrienesแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰pyrogen / pyrogรจneแž–แžธgranulocyteแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™phospholipase A2แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–
มž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸlysosomeแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž˜แžถแž“แž›แŸ†แž“แžนแž„Stabilization of cellular lysosomal membranes (แž€แžถแžšแž˜แžถแž“แž›แŸ†แž“แžนแž„แž“แŸƒแž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ แž›แžธแžŸแžผแžŸแžผแž˜แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ )
มžแžพแžขแŸแžšแž˜แŸ‰แžผแž“แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแžผแž…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แž‡แžธแžœแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžš แžŠแŸ„แž™แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™receptor / rรฉcepteurแž“แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–?
Progesterone
Estrogens / Estrogรจne
Cortisol
Epinephrine
Thyroxine
มžขแŸแžšแž˜แŸ‰แžผแž“แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžแžปแžŸแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž—แŸ’แž‰แŸ„แž…แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰แž‘แžนแž€แžŠแŸ„แŸ‡ แž‚แžบแŸ–
Oxytocin / Oxytocine
Progesterone
Estradiol
Insulin / Insuline
Prolactin / Prolactine
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž•แŸ’แž‘แžปแž€แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž แŸŠแžธแžœ(VIH)แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แžŸแžฝแžšแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžขแŸ†แž–แžธแžŸแž—แžถแž–แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แž“แžนแž„แžœแžทแžœแžแŸ’แžแž“แŸแž‘แŸ…แž€แžถแžšแž›แŸแž…แž…แŸแž‰แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžขแŸแžŠแžŸแŸ(SIDA)แŸ” แžแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถ แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžขแžถแž…แž•แŸ’แžแž›แŸ‹แž“แžผแžœแž–แžแŸŒแž˜แžถแž“แžขแŸ†แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžœแžทแžœแžแŸ’แžแž“แŸแž“แŸแŸ‡แž”แžถแž“แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแž”แŸ†แž•แžปแž?
มžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถlymphocyte CD4
มžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžšแžถแžœแžšแž€แžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžทแžŠแž”แž€แŸ’แžแž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แžนแž„ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž แŸŠแžธแžœ(VIH)
มžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžšแžถแžœแžšแž€แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž แŸŠแžธแžœแžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แž…แŸ’แž…แŸแž€แž‘แŸแžŸRT-PCR
มžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžNรฉoptรฉrine
มžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžšแž€แžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž แŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž“p24แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แž แŸŠแžธแžœ(VIH)
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ herpรจs simplex (HSV) แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž‡แžถแžšแžฝแž˜แž›แžพแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžขแžแŸ’แžแžถแž’แžทแž”แŸ’แž”แžถแž™แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแžŠแŸ„แž™แžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แŸ–
มž‡แžถแž‰แžนแž€แž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž–แžถแž›แŸ‹แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž˜แž‡แŸ’แžˆแž˜แžŽแŸ’แžŒแž›แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘(CNS/systรจme nerveux central)แž“แžทแž„แžŸแžšแžธแžš:แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„(visceral organs/organes viscรฉrales)
มžœแžถแž€แž˜แŸ’แžšแž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰แž›แžพแž”แžปแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž›แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžแžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹
มžœแžถแžขแžถแž…แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžšแžพแžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž˜แžถแž“แžœแžทแž”แžแŸ’แžแžทแž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœแž…แžทแžแŸ’แžแžฌแžŸแŸ†แžŠแžทแž›แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž™แžผแžšแž“แžนแž„แž–แž“แŸ’แž›แžบแž–แŸ’แžšแŸ‡แžขแžถแž‘แžทแžแŸ’แž™
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž‡แžถแž‰แžนแž€แž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แž”แžถแž“แžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžแžถแž˜แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“(intestinal absorption/absorption intestinale)
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™HSVแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘1 (type1)แž˜แžถแž“แž‰แžนแž€แž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแž”แŸ†แž•แžปแž
มž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ mononulclรฉose infectieuse / infectious mononucleosis แž‡แžถแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžŠแŸ„แž™แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แž“แžทแž„แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž‘แŸ’แžšแžปแžŒแž‘แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแž›แŸ‹แžŸแž–แŸŒแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แž€แžถแž™แŸ”แžแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸ„แž‚แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž–แžธแž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆแž“แŸƒแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ?
มž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž“แŸแŸ‡แžœแžถแž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แž‡แžถแž‰แžนแž€แž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแž›แžพแž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžขแžถแž™แžปแžแžทแž…แž‡แžถแž„ 14แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†
มž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž“แŸแŸ‡แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžˆแŸ’แž˜แŸ„แŸ‡Rhabdovirus
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸEpstein-Barrแž‡แžถแž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แž แŸแžแžป
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž†แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžแž”แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž•แž›แžทแžแžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แžhรฉtรฉrophile (heterophile antibodies/anticorps hรฉtรฉrophile)
Ribavirineแž‡แžถแž‡แŸ†แžšแžพแžŸแž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›
มž‘แžทแžŠแŸ’แž‹แž—แžถแž–แž‚แŸ’แž›แžธแž“แžธแž€แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™ arbovirus แžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแž”แž“แžนแž„แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆแž˜แžฝแž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜ แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž”แžธ แŸ– แž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแžฝแžšแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›(encรฉphalite) , แž‚แŸ’แžšแžปแž“แžˆแžถแž˜ (hemorrhagic fever / fiรจvre hรฉmorragique) , แžฌแž‚แŸ’แžšแžปแž“แžšแžฝแž˜แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ† (Fever with myalgia / fiรจvre avec myalgie)แŸ”แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆแž˜แžฝแž™แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ arbovirus แž‚แžบ แŸ–
มž…แŸ†แž›แž„แžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแž—แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž„แžถแžšแž…แŸ†แž›แž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘arthropode
มž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แž’แž“แŸ‹แž“แžนแž„แžขแŸแž‘แŸ‚(resistant to ether/rรฉsistant avec รฉther)
มž‡แžถแž‰แžนแž€แž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹แžœแžถแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž›แŸแž…แž…แŸแž‰แž‡แžถแžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ(symptmatic infection/infection symptomatique)
มžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž‡แžทแžแžŸแŸ’แž“แžทแž‘แž“แžนแž„parvovirus
มž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แžฝแž™แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แž“แŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž†แŸ’แž›แž„แžแžถแž˜แž€แžถแžšแžšแžผแž˜แž—แŸแž‘แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžฝแž”แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸ‡แž‡แžถแž‰แžนแž€แž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž แžพแž™แžขแžถแž…แž“แžนแž„แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžขแŸ„แž™แž‘แŸ…แž‡แžถแž˜แž แžถแžšแžธแž€แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž”แžผแž“ (cervical carcinoma / carcinome du col utรฉrin) แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžŠแŸ„แž™แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แŸ–
Cytomรฉgalovirus
Papillomavirus
Epstein-Barr virus
Virus herpรจs simplex
Adรฉnovirus
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž“แŸƒแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜ แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ E (Hepatitis E / hรฉpatite E) แž‡แžถ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜ (viral hepatitis/hรฉpatite virale) แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แž˜แžธแŸ—แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‘แžพแž”แž“แžนแž„แž”แžถแž“แž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆ แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถ แŸ”แžแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸ„แž‚แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžถแž“แžขแžแŸ’แžแžถแž’แžทแž”แŸ’แž”แžถแž™แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แžนแž„แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž“แŸแŸ‡ แŸ–
มžœแžถแž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž‚แŸ†แžšแžถแž˜แž€แŸ†แž แŸ‚แž„แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แžแž›แŸ‹แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž›แžˆแžถแž˜
มžœแžถแž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž…แŸ†แž”แž„แž“แŸƒแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แžแžถแž˜แž€แžถแžšแž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž›แžˆแžถแž˜
มžœแžถแž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แž‡แžถแž‰แžนแž€แž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แŸ…แžขแžถแž˜แŸแžšแžทแž€แžแžถแž„แž‡แžพแž„
มžœแžถแž‡แžถแžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“ AND แžแŸ‚แž˜แžฝแž™แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ‚ (ADN ร  simple brin / single-stranded DNA)
มžœแžถแžขแžถแž…แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžฒแŸ’แž™แž€แžพแžแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž”แŸ’แžšแž แžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž›แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘C
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘D (HDV, virus delta) แžขแžถแž…แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แžšแžฝแž˜แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ B (HBV) แžฌแž€แŸแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แžปแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž›แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž•แŸ’แž‘แžปแž€แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘Bแž–แžธแž–แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡ HDV แž‡แžถ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž˜แžถแž“ แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆแž˜แžทแž“แž–แŸแž‰แž›แŸแž‰ (defective virus/virus dรฉfectif) แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž…แžถแŸ†แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แžœแžถแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ HBV แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แŸ†แž–แŸแž‰แž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž€แžผแž“แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžแŸ’แž˜แžธ(replication/rรฉplication)แŸ” แžแžพ serological test / test sรฉrologique แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แž™แž€แž˜แž€แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แžแžถแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ HDV แž‡แžถแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž•แŸ’แž‘แžปแž€แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸHBV ?
มžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžšแž€แžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž แŸ‚แŸ’แžŸแž“ HBs (Ag HBs/HBsAg)
มžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžšแž€แžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แž IgM anti-HBc/HBc IgM
มžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžšแž€แžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž แŸ‚แŸ’แžŸแž“ HBe (Ag HBe/HBeAg)
มžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžšแž€แžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แž IgM anti-HBs/HBs IgM
มžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžšแž€แžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แž IgG anti-HBs/HBs IgG
มž‚แžทแž›แžถแž“แžปแž”แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžถแž€แž™แžทแž€แžถแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹ แž›แŸแž…แž…แŸแž‰แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแž‚แŸ’แž›แžธแž“แžธแž€แžŠแžผแž…แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜(hepatitis/hรฉpatite)แŸ” แž“แžถแž„แž”แžถแž“แžšแŸ€แž”แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰แžแžถ แž“แžถแž„แž”แžถแž“แž˜แžปแžแž˜แŸ’แž‡แžปแž›แž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถ 4 แžแŸ‚แž˜แž€แž แžพแž™ แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž”แžถแž“แž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แžผแž˜แžˆแžถแž˜แž–แžธแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹ แŸ”แž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แž“แŸƒ serological test / test sรฉrologique แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž“แžถแž„แž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžแžถแžขแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸƒแžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž แŸ‚แŸ’แžŸแž“HBs (HBsAg/Ag HBs) , แžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แžanti-HBs แž“แžทแž„แžขแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“แž•แž„แžŠแŸ‚แžšแž“แŸƒแžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ A (HAV) แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ‚แŸ’แžแž“แžถแž„แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“แžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แž IgM anti-coreแŸ” แž‚แžทแž›แžถแž“แžปแž”แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžถแž€แž™แžทแž€แžถแž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ–
มž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แžŠแŸ„แž™แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ B แž‘แŸ
มž˜แžถแž“แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แžŠแŸ„แž™แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ A
มžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžถแž›แž…แžปแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แžŠแŸ„แž™ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ B
มžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžถแž›แž”แž„แŸ’แžขแžฝแž… โ€œWindow/Fenรชtreโ€ (แž‚แžบแž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž›แžทแž…แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž“แžผแžœ แžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž แŸ‚แŸ’แžŸแž“ HBs แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž›แŸแž…แžกแžพแž„แž“แžผแžœแžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แžanti-HBs)
มž˜แžถแž“แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แžŠแŸ„แž™แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ C
มžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž˜แžšแžŽแŸˆแž—แžถแž– แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแžฝแžšแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แžŠแŸ„แž™ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ Eastern equine encephalitis / encรฉphalite รฉquine de lโ€™Est (EEE) แž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžแžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹ แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแž„แž€แžถแžšแž…แŸ†แž›แž„แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž“แŸแŸ‡แžขแžถแž…แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž”แžถแž“แžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแž›แžปแž”แž”แŸ†แž”แžถแžแŸ‹(Eradication/รฉradication) :
มžŸแžแŸ’แžœแžŸแŸแŸ‡
มž”แž€แŸ’แžŸแžธ
มž˜แžผแžŸ
มž…แŸƒ(Fleas/puce)
มž…แŸƒแžŠแž„แŸ’แž€แŸ‚แžŸแžแŸ’แžœแž–แž–แŸ‚ แž…แŸ€แž˜ แž†แŸ’แž€แŸ‚(Ticks/tique)
มž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž–แŸแž‰แžœแŸแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžพแžแžขแžปแžแžŸแŸ’แžœแžถแž™ (varicelle/varicella) แž–แŸแž›แž“แŸ…แž€แžปแž˜แžถแžšแž—แžถแž–แž˜แžถแž“แžฑแž€แžถแžŸแž€แžพแžแž“แžผแžœแž‘แŸ†แžšแž„แŸ‹แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžšแžพแž˜(zona/shingles)แŸ” แžแžพแž—แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž„แžถแžšแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž“แŸแŸ‡ แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžขแŸ†แž”แžผแžšแžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ–
Herpesviridae
Poxviridae
Adenoviridae
Myxoviridae
Paramyxoviridae
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘D (แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸdelta) แž‡แžถแžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž˜แžทแž“แž–แŸแž‰แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆ (virus dรฉfectif / defective virus)แŸ” แžœแžถแžขแžถแž…แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž€แžผแž“แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžแŸ’แž˜แžธ (rรฉplication) แž”แžถแž“แžแŸ‚แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžšแžฝแž…แž‘แŸ…แž แžพแž™ (cellule infectรฉe/infected cell)แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž˜แžผแž™แžŽแžถแž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แŸ–
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘A
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸEpstein-Barr
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘G
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ B
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แž แŸŠแžธแžœ(VIH)
มž”แžปแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž›แžทแž€แž˜แž“แŸ’แž‘แžธแžšแž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แžแžถแž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž แŸ‚แŸ’แžŸแž“แž“แŸƒแž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘B (antigรจne HBs/HBsAg)แŸ”แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แž€แž‘แŸ€แž แž‚แŸแž”แžถแž“แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž แŸ‚แŸ’แžŸแž“e (HBeAg/AgHBe)แž•แž„แžŠแŸ‚แžš แŸ” แž”แžปแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž›แžทแž€แž˜แž“แŸ’แž‘แžธแžšแž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™แž“แŸแŸ‡แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แžขแžถแž…แŸ–
มž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แž„แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž“แžทแž„แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜ (active hepatitis / hรฉpatite active)
มž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แž„แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜
มž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ
มž˜แžถแž“แž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚แž‡แžธแžœแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ (แž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›faux positif / false-positive) แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜
มž˜แžถแž“แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘Bแž“แžทแž„C
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸalpha (Alphavirus)โ€‹ แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžฒแŸ’แž™แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แŸ–
มž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ Marburg
มž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ encรฉphalite de Saint Louis / St.Louis encephalitis
มž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ encรฉphalite รฉquine de lโ€™Ouest / Western equine encephalitis
มž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ Dengue
มž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž‚แŸ’แžšแžปแž“แž›แžฟแž„ (maladie de la fiรจvre jaune/yellow fever)
มžŸแž˜แžถแžŸแž’แžถแžแžปแž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ (Antiviral compounds/composants anti-viraux)แž˜แžฝแž™แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžขแž—แžทแžœแžŒแŸ’แžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แžŸแžœแžแŸ’แžŸแžšแŸแž…แžปแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ” แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแž˜แžฝแž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸ„แŸ‡ แž‚แžบ Ribavirin/RibavirineแŸ”Ribavirin/Ribavirineแž‡แžถnucleoside / nuclรฉoside แžŸแŸ†แž™แŸ„แž‚แž˜แžถแž“แžšแž…แž“แžถแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แžนแž„ guanosineแŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžŠแŸ„แž™ Ribavirin / RibavirineแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แž‡แŸ„แž‚แž‡แŸแž™แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แžนแž„แŸ–
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ syncytium respiratoire (RSV)
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ Herpรจs simplex (HSV)
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ B
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ Coxsackieแž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜A (Group A coxsackievirus /Coxsackievirus groupe A)
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ Parvovirus
มžแžพแž“แžธแžแžทแžœแžทแž’แžธ แžฌ แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแž‚แŸ’แž›แžธแž“แžธแž€แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแžผแž…แžแž‘แŸ…แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ infectiousmononucleosis / mononuclรฉose infectieuse แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ Epstein-Barr แŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แž“แŸ’แž‘แžธแžšแž–แžทแžŸแŸ„แž’แž“แŸแž•แŸ’แžขแŸ‚แž€แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แž›แžพแž€แžถแžšแžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ lymphocyte atypique / atypical lymphocytes แž“แžทแž„แžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แž EBV-specific antibody / spรฉcifiqueanti-EBV
มž€แžถแžšแžŠแžปแŸ‡แž›แžผแžแž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž“แŸƒแžแŸ’แž“แžถแž›แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแŸ‡แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถ(tisssue culture cells / cellules de culturetissulaire)
มž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แžhรฉtรฉrophile แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแŸแžšแŸ‰แžผแž˜แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ
มžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แž€แžถแžšแžšแžธแž€แžšแžถแž›แžŠแžถแž›แž“แŸƒแž€แžผแž“แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแžš(lymphadenopathie/lymphadenopathy) แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžŽแŸ’แžแžพแž€(splenomegaly/splรฉnomรฉgalie) แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž‚แŸ’แž›แžธแž“แžธแž€
มž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžšแžธแž€แžŸแžถแž™ (prolifรฉration) แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ lymphocyte B
มžแžพแž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžขแžถแž…แž‡แžถแž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แŸ’แžšแžˆแž˜แž˜แžปแžแžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž“แžนแž„แž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แžแŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ แž แŸŠแžธแžœ(VIH)แŸ–
มžŸแž˜แžถแž‡แžทแž€แž‚แŸ’แžšแžฝแžŸแžถแžšแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžกแžถแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“แž”แžปแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž›แž•แŸ’แž‘แžปแž€แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž แŸŠแžธแžœ แžŸแŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™
มž”แžปแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž›แžทแž€แž”แžŠแžทแžŸแžŽแŸ’แž‹แžถแžšแž€แžทแž…แŸ’แž…แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž˜แž“แŸ’แž‘แžธแžšแž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™
มž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž€แžšแžšแŸ„แž„แž…แž€แŸ’แžšแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแž แž€แžถแžšแžธแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แž•แŸ’แž‘แžปแž€แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž แŸŠแžธแžœ
มž“แžทแž™แŸ„แž‡แžทแž€แžŸแŸแžœแžถแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž”แžšแž‘แŸแžŸ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž€แž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸแž แŸ’แžŸแžถแžขแŸŠแžถ(Zaire)แžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แžŠแŸ†แž”แŸ…(hรฉmorragie ulcรฉreuse/bleeding ulcers)
มž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜แžŠแŸƒแž‚แžผแžšแžฝแž˜แž—แŸแž‘ แž“แžถแžšแžธ แž“แžทแž„แž“แžถแžšแžธ(homosexuel femelle/homosexual female)
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹ แž˜แžถแž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡-แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“ (Gastrointestinal symptoms / Isymptรดmes gastro-intestinaux) แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘A (HAV)แŸ” แž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚แž“แŸƒแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แž IgG anti-HAV แž“แžทแž„ IgM anti-HAV แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹ แž‚แžบแžขแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“แŸ” แž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž˜แžผแž™ แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‚แžบแŸ–
มžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž แŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž“แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…(HBsAg/AgHBs)แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘B
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘C
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘D
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘E
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸRotavirus
มžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž“แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸ‡แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป 70แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž”แžถแž“แž”แžŠแžทแžŸแŸแž’แž€แžถแžšแž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แžœแŸ‰แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแŸ†แž„แž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž•แŸ’แžŠแžถแžŸแžถแž™ แž แžพแž™แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แž€แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž€แžพแžแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž•แŸ’แžŠแžถแžŸแžถแž™แŸ” แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แžŸแŸ’แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแž แžพแž˜แžŸแžฝแžแžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž…แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžœ (pneumonie aiguรซ/acute pneumonia)แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž€แžพแžแž•แŸ’แžŠแžถแžŸแžถแž™แž”แžถแž“แž˜แžฝแž™แžŸแž”แŸ’แžแžถแž แŸแŸ” แž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž…แŸ†แž”แž„แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž แžพแž˜แžŸแžฝแžแžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž…แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžœแž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž–แžธแž•แŸ’แžŠแžถแžŸแžถแž™ (pneumonie aiguรซ post-influenza/postinfluenzal pneumonia) แž‚แžบแŸ–
Legionnella
Listeria
Staphylococcus aureus
Klebsiella
Escherichia coli
มžแžพแžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž…แŸ†แž›แž„แž‡แžถแž”แž‹แž˜แžแžถแž˜ แž•แŸ’แž›แžฝแžœแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹-แž›แžถแž˜แž€ (voie oro-fรฉcale / fecal-oral route) ?
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ encรฉphalite de Saint Louis / St.Louis encephalitis virus
Virus de la fiรจvre ร  tique de Colorado / Colorado tick fever virus
Coxsakievirus
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž‚แŸ’แžšแžปแž“แž›แžฟแž„ (virus de la fiรจvre jaune/Yellow fever virus)
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž‚แŸ’แžšแžปแž“แž›แžฟแž„ (virus de la fiรจvre jaune/Yellow fever virus)
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™ cytomรฉgalovirus (CMV) แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ… แŸ” แžแžพแžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถ แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžแŸ’แžแžถแž’แžทแž”แŸ’แž”แžถแž™แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž–แžธแž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹CMV ?
มžœแžถแžขแžถแž…แž…แŸ†แž›แž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แžšแž”แžถแŸ†แž„แžŸแžปแž€ (barriรจre placentaire/placental barrier)
มž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ… CMV แžŸแŸ’แž‘แžพแžšแžแŸ‚แžŸแŸ’แžแŸ‚แž„แž…แŸแž‰แž‡แžถแžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แž–แŸแž› แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแžŽแŸˆแž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚
CMV แžขแžถแž…แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแŸ‡แž”แžถแž“แž…แŸแž‰แžขแŸ†แž–แžธแž‚แŸ„แž›แžทแž€แžถแž€แŸ’แžšแž แž˜แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ
มž˜แžทแž“แžŠแžผแž…แž‡แžถแžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžŠแŸแž‘แŸƒแž‘แŸ€แž CMV แž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž€แžถแžš แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž› immunosuppressif / immunosuppressive
มž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹CMV
มž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแžฝแžšแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž› Saint Louis (encรฉphalite de Saint Louis) แž‡แžถแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แž แžพแž™แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžŸแŸ’แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แž‡แžถแžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„ แž“แŸ…แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† 1933แŸ” แžแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸ„แž‚แž˜แžผแž™ แžŽแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžถแž“แžขแžแŸ’แžแžถแž’แžทแž”แŸ’แž”แžถแž™แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแž“แŸƒแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž“แŸแŸ‡ แŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแž…แŸ†แž›แž„แž‘แŸ…แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแž€แžถแžšแžแžถแŸ†แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž…แŸƒแžŠแž„แŸ’แž€แŸ‚ tique infectรฉ / infected tick
มž‡แžถแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžŠแŸ„แž™แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ Togavirus
มžœแžถแž‡แžถแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ arbovirus แž…แŸ†แž”แž„แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แž›แžพแž˜แž‡แŸ’แžˆแž˜แžŽแŸ’แžŒแž›แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แž“แŸ’แž’แŸแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸแžขแžถแž˜แŸแžšแžทแž€
มžœแžถแž แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŠแžผแž…แž‡แžถแžŸแŸ‚แŸ’แžแž„แžกแžพแž„แž“แžผแžœแžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž—แžถแž–แžŠแžผแž…แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž“แžทแž„แž•แŸ’แžŠแžถแžŸแžถแž™ (influenza)
มžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แž“แŸ’แž‘แžธแžšแž–แžทแžŸแŸ„แž’แž“แŸ แž‡แžถแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแž‚แžบแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžœแžทแž’แžธแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแŸ‡แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ
มž€แŸแŸ’แž˜แž„แžŸแŸ’แžšแžธแžขแžถแž™แžป 17แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžกแžพแž„แž€แžผแž“แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแžšแž“แŸ…แž“แžนแž„ แž€(lymphadรฉnopathie cervicale/cervical lymphadenopathy) , แž‚แŸ’แžšแžปแž“แž€แŸ’แžแŸ…แž“แžทแž„แžšแž›แžถแž€แž”แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹แž€ (pharyngitis/pharyngite)แŸ” แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸแŸ‡แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŸแž„แŸ’แžŸแŸแž™แžแžถแž‡แžถแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ mononuclรฉose infectieuse/infectious mononucleosisแŸ” แžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž†แžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแž แŸแžŸ แž–แŸ’แžšแž˜แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž‚แŸ’แž›แžธแž“แžธแž€แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž…แžถแŸ†แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแž แž‚แžบ แŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแžšแž€แžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แž IgM แž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แžนแž„แžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž แŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž“ capside แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ(antigรจne de capside viral/Viral Core Antigen)
มž€แžถแžšแžšแž€แžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แž IgG แž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แžนแž„แžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž แŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž“ capside แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ /IgG antibody to VCA
มž€แžถแžšแžšแž€แžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แž แž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แžนแž„ แžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž แŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž“ nuclรฉaire แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸEpstein-Barr (antigรจne nuclรฉaire de virus Epstein-Barr/EBNA)
มž€แžถแžšแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแŸ‡แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ(culture)
มž€แžถแžšแžœแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แžšแžทแž protรฉine C rรฉactive (CRP)
Lymphocytose atypique / atypical lymphocytosis แž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแžขแžถแž…แž‡แžฝแž”แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸ‡แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแž แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ แŸ–
มžšแž›แžถแž€แžแžฝแžšแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž› แžŠแŸ„แž™ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ Herpรจs simplex
Mononuclรฉose แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ Epstein-Barr
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™ Parvovirus
มžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แžšแŸ‰แžถแŸ†แžšแŸƒแžŠแŸ„แž™แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ C (Hรฉpatite C chronique)
มžšแž›แžถแž€แž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“ (gastro-entรฉrite) แžŠแŸ„แž™ rotavirus
มž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แžŠแŸ„แž™แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘C (HCV) แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ… แž˜แžถแž“แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแž‚แŸ’แž›แžธแž“แžธแž€แž˜แžทแž“แž’แŸ’แž„แž“แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž„แžšแž‘แŸ แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž“แŸ‹แžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แžผแžœ แžขแž„แŸ‹แžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜ แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แžแžทแž…แžแžฝแž…แž”แŸ‰แžปแžŽแŸ’แžŽแŸ„แŸ‡แžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แžทแž“แž…แžถแŸ†แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž€แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž˜แž“แŸ’แž‘แžธแžšแž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™แž‘แŸแŸ” แžแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸ„แž‚แž˜แžผแž™แžŽแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžถแž“แžขแžแŸ’แžแžถแž’แžทแž”แŸ’แž”แžถแž™แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ แžขแŸ†แž–แžธ HCVแŸ–
มž˜แžถแž“แž€แžšแžŽแžธแžแžทแž…แžแžฝแž…แžœแžทแžœแžแŸ’แžแž“แŸแž‘แŸ…แž‡แžถแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แžšแŸ‰แžถแŸ†แžšแŸ‰แŸƒ (chronic liver disease / maladie hรฉpatique chronique)
มž‡แžถแž‰แžนแž€แž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แž›แžพแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž›แžˆแžถแž˜ (patients post-transfusionnels / post-transfusion patients)
มž‚แžบแž‡แžถแžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘B (HBV) แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แŸ‚แž“แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘Cแž‘แŸ (HCV) แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž‰แŸ€แž“แžแžถแž˜แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜
มž‚แžบแž‡แžถ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸAND / DNA
มž•แž›แžทแžแž•แž›แžˆแžถแž˜ (blood product/produits du sang) แž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚แžšแž€ แžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แž anti-HCV
มžแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚ (marqueur/marker) แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแžผแž…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‡แžถแž‰แžนแž€แž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž‡แžถแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚ (marqueur) แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž‚แŸแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžแžถแž˜แžŠแžถแž“แžšแž€แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž–แžธแž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ BแŸ–
มžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž แŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž“ HBe
มžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž แŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž“ HBs
มžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž แŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž“ HBc
มžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แž anti-HBc
มžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แž anti-HBe
มžแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแžขแžถแž…แžแžถแž˜แžŠแžถแž“แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰ แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ†แžกแžปแž„แž–แŸแž›แž‘แžพแž”แž“แžนแž„แž‡แžถแžŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แž”แžพแž™แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ B (แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžถแž›แž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž„แŸ’แžขแžฝแž… phase de fenรชtre/window phase)แŸ–
มžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž แŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž“ HBe
มžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž แŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž“ HBs
มžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž แŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž“ HBc
มžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แž anti-HBc
มžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แž anti-HBe
มžแžพแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜ แžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž แŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž“ แžฌ แžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แžแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžถแž“แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แžแŸ‚แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŽแŸ’แžœแŸƒแž™แžผแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚ (noyeau de lโ€™hรฉpatocyte infectรฉe/infected hepatocyte) แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แž“แŸ’แž’แŸแžˆแžถแž˜แžšแžแŸ‹แž‘แŸ (circulation pรฉriphรฉrique/peripheral circulation)แŸ–
มžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž แŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž“ HBe
มžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž แŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž“ HBs
มžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž แŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž“ HBc
มžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แž anti-HBc
มžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แž anti-HBe
มžแžพ แžฑแžŸแž แžฌ แžœแŸ‰แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแŸ†แž„ แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แžšแž€แž”แžถแž“แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž—แžถแž– แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ A ?
Acyclovir
มžœแŸ‰แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแŸ†แž„แž•แž›แžทแžแž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ†แž„แžถแž”แŸ‹แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ (vaccin de virus attรฉnuรฉ / killed virus vaccine)
มžœแŸ‰แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแŸ†แž„แž•แž›แžทแžแž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž– (vaccin de virus inactivรฉ / inactivated virus vaccine)
มžœแŸ‰แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแŸ†แž„แž•แž›แžทแžแž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแžŸแŸ‹ (vaccin de virus vivant/live virus vaccine)
มžœแŸ‰แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแŸ†แž„แž•แž›แžทแžแž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแž”แž…แŸ’แž…แŸแž€แžœแžทแž‘แŸ’แž™แžถแžšแžฝแž˜แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž› แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ (vaccin de virus recombinant / recombinant viral vaccine)
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž‚แžฝแžšแžแŸ‚แž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แžœแŸ‰แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแŸ†แž„แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžถแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž•แŸ’แžŠแžถแžŸแžถแž™แž‡แžถแžšแŸ€แž„แžšแžถแž›แŸ‹แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แŸ” แžแžพ แžœแŸ‰แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแŸ†แž„ แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‚แŸแž™แž€แž˜แž€แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹ แŸ–
มžŸแŸแžšแŸ‰แžผแž˜ immune globuline
มžœแŸ‰แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแŸ†แž„แž•แž›แžทแžแž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ†แž„แžถแž”แŸ‹แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ (vaccin de virus attรฉnuรฉ / killed virus vaccine)
มžœแŸ‰แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแŸ†แž„แž•แž›แžทแžแž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž– (vaccin de virus inactivรฉ / inactivated virus vaccine)
มžœแŸ‰แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแŸ†แž„แž•แž›แžทแžแž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแžŸแŸ‹ (vaccin de virus vivant/live virus vaccine)
มžœแŸ‰แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแŸ†แž„แž•แž›แžทแžแž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแž”แž…แŸ’แž…แŸแž€แžœแžทแž‘แŸ’แž™แžถแžšแžผแž˜แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž›แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰ (vaccin de virus recombinant / recombinant viral vaccine)
มžแžพแž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžขแžถแž…แž‡แžถแž‡แž˜แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸHSVแŸ–
Acyclovir
มžœแŸ‰แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแŸ†แž„แž•แž›แžทแžแž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ†แž„แžถแž”แŸ‹ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ(vaccin de virus attรฉnuรฉ / killed virus vaccine)
Immune globulineแž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„Herpรจs
Azythromycine
มžœแŸ‰แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแŸ†แž„แž•แž›แžทแžแž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแž”แž…แŸ’แž…แŸแž€แžœแžทแž‘แŸ’แž™แžถแžšแžฝแž˜แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž› แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ(vaccin de virus recombinant / recombinant viral vaccine)
มžแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แžœแŸ‰แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแŸ†แž„แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžแŸ’แžแžถแž’แžทแž”แŸ’แž”แžถแž™แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžขแŸ†แž–แžธ แžœแŸ‰แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแŸ†แž„แž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘BแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž”แž…แŸ’แž…แžปแž”แŸ’แž”แž“แŸ’แž“ ?
มžœแŸ‰แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแŸ†แž„แž‡แžถpeptideแžŸแŸ†แž™แŸ„แž‚(vaccin de peptide syntรฉtique / synthetic peptide vaccine)
มžœแŸ‰แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแŸ†แž„แž•แž›แžทแžแž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ†แž„แžถแž”แŸ‹แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ(vaccin de virus attรฉnuรฉ / killed virus vaccine)
มžœแŸ‰แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแŸ†แž„แž•แž›แžทแžแž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–(vaccin de virus inactivรฉ / activated virus vaccine)
มžœแŸ‰แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแŸ†แž„แž•แž›แžทแžแž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแžŸแŸ‹(vaccin de virus vivant / live virus vaccine)
มžœแŸ‰แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแŸ†แž„แž•แž›แžทแžแž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแž”แž…แŸ’แž…แŸแž€แžœแžทแž‘แŸ’แž™แžถแžšแžผแž˜แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž›แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰(vaccin de virus recombinant / recombinant viral vaccine)
มžขแžปแžแžŸแŸ’แžœแžถแž™(varicelle/varicella)แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แž‡แžถแžšแžฝแž˜แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž€แžผแž“แž€แŸแŸ’แž˜แž„แŸ” แžแžพแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž“แŸแŸ‡แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ ?
Cytomรฉgalovirus
Rotavirus
Virus de la varicelle et du zona / Varicella-zoster virus
Adรฉnovirus
Papillomavirus
มžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžšแž แžทแžแžšแž แŸƒ(lรฉthargie/lethargy)แžšแžŸแžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแžŸแž›แŸ‹(malaise)แž“แžทแž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แž˜แŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„(fatigue)แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŸแž„แŸแŸ’แž€แžแžƒแžพแž‰แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹ แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž–แžทแžŸแžถแžšHamburgerแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž—แŸ„แž‡แž“แžธแž™แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžถแž“แž˜แžฝแž™แž€แžถแž›แž–แžธ 2แžŸแž”แŸ’แžแžถแž แŸแž˜แžปแž“แŸ” แž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแž„แŸ’แžŸแŸแž™แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‚แžบแŸ–
Toxoplasma
Cytomรฉgalovirus
E. coli
Salmonella
Clostridium
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž“แŸแŸ‡ แž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแžขแžถแž…แžแžถแž˜แžŠแžถแž“แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™PCRแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แž แžถแžšแžธแž€แž…แŸ’แžšแž˜แžปแŸ‡แž”แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹แž€(carcinome naso-pharyngรฉ / nasopharyngeal carcinoma) แŸ–
มž€แž‰แŸ’แž‡แŸ’แžšแžนแž›(rougeole/Measles)
Oreillons / Mumps
Rubรฉole / Rubella
Parvovirus
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸEpstein-Barr
มžแžพแžœแžแŸ’แžแžปแžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแž”แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžœแž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแžœแžšแž€แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸpapilloma (humain papillomavirus) แŸ–
มž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž”แžผแž“(tissu cervical/cervical tissue)
มž‘แžนแž€แžŸแž“แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹(liquide synovial/synovial fluid)
มžˆแžถแž˜
มžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€
มžแžพแžœแžแŸ’แžแžปแžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแž”แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžœแž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแžœแžšแž€แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸcytomรฉgalovirus แŸ–
มž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž”แžผแž“(tissu cervical/cervical tissue)
มž‘แžนแž€แžŸแž“แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹(liquide synovial/synovial fluid)
มžˆแžถแž˜
มžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€
มž‘แžนแž€แžแžฝแžšแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžแŸ’แž“แž„(liquide cรฉphalorachidien/cerebrospinal fluid)
มžแžพแžœแžแŸ’แžแžปแžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแž”แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžœแž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแžœแžšแž€แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸentรฉrovirusแŸ–
มž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž”แžผแž“(tissu cervical/cervical tissue)
มž‘แžนแž€แžŸแž“แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹(liquide synovial/synovial fluid)
มžˆแžถแž˜
มžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€
มž‘แžนแž€แžแžฝแžšแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžแŸ’แž“แž„(liquide cรฉphalorachidien/cerebrospinal fluid)
มžแžพแžœแžแŸ’แžแžปแžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแž”แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžœแž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแžœแžšแž€ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžขแžปแžแžŸแŸ’แžœแžถแž™(Varicelle-zoster ,VZV)แŸ–
มž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž”แžผแž“(tissu cervical/cervical tissue)
มž‘แžนแž€แžŸแž“แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹(liquide synovial/ synovial fluid)
มžˆแžถแž˜
มžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€
มž‘แžนแž€แžแžฝแžšแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžแŸ’แž“แž„(liquide cรฉphalorachidien/ cerebrospinal fluid)
มžแžพแžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แž„แžแžถแž˜แž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœ แž›แžถแž˜แž€-แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹ (voie oro-fรฉcale / fecal-oral route) แžขแžถแž…แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆ แžŸแžแŸ’แžœแž„แžถแžœ-แž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ† แžแŸ’แž…แž„ แžแŸ’แž…แŸ… แž แžพแž™แž‡แžถแž‰แžนแž€แž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹แžœแžถแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžฒแŸ’แž™แž›แŸแž…แž…แŸแž‰ แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แž›แžฟแž„แžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž…แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžœ (ictรจre aigu/acute jaundice) , แžšแžถแž‚แž“แžทแž„แžแžผแž…แžแžถแžแž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžš แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜ (anomalie de fonction hรฉpatique/liver function abnormalities)แŸ”
Rotavirus
Adenovirus 40/41
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸNorwalk
Astrovirus
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘A
มžแžพแžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแžšแžฝแž˜แž“แŸƒแžขแŸแž–แžธแžŠแŸแž˜แžธแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡-แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“(รฉpidรฉmie de gastro-entรฉrite/epidemic gastroenteritis)แž‡แžถแž–แžทแžŸแŸแžŸแž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡ แž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜แž“แžถแžœแžถแž…แžšแžŸแž˜แžปแž‘แŸ’แžš แž“แžทแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž”แŸ„แŸ‡แž‡แŸ†แžšแžปแŸ†แž“แžถแžšแžŠแžผแžœแž€แŸ’แžแŸ…? แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž“แŸแŸ‡แžขแžถแž…แžแžถแž˜แžŠแžถแž“แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แž…แŸแŸ’แž…แž€แž‘แŸแžŸ ELISA แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžธแž€แŸ’แžšแžผแž‘แžŸแŸ’แžŸแž“แŸแžขแŸแžกแžทแž…แžแŸ’แžšแžผแž“แžทแž€ แŸ”
Rotavirus
Adenovirus 40/41
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸNorwalk
Astrovirus
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ A
มžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แž IgM แž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แžนแž„แž—แžถแž‚แž›แŸ’แžขแžทแžแžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ (particule viral/viral particle) แž‡แžถแžœแžทแž’แžธแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแž‡แž˜แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแž˜แžฝแž™แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž˜แž“แŸ’แž‘แžธแžšแž–แžทแžŸแŸ„แž’แž“แŸ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž…แŸแŸ’แž…แž€แž‘แŸแžŸแž“แŸแŸ‡แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž™แž€แž˜แž€แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแž€ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แŸ–
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ A
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘B
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘C
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘D
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ E
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžขแŸ†แž”แžผแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ flavivirusแŸ” rรฉservoir / reservoir แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถแž‚แžบแžŠแžถแž…แŸ‹แžแžถแžแž˜แžถแž“แžแŸ‚แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ (strictement humain/strictly human)แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถแž‚แžบแžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแž€แžถแžšแž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž›แžˆแžถแž˜ แžŠแžผแž…แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž•แž›แžทแžแž•แž›แžˆแžถแž˜แž‡แžถแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžแŸ‚แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžœแž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแžœแžšแž€ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž“แŸแŸ‡แž‡แžถแž˜แžปแž“ แŸ”
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ A
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘B
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘C
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘D
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ E
มž€แžถแžšแž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แžœแŸ‰แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแŸ†แž„แž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžš แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžœแŸ‰แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแŸ†แž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ แžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž แŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž“แž“แŸƒแž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ (antigรจne de surface virale/viral surface antigen) แž“แžทแž„แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ… แžœแŸ‰แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸแŸ‡แž•แŸ’แžแž›แŸ‹แž“แžผแžœแž—แžถแž–แžŸแŸŠแžถแŸ†แž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ (immunitรฉ/immunity)แŸ”
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ A
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘B
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘C
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘D
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ E
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‚แžบแž‡แžถ Calicivirus แž˜แžฝแž™ แŸ” rรฉservoir / reservoirแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถแž‚แžบแžŸแžแŸ’แžœแž‡แŸ’แžšแžผแž€ แž“แžทแž„แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž™แž€แž”แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แž„แžŠแŸ„แž™ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แž“แŸแŸ‡แžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœ แž›แžถแž˜แž€-แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹ (voie oro-fรฉcale) แŸ–
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ A
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘B
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘C
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘D
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ E
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‡แžถ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž˜แžทแž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆ (virus dรฉfectif / defective virus) แž˜แžฝแž™ แŸ” แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž˜แžทแž“แžขแžถแž…แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž€แžผแž“ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžแŸ’แž˜แžธ(rรฉplication) แž”แžถแž“แžŠแŸ„แž™แž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ B แž‘แŸ แŸ”
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ A
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘B
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘C
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘D
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ E
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‡แžถ Orthomyxovirus แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“ ARN / RNA แž˜แžฝแž™แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ‚ (ARN ร  simple brin/single-stranded RNA)แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แžœแŸ‰แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแŸ†แž„แž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแž‡แžถแžšแŸ€แž„แžšแžถแž›แŸ‹แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแž…แžถแŸ†แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแž แžŠแŸ„แž™แž แŸแžแžปแžแžถ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแž”แžถแž“แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžแžผแžš แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆ แžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž แŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž“ แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถ (modifications antigรฉniques/antigenic drift and shift) แŸ–
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แž€แž‰แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‡แžทแž›(rougeole/measle)
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แž•แŸ’แžŠแžถแžŸแžถแž™(influenza)
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸsyncytium respiratoire (RSV)
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸparainfluenza
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸadenovirus
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‡แžถ paramyxovirus แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“ ARN / RNA แž˜แžฝแž™แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ‚ (ARN ร  simple brin/single-stranded RNA)แŸ” แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแž€แž“แŸ’แž‘แžฝแž›แž–แž„ (รฉruption/rash) แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‚แŸแž”แžถแž“แžŸแŸ’แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แžแžถแž‡แžถแž…แŸ†แžŽแžปแž… Koplik (point de Koplik/Koplik's spot)แŸ” แžœแžถแž‡แžถแžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹ (signe pathognomonique / pathognomonic) แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ แŸ–
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แž€แž‰แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‡แžทแž›(rougeole/measle)
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แž•แŸ’แžŠแžถแžŸแžถแž™(influenza)
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸsyncytium respiratoire / respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸparainfluenza
มžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸadenovirus
มž…แž›แž“แž€แžถแžš (mรฉcanisme pathogรฉnique/pathogenic mechanism) แž“แŸƒแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžšแž”แŸแž„แžขแžถแž…แž˜แžถแž“ แž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แž‡แžถแž”แž‹แž˜แž“แžนแž„ แŸ–
มž‡แžถแžแžทแž–แžปแž›(toxine)แž•แž›แžทแžแžŠแŸ„แž™mycobactรฉrie / mycobacteria
มž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ„แž„แžŸแŸ’แžขแžทแžแž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แžนแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›spรฉcifique (sites de lโ€™adhรฉsion cellulaire spรฉcifique/specific cell adhesionsites)
Hypersensibilitรฉ ร  mรฉdiation cellulaire / cell-mediated hypersensitivity
มž—แžถแž–แžŸแŸŠแžถแŸ†humoral (immunitรฉ humorale/humoral immunity)
มž€แžถแžšแž€แž€แžŸแŸ’แž‘แŸ‡แž“แŸ…แžแž„แŸ‹แžŸแžฝแž(alvรฉoles/alveoli)แžŠแŸ„แž™แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แžŠแŸแž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž“แŸƒBacille acido-alcolo rรฉsistant / Acid-fastmycobacteria
มžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž”แŸŠแžธแž™แŸ‰แžผแž‘แžธแž€แž˜แžฝแž™แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‚แŸแžŸแŸ’แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แžแžถแž‡แžถQuinolonesแžœแžถแž‡แžถแžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž”แŸŠแžธแž™แŸ‰แžผแž‘แžธแž€แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸแžšแžธ(bactรฉricide/bactericid)แŸ” แž”แŸ‚แž”แž”แž‘แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–(mode dโ€™action / mode of action)แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถ แž›แžพแž”แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸแžšแžธแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แž›แžผแžแž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹(bactรฉrie en phase de croissance/growing bacteria)แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž‚แžทแžแžแžถแžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž– แŸ–
มžšแžถแžšแžถแŸ†แž„(inhibition)แžขแž„แŸ‹แžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜ADN gyrase / DNA gyrase
มž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แžขแžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–(inactivation)แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹pรฉnicilline binding protein II
มžšแžถแžšแžถแŸ†แž„(inhibition)แžขแž„แŸ‹แžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜ bbbbฮฒ-lactamase
มž€แžถแž–แžถแžš(prevention)แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž€แžถแžšแžแž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แžแŸ’แžœแžถแžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžœแŸ‚แž„(cross-linking)แž“แŸƒglycine
มžšแžถแžšแžถแŸ†แž„(inhibition)แžขแž„แŸ‹แžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜transcriptase inverse / reverse transcriptase
มžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸแž˜แž“แŸ’แž‘แžธแžšแž–แžทแžŸแŸ„แž’แž“แŸ แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžœแž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแžœแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž€แžถแž˜แžšแŸ„แž‚แž›แžพแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ แž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžแžถ แžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžVDRLแž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžแžทแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…dilution 1:4 (4 dils)แŸ” แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ แž€แŸแž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แž„แžŠแŸ‚แžšแžแžถแž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘AแžแŸ’แž˜แžธแŸ—แž“แŸแŸ‡ แŸ” แžแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžšแžฝแž˜แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸ†แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถ( test de combinaisons/test combinations)แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแž”แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแž แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแž€syphilis ?
FTA-Abs (IgG) / FTA-Abs (IgM)
RPR / FAT-Abs
RPR / แž€แžถแžšแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแŸ‡แž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚(Culture de lรฉsion/culture of the lesion)
VDRL / RPR
มžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžTreponema pallidum hemagglutination (TPHA) /Treponemapallidum microhemagglutination (MHTP)
มž”แžปแžšแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แžŠแŸ†แž”แŸ…แž€แžถแž˜แžšแŸ„แž‚แž“แŸ…แž”แŸ’แžšแžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แž—แŸแž‘ แž”แžถแž“แž…แžผแž›แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž€แž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŸแž„แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ แŸ” แžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžVDRLแž‚แžบแžขแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“ แŸ” แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแž”แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแžผแž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™แž‚แžบแŸ–
มžขแŸ„แž™แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžแŸ’แžšแžกแž”แŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸ‡แžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžขแŸ’แžœแžธแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹
มžŸแŸ’แž“แžพแžŸแžปแŸ†แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžVDRLแžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžšแž™แŸˆแž–แŸแž› 10 แžแŸ’แž„แŸƒ
มž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แžšแž€แž˜แžพแž›แž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚ trรฉponรจme / treponemaแžŠแŸ„แž™microscope ร  fond noir / dark-field microscopy
มž™แž€แžแž˜แŸ’แž”แžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แžกแžธแž•แŸ’แžแžทแžแž›แžพแžŠแŸ†แž”แŸ…Chancre (รฉcouvillon/swab)แž แžพแž™แž™แž€แž‘แŸ…แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแŸ‡แž“แŸ…แž›แžพThayer-Martin agar
มž”แŸ†แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แž–แžŽแŸŒGramแž›แžพแž‘แžนแž€แžšแž„แŸƒแž”แžถแž“แž˜แž€แž–แžธแžŠแŸ†แž”แŸ…Chancre
มžขแžถแžŸแž“แŸ’แž“แžšแŸ„แž‚(cholรฉra)แž‡แžถแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžšแžถแž‚แž˜แžฝแž›แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž‡แžถแžแžทแž–แžปแž›แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž”แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸแžšแžธ(maladie dysentรฉrie toxicogรฉnique/toxicogenic dysenteric disease)แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“ แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸแž‡แžถแž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž›แžพแžŸแž€แž›แž›แŸ„แž€แŸ”แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžขแžถแžŸแž“แŸ’แž“แžšแŸ„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžฑแžŸแžแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžšแžถแžšแžถแŸ†แž„(inhiber/inhibit) adenyle cyclaseแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž‚แžทแžแžแžถแŸ–
มžŸแŸ†แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž†แžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแž แŸแžŸ
มž›แžปแž”แž”แŸ†แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แžขแžแžทแžŸแžปแžแžปแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽ (รฉradication de lโ€™organisme / eradicate the organism)
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แŸแž‰แžœแžแŸ’แžแžปแžšแžถแžœ (augmentation la sรฉcrรฉtion liquidienne / increase fluid secretion)
มž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž…แž›แž“แžถแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“ (rรฉduction la motilitรฉ intestinale / reduce intestinal motility)
มžšแžถแŸ†แž„แžแŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹(bloquer/block)แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แž‡แžถแžแžทแž–แžปแž›แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚แžขแžถแžŸแž“แŸ’แž“แžšแŸ„แž‚(toxine du cholรฉra/cholera toxin)
Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus) แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แž‡แžถแž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแžŠแŸ†แž”แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž›แžถแž™ แžšแž แžผแžแžŠแž›แŸ‹ pneumonie/pneumoniaแŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™ staphylococcus aureus แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžฑแžŸแž pรฉnicilline / penicillinแž‡แžถแž‰แžนแž€แž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžปแž‚แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถแž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแŸ–
มžขแžŸแž˜แžแŸ’แžแž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ penicillin แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแŸ€แžแž…แžผแž› (pรฉnรฉtrer/penetrate) แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸ (membrane) แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ S. aureus
S. aureus แž•แž›แžทแžแžขแž„แŸ‹แž แŸ’แžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜ penicillinase
S. aureusแž•แž›แžทแžแžขแž„แŸ‹แž แŸ’แžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜ penicilline acรฉtylase / penicillin acetylase
มž€แž„แŸ’แžœแŸ‡แž‘แžธแž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แž…แž„แž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹ pรฉnicilline แž“แŸ…แž›แžพ S. aureus (manque le site de liaison pour la pรฉnicilline / lackof penicillin binding sites on S. aureus)
มž”แŸ’แžšแžแžทแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžขแžถแž›แŸ‚แž€แž แŸ’แžŸแŸŠแžธ (allergie/allergy )แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž”แŸ’แžšแžผแžแŸแžขแŸŠแžธแž“แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹staphylocoque / staphylococcus
มž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“ anรฉmie ร  drรฉpanocytose / sickle cell anemiaแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ Ostรฉomyรฉlite / osteomyelitis แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžขแžแžทแžŸแžปแžแžปแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แŸ–
Micrococcus
Escherichia
Pseudomonas
Salmonella
Streptococcus
มž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ Ostรฉomyรฉlite hรฉmatogรฉnique / hematogenous osteomyelitis แžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž…แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžœ (aiguรซ / acute) แž”แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž‚แŸแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แž‡แžถแž‰แžนแž€แž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแŸ‡ (isolement/isolation) แžขแžแžทแžŸแžปแžแžปแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽแž–แžธแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜ แž แžพแž™แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž“แŸแŸ‡แž‡แžถแž‰แžนแž€แž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธ แŸ–
Proteus mirabilis
Streptococcus faecalis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
S. aureus
E. coli
มž‡แžถแžแžทแž–แžปแž›แžˆแŸ’แž˜แŸ„แŸ‡Toxine diphtรฉrique / diphteria toxinแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž•แž›แžทแžแžŠแŸ„แž™souches / strainsแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹C. diphtheriaแžแŸ‚แž”แŸ‰แžปแžŽแŸ’แžŽแŸ„แŸ‡ แžŠแŸ‚แž›soucheแž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž‡แžถแŸ–
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“fermentation du glucose / glucose fermentation
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“fermentation du saccharose / sucrose fermentation
LysogenicแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹beta prophage
Souches mitis / the mitis strain
มž˜แžถแž“แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž”แž–แžธแž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…(encapsulรฉ/encapsulated)
มžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž—แžถแž– แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžทแž“แžŸแžผแžœแž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แžแŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ (test non-invasif / non invasive test) แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แžŠแŸ†แž”แŸ…แž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡แžŠแŸ„แž™helicobacter (ulcรจre gastrique associรฉ au hรฉlicobacter / Helicobacter - associated gastric ulcer) แž‚แžบแŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแžšแž€แžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž แŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž“แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ H. pylori แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž›แžถแž˜แž€
มž€แžถแžšแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแŸ‡ H. pylori แž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡ (biopsie gastrique/stomach biopsy)
มž€แžถแžšแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแŸ‡ H. pylori แž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแž›แžถแž˜แž€
มž€แžถแžšแžšแž€แžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แžŸ IgM แž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„ H. pylori
มž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแŸ‡ contenus / contents แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแžšแž€ H. pylori
มž”แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸแžšแžธแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแž˜แž’แŸ’แž™แŸ„แž”แžถแž™แž˜แžฝแž™แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แŸ” แž…แž›แž“แž€แžถแžšแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž› แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž€แžพแžแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ แž‚แžบแž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แž‡แžถแžแžทแž–แžปแž›แž‡แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแžผแžแŸแžขแŸŠแžธแž“แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž€แž˜แŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„(toxines protรฉiques puissantes/potent protein toxins)แŸ” แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž˜แžถแž“แž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž”แŸ’แžšแžผแžแŸแžขแŸŠแžธแž“แž–แžปแž›แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž˜แžธแž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž” แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ‚แŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž‡แžถแžแžทแž–แžปแž›แž˜แžฝแž™แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แŸ” แž‡แžถแžแžทแž–แžปแž›แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž‚แžบแŸ–
Tรฉtanos / tetanus
Botulisme
Dysentรฉrie bacillaire (shigella) / Bacillary dysentery
Diphtรฉrie / diphteria
Coagulation intravasculaire dissรฉminรฉe / disseminated intravascular coagulation
มž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป 2แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžขแŸ„แž™แž…แžผแž›แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž€แž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™แžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžป แžšแž›แžถแž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžแžฝแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž…แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžœ (mรฉningite aiguรซ/acute meningitis)แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แž–แžŽแŸŒ Gram แž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžขแŸ„แž™แžƒแžพแž‰แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚ Gram แžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“ แž˜แžถแž“แžšแžถแž„แžŠแžผแž…แžŠแŸ†แž”แž„แžแŸ’แž›แžธ (court bรขtonnet/short rods)แŸ” แž˜แŸ’แžแžถแž™แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸแŸ’แž˜แž„แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถ แž€แžผแž“แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž‘แž‘แžผแž›แž€แžถแžšแž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แžœแŸ‰แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแŸ†แž„แž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžแžฝแžšแž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แžŸแž–แŸ’แžœแžขแžŸแŸ‹แž แžพแž™แŸ” แžแžพแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแžŽแžถแž˜แžผแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแž„แŸ’แžŸแŸแž™แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž“แŸแŸ‡ แŸ–
N. meningitidis , groupe A
N. meningitidis , groupe B
Listeria
S. pneumoniae
H. influenzae
มž…แŸ’แžšแž€แž…แžผแž› (porte dโ€™entrรฉe/portal of entry) แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹C. tetani แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžแŸแžแžถแžŽแžผแžŸ(tetanus) แž‚แžบแŸ–
มžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€
มž”แŸ’แžšแžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแŸ†แž›แžถแž™แžขแžถแž แžถแžš(tractus gastro-intestinal/gastrointestinal tract)
มž”แŸ’แžšแžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แžŠแž€แžŠแž„แŸ’แž แžพแž˜(tractus respiratoire/respiratory tract)
มž”แŸ’แžšแžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž–แžผแž‡(tractus gรฉnital/genital tract)
มž”แŸ’แžšแžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž–แžผแž‡(tractus gรฉnital/genital tract)
มž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ… แž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚ แžšแž”แŸแž„ แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆ แŸ–
มžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€
มž”แŸ’แžšแžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแŸ†แž›แžถแž™แžขแžถแž แžถแžš(tractus gastro-intestinal/gastrointestinal tract)
มž”แŸ’แžšแžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แžŠแž€แžŠแž„แŸ’แž แžพแž˜(tractus respiratoire/respiratory tract)
มž”แŸ’แžšแžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž–แžผแž‡(tractus gรฉnital/genital tract)
มž”แŸ’แžšแžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž–แžผแž‡(tractus gรฉnital/genital tract)
มž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ แžšแžถแž€แž˜แžฝแž›แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšshigella (Shigellose/Shigellosis)แž”แžถแž“แž‡แžฝแž”แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸ‡แž‡แžถแž‰แžนแž€แž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแž…แžผแž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸแž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžขแž—แžทแžœแžŒแŸ’แžแž“แŸแŸ”แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚แž“แŸแŸ‡แžขแžถแž…แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แž”แžถแž“แžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆ แŸ–
มžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€
มž”แŸ’แžšแžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแŸ†แž›แžถแž™แžขแžถแž แžถแžš(tractus gastro-intestinal/gastrointestinal tract)
มž”แŸ’แžšแžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แžŠแž€แžŠแž„แŸ’แž แžพแž˜(tractus respiratoire/respiratory tract)
มž”แŸ’แžšแžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž–แžผแž‡(tractus gรฉnital/genital tract)
มž”แŸ’แžšแžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž–แžผแž‡(tractus gรฉnital/genital tract)
มž”แžปแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž›แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แŸแŸ‡(gonorrhea)แŸ” แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แž‡แžถแž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž“แŸแŸ‡ แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆ แŸ–
มžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€
มž”แŸ’แžšแžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแŸ†แž›แžถแž™แžขแžถแž แžถแžš(tractus gastro-intestinal/gastrointestinal tract)
มž”แŸ’แžšแžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แžŠแž€แžŠแž„แŸ’แž แžพแž˜(tractus respiratoire/respiratory tract)
มž”แŸ’แžšแžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž–แžผแž‡(tractus gรฉnital/genital tract)
มž”แŸ’แžšแžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž–แžผแž‡(tractus gรฉnital/genital tract)
มžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž”แŸŠแžธแž™แŸ‰แžผแž‘แžทแž€ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž‡แŸ†แžšแžพแžŸแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž‚แŸ’แžšแžปแž“แžšแž›แžถแž€แžŸแžฝแž แžŠแŸ„แž™pneumocoque (pneumonie ร  pneumocoque/pneumococcal pneumonia) แž‚แžบแŸ–
Penicilline
Ampicilline
Erythromycine
Vancomycine
Ceftriaxone
มžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž”แŸŠแžธแž™แŸ‰แžผแž‘แžทแž€ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž‡แŸ†แžšแžพแžŸแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แž”แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹แž€ แžŠแŸ„แž™streptocoque (pharyngite ร  streptocoque/streptococcal pharyngitis) แž‚แžบแŸ–
Penicilline
Ampicilline
Erythromycine
Vancomycine
Ceftriaxone
มž‡แŸ†แžšแžพแžŸแž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž› (traitement au choix/therapy of choice) แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบentรฉrocolite pseudomembraneuse / pseudomembranous enterocolitisแž‚แžบแŸ–
Penicilline
Ampicilline
Erythromycine
Vancomycine
Ceftriaxone
มžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž”แžŽแŸ’แžŠแžปแŸ‡ (isoler/isolate) แž”แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸแžšแžธspรฉcifique/specificแž˜แžฝแž™ แž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแžœแžแŸ’แžแžปแžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚แž‚แŸ’แž›แžธแž“แžธแž€ (รฉchantillons cliniques/clinical specimens) แž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแž…แžถแŸ†แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžแŸ’แž“แžถแž›แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแŸ‡แžŸแžทแž”แŸ’แž”แž“แžทแž˜แŸ’แž˜แžทแžแž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แŸ— (milieux de culture artificiel/artificial media)แŸ” แžแŸ’แž“แžถแž›แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแŸ‡แžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡แž‚แžบแž‡แžถ milieu sรฉlectif / selective media แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž˜แžฝแž™แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡แž‘แŸ€แžแž‡แžถ millieux non sรฉlectif/nonselective mediaแŸ” C. diphtheria แž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž›แŸ†แž”แžถแž€แž”แžŽแŸ’แžŠแžปแŸ‡แž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแžœแžแŸ’แžแžปแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžถแž€ แž…แŸ’แžšแž˜แžปแŸ‡แž”แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹แž€(nasopharynx) แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž“แž”แžพแž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžแŸ’แž“แžถแž›แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแŸ‡แž–แžทแžŸแŸแžŸ แŸ” แžแŸ’แž“แžถแž›แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแŸ‡ แž–แžทแžŸแŸแžŸแž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‚แžบแŸ–
Agar du sang de mouton / sheep blood agar
Lรถffler
Agar Thayer-Martin
Thiosulfate-Citrate-Bile salt Sucrose (TCBS)
Lรถwenstein-Jensen
มžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž”แžŽแŸ’แžŠแžปแŸ‡(isoler/isolate) แž”แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸแžšแžธ spรฉcifique / specific แž˜แžฝแž™ แž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแžœแžแŸ’แžแžปแžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚แž‚แŸ’แž›แžธแž“แžธแž€ (รฉchantillons cliniques/clinical specimens) แž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแž…แžถแŸ†แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžแŸ’แž“แžถแž›แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแŸ‡แžŸแžทแž”แŸ’แž”แž“แžทแž˜แŸ’แž˜แžทแžแž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แŸ— (divers milieux de culture artificiel/artificial media)แŸ” แžแŸ’แž“แžถแž›แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแŸ‡ แžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡แž‚แžบแž‡แžถ milieu sรฉlectif / selective media แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž˜แžฝแž™แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡แž‘แŸ€แžแž‡แžถ millieu non sรฉlectif / nonselective media แŸ” แžแžพ S. aureus แž˜แžถแž“แžšแžผแž”แž—แžถแž–แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ… (apparence / appearance)แžขแžถแž…แžŸแŸ†แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž›แžพ แžแŸ’แž“แžถแž›แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแŸ‡แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แŸ–
Agar du sang de mouton / sheep blood agar
Lรถffler
Agar Thayer-Martin
Thiosulfate-Citrate-Bile salt Sucrose (TCBS)
Lรถwenstein-Jensen
มžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแžŸแŸ’แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แž”แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸแžšแžธแž˜แžทแž“แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแž˜แžฝแž™(bacterie anormale/abnormal bacteria) แž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแž…แžถแŸ†แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžŠแžนแž„แžแžถ แžแžพแž”แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸแžšแžธแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„floreแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ(flore normal/normal flora) แž“แŸƒแž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แž˜แžฝแž™แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แž›แžพแžšแžผแž”แžšแžถแž„แž€แžถแž™ แŸ” แžแžพแžขแžแžทแžŸแžปแžแžปแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž”แžšแžทแž˜แžถแžŽแž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ vagin / vagina แž แžพแž™แžœแžถแž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแžขแžถแž…แž˜แžถแž“แžแžผแž“แžถแž‘แžธแž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแž•แž„แžŠแŸ‚แžšแŸ”
Streptocoque ฮฑ-hemolytique / hemolytic streptococcus
Lactobacillus
S. epidermidis
E. coli
B. fragilis
มžแžพแžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž”แŸŠแžธแž™แŸ‰แžผแž‘แžทแž€แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‚แŸแž”แžถแž“แžšแŸ†แž–แžนแž„แž‘แžปแž€แžแžถแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž—แžถแž–แž–แžปแž›แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ–
Penicilline
Mitomycine
Cephalosporine
Bacitracine
Vancomycine
Penicilline แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แžšแž„แŸ’แžœแž„แŸ‹แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แž‘แžผแž›แžถแž™(ร  large spectre / broad-spectrum) แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž– anti-pseudomonas แž‚แžบแŸ–
Piperacilline
Cefoperazone
Ceftriaxone
Ciprofloxacine
Imipenem
Cephalosporine แž‡แŸ†แž“แžถแž“แŸ‹แž‘แžธ3 แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แž”แž‹แž˜ (activitรฉ primaire / primary activity) แž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แžนแž„ Pseudomonas aeruginosa แž‚แžบแŸ–
Piperacilline
Cefoperazone
Ceftriaxone
Ciprofloxacine
Imipenem
มžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž”แŸŠแžธแž™แŸ‰แžผแž‘แžทแž€ แž–แž–แžฝแž€ Quinolone แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แž‘แžผแž›แžถแž™แž›แžพแž”แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸแžšแžธGram- negative แž“แžทแž„ Gram-positive แž‚แžบ แŸ–
Piperacilline
Cefoperazone
Ceftriaxone
Ciprofloxacine
Imipenem
มžแžพ แžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž”แŸŠแžธแž™แŸ‰แžผแž‘แžทแž€ แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžšแžถแžšแžถแŸ†แž„แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžขแž„แŸ‹แžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜dihydrofolate rรฉductase / dihydrofolate reductase ?
Penicilline
Amdinocillin
Amphotericine
Chloramphenicol
Trimethoprime
มž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ Trachome/Trachoma แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž…แŸ†แž”แž„แž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžขแŸ„แž™แž—แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžแŸ’แžœแžถแž€แŸ‹แŸ” แžแžพแžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž–แžธแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž“แŸแŸ‡ แŸ–
มžœแžถแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธ C. trachomatis
มž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžŠแŸแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแžšแž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž“แŸแŸ‡แž‚แžบ cephalosporine systรฉmique / systemic cephalosporine แž“แžทแž„ tetracycline ophthalmique / opthtalmic tetracyclin
มžœแžถแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž–แžถแž›แŸ‹แž›แžพแž”แŸ’แžšแž‡แžถแž‡แž“ 400แž›แžถแž“แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹ แž“แŸ…แžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹แž”แŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแž แŸ’แžœแžทแž€แž—แžถแž‚แžแžถแž„แž›แžพ (Pacific Rim)
มžœแžถแž‡แžถแž‘แŸ†แžšแž„แŸ‹แž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แžถแž€uvรฉeแžšแŸ‰แžถแŸ†แžšแŸ‰แŸƒ(uvรฉite chronique/chronic uveitis)
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แž“แŸ…แž—แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŠแŸ„แž™ Chlamydia แž‡แžถแž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแž…แŸ†แž”แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž”แžŸแŸ’แžŸแžปแž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™
Chlamydiae แž‡แžถ bacille Gram nรฉgatif / Gram-negative rods แžแžผแž…แŸ— แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‚แŸแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แžแžถแž‡แžถแžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแŸ” แžแžพแžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆแž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ Chlamydiae แž แžพแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแžปแžŸแž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž–แžธ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แŸ–
มžŸแŸ†แž™แŸ„แž‚ protรฉines แžŠแŸ„แž™แžฏแž€แžšแžถแž‡แŸ’แž™
มž€แž”แž“แžนแž„แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž„แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„แž˜แžธแž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž” (sensibilitรฉ aux antimicrobiens / susceptibility to antimicrobial agents)
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž€แžผแž“แž…แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ (reproduction intracellulaire / intracellular reproduction)
มžŸแŸ†แž™แŸ„แž‚ATP
มž˜แžทแž“แžขแžถแž…แž˜แžพแž›แžƒแžพแž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แžธแž€แŸ’แžšแžผแž‘แžŸแŸ’แžŸแž“แŸแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž–แž“แŸ’แž›แžบ (microscope ร  lumiรจre / light microscope)
มžแžพแžขแžแžทแžŸแžปแžแžปแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ pneumonie primitive atypique / primary atypical pneumoniaแž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ?
M. hominis
M. orale
M. pneumoniae
M. fermentans
U. urealyticum
มžแžพแžขแžแžทแžŸแžปแžแžปแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แž‘แŸ’แžœแžถแžšแž˜แžผแžแŸ’แžš แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แŸ‚แž“แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แŸแŸ‡ (urรฉtrite non-gonococcique / nongonococcal urethritis) แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ ?
M. hominis
M. orale
M. pneumoniae
M. fermentans
U. urealyticum
มžแžพแžขแžแžทแžŸแžปแžแžปแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแžšแžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแžขแžผแž˜แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹ (cavitรฉ orale/oral cavity) แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแžปแžแž—แžถแž–แž›แŸ’แžข ?
M. hominis
M. orale
M. peumoniae
M. fermentans
U. urealyticum
มžแžพแžขแžแžทแžŸแžปแžแžปแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแžšแžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹ แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž–แžผแž‡แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธ (tractus genital femelle/female genital tract) แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แžœแžถแžขแžถแž…แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœแžŠแž„แŸ’แž แžพแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž…แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžœ (maladie respiratoire aiguรซ / acute respiratory illness) ?
M. hominis
M. orale
M. pneumoniae
M. fermentans
U. urealyticum
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ แžขแŸแžŠแžŸแŸ (AIDS) แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹ แž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ’แžขแž€แž‡แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแž…แžถแŸ† (toux persistante / persistent cough) แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ†แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžแžผแžšแžขแžถแž€แžถแžšแŸˆแž”แž“แŸ’แžแžทแž…แž˜แŸ’แžแž„แŸ— (changement progressif du comportement / progressive behavioral changes)แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž”แžถแž“แž”แžšแžทแž—แŸ„แž‚Hamburger แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž…แŸ†แžขแžทแž“แž˜แžทแž“แž†แŸ’แžขแžทแž“แž›แŸ’แžขแžแžถแŸ†แž„แž–แžธแž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž”แŸ’แžแžถแž แŸแž˜แžปแž“แŸ” แž‘แžนแž€แžแžฝแžšแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžแŸ’แž“แž„ (LCR/CSF) แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แžผแž˜แž™แž€แž‘แŸ…แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚ แžšแžฝแž… แž‡แžถแž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แž‚แŸแžŸแž„แŸ’แž€แŸแžแžƒแžพแž‰แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แžขแžแžทแžŸแžปแžแžปแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽ แž˜แžถแž“แžšแžถแž„แžŠแžผแž…แž•แŸ’แžŸแžทแž (levure-like) แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแŸ†แž”แž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž”แž–แžธแž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แŸ” แž•แŸ’แžขแŸ‚แž€แž›แžพแž€แžถแžšแžŸแž„แŸ’แž€แŸแžแž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแžขแžแžทแžŸแžปแžแžปแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽแž“แŸแŸ‡ แžขแžถแž…แž‡แžถแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ แŸ–
Toxoplasma
Cryptosporidium
Candida
Cryptococcus
Pneumocystis
มž‚แŸแžขแžถแž…แžŸแŸ’แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹ C. albicans แž”แžถแž“ แžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž˜แžธแž€แŸ’แžšแžผแž‘แžŸแŸ’แžŸแž“แŸแž›แžพแž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžœแžถแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚ (tissus infectรฉs/infected tissues) แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸƒแŸ–
Sphรฉrules / spherulesแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“endospores
Granules mรฉtachromatiques / metachromatic granules
มž•แŸ’แžŸแžทแž (levures/yeasts) แž“แžทแž„pseudohyphae
Asci แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“ 2-8 ascospores
Rhizoรฏds แž‡แžถแž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แžŠแžถแž…แŸ‹แŸ—แž–แžธแž‚แŸ’แž“แžถ (rhizoรฏds sรฉparรฉs/septate rhizoids)
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แž›แžพแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžŠแŸ„แž™แž–แŸ’แžšแžผแž“แžŸแŸ†แž”แŸ‰แŸ‚แž Taenia saginata แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แž‚แŸ„แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แž˜แžทแž“แž’แŸ’แž„แž“แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž„แžšแžŠแžผแž…แž‡แžถแž–แŸ’แžšแžผแž“แžŸแŸ†แž”แŸ‰แŸ‚แž Teania solium แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แž‡แŸ’แžšแžผแž€แž‘แŸ แž–แžธแž–แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡ แŸ–
มžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžŸแŸ’แž‘แŸ‡แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž…แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžœ (occlusion intestinale aigรผe / acute intestinal stoppage) แž˜แžทแž“แžŸแžผแžœแž€แžพแžแž˜แž€แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™แž–แŸ’แžšแžผแž“แžŸแŸ†แž”แŸ‰แŸ‚แžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แž‚แŸ„แž‘แŸ
มž€แžถแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแŸ€แžแž…แžผแž›แž›แžปแž€แž›แžปแž™แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž€แžผแž“แžŠแž„แŸ’แž€แžผแžœ (invasion de larve/larval invasion) แž˜แžทแž“แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™แž–แŸ’แžšแžผแž“แžŸแŸ†แž”แŸ‰แŸ‚แžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แž‚แŸ„
มž‡แžถแžแžทแž–แžปแž› (dรฉrivรฉ toxique/toxic by-products) แž˜แžทแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžกแžพแž„แž–แžธแž˜แŸแž–แŸ’แžšแžผแž“แžŸแŸ†แž”แŸ‰แŸ‚แž แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แž‚แŸ„แž‘แŸ
มž˜แŸแž–แŸ’แžšแžผแž“แžŸแŸ†แž”แŸ‰แŸ‚แžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แž‚แŸ„ แž˜แžถแž“แž˜แžถแžŒแžแžผแž…แž‡แžถแž„
มž–แž„แž–แŸ’แžšแžผแž“แžŸแŸ†แž”แŸ‰แŸ‚แžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แž‚แŸ„แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ„แž›แžšแž›แžถแž€ (irritation) แžแžทแž…แžแžฝแž…แžŠแž›แŸ‹ muqueuse แž”แŸ’แžšแžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแŸ†แž›แžถแž™แžขแžถแž แžถแžš
มž€แžถแžšแžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚แž›แžถแž˜แž€แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžขแŸ„แž™แžƒแžพแž‰แž“แžผแžœแžœแžแŸ’แžแžปแžแžผแž…แŸ— แž˜แžถแž“แžšแžผแž”แžšแžถแž„แžŠแžผแž…แž‡แžถแž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแž„แŸ’แž€แžš แŸ”แž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แžธแž€แŸ’แžšแžผแž‘แžŸแŸ’แžŸแž“แŸแž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžแžถ แžœแžถแž‡แžถproglottidesแŸ” แžขแžแžทแžŸแžปแžแžปแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž›แžถแž˜แž€แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž“แŸแŸ‡ แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถ แŸ–
Enterobius vermicularis
Ascaris lumbricoรฏdes
Necator americanus
T. saginata
Trichuris trichiura
มž”แŸ‰แžถแžšแŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แž‡แžถ แž•แŸ’แžŸแžทแž (mycose/fungus) แž แžพแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžœแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŠแŸ‚แž„แž…แŸแž‰แž‡แžถแžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแž‚แŸ’แž›แžธแž“แžธแž€ แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ แžขแŸแžŠแžŸแŸ แž›แžพแžŸแž–แžธ 60%แŸ” แžขแžแžทแžŸแžปแžแžปแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽแž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‚แžบแŸ–
Microsporidium
Cryptosporidium
Pneumocystis
Blastocystis
Blastomyces
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž”แŸ’แžแžผแžšแžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž“แžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แžŸแžถแŸ†แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แž‘แŸ (rejet de greffe/graft rejection) แž–แŸ’แžšแž˜แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžพแž pneumonie/pneumonia แž‘แŸ€แžแŸ” แž€แžถแžšแžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚แž›แžถแž˜แž€แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž€แžผแž“แžŠแž„แŸ’แž€แžผแžœ RhabditiformeแŸ” แž€แžถแžšแžแžถแž˜แžŠแžถแž“แž‡แžถแž”แž“แŸ’แžแž‘แŸ€แž แž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แžŠแž„แŸ’แž€แžผแžœแžŠแžผแž…แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž“แŸแŸ‡แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แž„แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž€แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แŸ” eosinophileแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž‘แŸแŸ” แžขแžแžทแžŸแžปแžแžปแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽแž“แŸแŸ‡ แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“ แž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถ แŸ–
Necator
Hymenolepis
Ascaris
Loa loa
Strongyloรฏdes
มžขแžถแž˜แžธแž” (Amibes/amebae) แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‰แžถแžšแŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ„แž„แž€แŸ’แžšแžขแžผแž˜แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“ (cavitรฉ orale et tractus intestinal / oral cavity and intestinal tract)แŸ” แžแžพแžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžถแž“แžขแžแŸ’แžแžถแž’แžทแž”แŸ’แž”แžถแž™แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแžขแŸ†แž–แžธแžขแžถแž˜แžธแž”แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“ (Amibes intestinales) แž“แŸแŸ‡ แŸ–
มž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แžœแžถแž˜แžทแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž‘แŸ(non pathogรจne/nonpathogenic)
มžœแžถแžขแžถแž…แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แžถแž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž–แŸ„แŸ‡ (pรฉritonite / peritonitis) แž“แžทแž„แžขแžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ‚ แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜ (abcรจs du foie/liver abscesses)
มž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ… แž€แžถแžšแž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถแž‚แžบแžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžš trophozoรฏtes
มžœแžถแž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ duodรฉnum / duodenum
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™ Entamoeba histolytica แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แžแŸ‚แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“ (tractus intestinal/intestinal tract)
Schistosomiase / Schistosomiasis แž‡แžถแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆแž‡แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแžแžทแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜granulomateuse (rรฉaction granulomateuse/granulomatous reaction)แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„ แž–แž„ แžฌแž€แŸแž•แž›แžทแžแž•แž›แž•แŸแŸ’แžŸแž„แŸ—แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ‰แžถแžšแŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแž แž“แŸ…แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžœแžถ แž‘แŸ†แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹แž–แž„(oviposition)แŸ” แžแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแž‚แŸ’แž›แžธแž“แžธแž€แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแŸ†แžŠแŸ‚แž„แž…แŸแž‰แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžšแžŽแžธแž“แŸแŸ‡ แŸ–
Hyperplasie แž“แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž‡แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแŸ†แž„แž•แŸ’แž›แŸ„แž€แž“แŸ„แž˜ (hyperplasie du paroi de la vessie / bladder wall hyperplasia)
Embolie pulmonaire / pulmonary embolism
มž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžŽแŸ’แžแžพแž€ (splรฉnomรฉgalie/splenomegaly)
มž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แž˜แžทแž“แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ (anomalie cardiaque/cardiac abnormalities)
มž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แžŸแž“แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„ (Arthropathies)
มž–แŸ’แžšแžผแž“ trematodes แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž‘แž„แŸ’แž‚แžทแž…แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž’แŸ’แž„แž“แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž„แžšแžŠแž›แŸ‹แžŸแžปแžแž—แžถแž– แžŸแžถแž’แžถแžšแžŽแŸˆแž–แžทแž—แž–แž›แŸ„แž€แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„ แžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ(morbiditรฉ / morbidity) แž“แžทแž„แžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž˜แžšแžŽแž—แžถแž–(mortalitรฉ/mortality)แŸ” แžแžพแžขแžแžทแžŸแžปแžแžปแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แž„แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™แž‡แŸ’แžšแŸ€แžแž…แžผแž›แžแžถแž˜แžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€ แžšแžถแžแžแŸ’แž”แžถแž(endรฉmie / endemia) แžแžถแž˜แžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹แžขแžถแž แŸ’แžœแŸ’แžšแžทแž€แž“แžทแž„แžขแžถแž˜แŸแžšแžทแž…แžกแžถแž‘แžธแž“ แž แžพแž™แž–แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž”แž“แŸ’แž›แžถแž’แŸ†แž“แŸ…แžŸแž„แžแžถแž„ (ses oeufs ont de grandes รฉpines latรฉrales / lateral spine on its eggs)แŸ–
Paragonimus
Clonorchis
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma japonicum
Schistosoma haematobium
มž–แŸ’แžšแžผแž“ trematodes แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž‘แž„แŸ’แž‚แžทแž…แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž’แŸ’แž„แž“แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž„แžšแžŠแž›แŸ‹แžŸแžปแžแž—แžถแž– แžŸแžถแž’แžถแžšแžŽแŸˆแž–แžทแž—แž–แž›แŸ„แž€แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„ แžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ (morbiditรฉ / morbidity) แž“แžทแž„แžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž˜แžšแžŽแž—แžถแž–(mortalitรฉ/mortality)แŸ” แžแžพแžขแžแžทแžŸแžปแžแžปแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚ แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถแž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž”แžšแžทแž—แŸ„แž‚แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžธแž†แŸ… แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž–แž„แž–แŸ’แžšแžผแž“ operculรฉ (oeuf operculรฉ/operculated egg) แž แžพแž™แžœแžถแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžŠแž›แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜ แŸ–
Paragonimus
Clonorchis
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma japonicum
Schistosoma haematobium
มž–แŸ’แžšแžผแž“ trematodes แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž‘แž„แŸ’แž‚แžทแž…แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž’แŸ’แž„แž“แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž„แžšแžŠแž›แŸ‹แžŸแžปแžแž—แžถแž–แžŸแžถแž’แžถแžšแžŽแŸˆแž–แžทแž—แž–แž›แŸ„แž€แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„ แžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ(morbiditรฉ/morbidity) แž“แžทแž„แžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž˜แžšแžŽแž—แžถแž–(mortalitรฉ/mortality)แŸ” แžแžพแžขแžแžทแžŸแžปแžแžปแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แž„แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™แž‡แŸ’แžšแŸ€แžแž…แžผแž›แžแžถแž˜แžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€ แžšแžถแžแžแŸ’แž”แžถแž(endรฉmie/endemia) แž“แŸ…แžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹แžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธ แž แžพแž™แž–แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž”แž“แŸ’แž›แžถแžแžผแž…แž“แŸ…แžŸแž„แžแžถแž„ (petites รฉpines latรฉrales/small lateral spine)แŸ–
Paragonimus
Clonorchis
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma japonicum
Schistosoma haematobium
มž–แŸ’แžšแžผแž“ trematodes แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž‘แž„แŸ’แž‚แžทแž…แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž’แŸ’แž„แž“แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž„แžšแžŠแž›แŸ‹แžŸแžปแžแž—แžถแž–แžŸแžถแž’แžถแžšแžŽแŸˆแž–แžทแž—แž–แž›แŸ„แž€แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„ แžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ(morbiditรฉ/morbidity) แž“แžทแž„แžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž˜แžšแžŽแž—แžถแž–(mortalitรฉ/mortality)แŸ” แžแžพแžขแžแžทแžŸแžปแžแžปแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แž„แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™แž‡แŸ’แžšแŸ€แžแž…แžผแž›แžแžถแž˜แžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€ แžšแžถแžแžแŸ’แž”แžถแž(endรฉmie/endemia) แžแžถแž˜แžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹แžขแžถแž แŸ’แžœแŸ’แžšแžทแž€แž“แžทแž„แž˜แž‡แŸ’แžˆแžนแž˜แž”แžผแž–แŸŒแžถ (Moyen Orient/Middle East) แž แžพแž™แž–แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž”แž“แŸ’แž›แžถแž’แŸ†แŸ—แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž…แžปแž„ (grandes รฉpines terminales/large terminal spines)แŸ–
Paragonimus
Clonorchis
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma japonicum
Schistosoma haematobium
มžœแžทแž’แžธแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแž‡แžถแžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ‰แžถแžšแŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž›แžถแž˜แž€ แž‚แžบแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แž–แžŽแŸŒแž›แžพ รฉtalement de selle / smear of fecesแŸ” แž•แŸ’แž‘แžปแž™แž‘แŸ…แžœแžทแž‰ แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡ แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ‰แžถแžšแŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡แž˜แž’แŸ’แž™แŸ„แž”แžถแž™แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แž‘แŸ€แžแž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แžถแž“แž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž› แž›แŸ’แžขแž‡แžถแž„แŸ” แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡ G. lambia แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แž”แžถแž“แž›แŸ’แžขแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแžšแž”แŸ†แž•แžปแž แžŠแŸ„แž™แŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแžแžแž†แŸ’แž›แžปแŸ‡sigmoรฏde (sigmoรฏdoscopie/sigmoidoscopy) แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžผแž˜แž™แž€ mucus แž–แžธ lรฉsions / lesions
มž”แž…แŸ’แž…แŸแž€แž‘แŸแžŸ Baermann
มž–แž„แŸ’แžšแžถแžœแžœแžแŸ’แžแžปแžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚ (Dilution) แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แž–แž„
มžแŸแžŸแŸ’แž immuno-enzymatique (EIA)
มž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž›แžพ ruban dโ€™รฉcouvillon de cellophane / cellophane tape swab
มžœแžทแž’แžธแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ‰แžถแžšแŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž›แžถแž˜แž€ แž‚แžบแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹ แž–แžŽแŸŒแž›แžพ รฉtalement de selle / smear of fecesแŸ” แž•แŸ’แž‘แžปแž™แž‘แŸ…แžœแžทแž‰ แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ‰แžถแžšแŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡ แž˜แž’แŸ’แž™แŸ„แž”แžถแž™แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แž‘แŸ€แžแž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แžถแž“แž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แž›แŸ’แžขแž‡แžถแž„แŸ” แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡ E. histolytica แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แž”แžถแž“แž›แŸ’แžขแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแžšแž”แŸ†แž•แžปแž แžŠแŸ„แž™แŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแžแžแž†แŸ’แž›แžปแŸ‡sigmoรฏde (sigmoรฏdoscopie/sigmoidoscopy) แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžผแž˜แž™แž€ mucus แž–แžธ lรฉsions / lesions
มž”แž…แŸ’แž…แŸแž€แž‘แŸแžŸ Baermann
มž–แž„แŸ’แžšแžถแžœแžœแžแŸ’แžแžปแžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚ (Dilution) แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แž–แž„
มžแŸแžŸแŸ’แž immuno-enzymatique (EIA)
มž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž›แžพ ruban dโ€™รฉcouvillon de cellophane / cellophane tape swab
มžœแžทแž’แžธแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ‰แžถแžšแŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž›แžถแž˜แž€ แž‚แžบแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹ แž–แžŽแŸŒแž›แžพ รฉtalement de selle / smear of fecesแŸ” แž•แŸ’แž‘แžปแž™แž‘แŸ…แžœแžทแž‰แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ‰แžถแžšแŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡แž˜แž’แŸ’แž™แŸ„แž”แžถแž™แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แž‘แŸ€แžแž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แžถแž“แž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แž›แŸ’แžขแž‡แžถแž„แŸ” แžœแžทแž’แžธแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžŠแŸแž›แŸ’แžขแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแžšแž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžแžถแž˜แžŠแžถแž“แžšแž€ แž€แžผแž“แžŠแž„แŸ’แž€แžผแžœ (larve/larvae) Strongyloรฏde แž‚แžบ แŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแžแžแž†แŸ’แž›แžปแŸ‡sigmoรฏde (sigmoรฏdoscopie/sigmoidoscopy) แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžผแž˜แž™แž€ mucus แž–แžธ lรฉsions / lesions
มž”แž…แŸ’แž…แŸแž€แž‘แŸแžŸ Baermann
มž–แž„แŸ’แžšแžถแžœแžœแžแŸ’แžแžปแžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚ (Dilution) แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แž–แž„
มžแŸแžŸแŸ’แž immuno-enzymatique (EIA)
มž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž›แžพ ruban dโ€™รฉcouvillon de cellophane / cellophane tape swab
มžœแžทแž’แžธแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ‰แžถแžšแŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž›แžถแž˜แž€ แž‚แžบแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹ แž–แžŽแŸŒแž›แžพ รฉtalement de selle / smear of fecesแŸ” แž•แŸ’แž‘แžปแž™แž‘แŸ…แžœแžทแž‰แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ‰แžถแžšแŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡แž˜แž’แŸ’แž™แŸ„แž”แžถแž™แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แž‘แŸ€แžแž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แžถแž“แž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แž›แŸ’แžขแž‡แžถแž„แŸ” แžแžพ Ascaris แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŸแž„แŸ’แž€แŸแžแžƒแžพแž‰แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแž แžŠแŸ„แž™แžœแžทแž’แžธแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแžแžแž†แŸ’แž›แžปแŸ‡sigmoรฏde (sigmoรฏdoscopie/sigmoidoscopy) แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžผแž˜แž™แž€ mucus แž–แžธ lรฉsions / lesions
มž”แž…แŸ’แž…แŸแž€แž‘แŸแžŸ Baermann
มž–แž„แŸ’แžšแžถแžœแžœแžแŸ’แžแžปแžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚ (Dilution) แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แž–แž„
มžแŸแžŸแŸ’แž immuno-enzymatique (EIA)
มž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž›แžพ ruban dโ€™รฉcouvillon de cellophane / cellophane tape swab
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž€แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‡แŸ’แžšแžผแž€แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹ แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแžŠแžนแž„แžแžถ แž”แžถแž“แž”แžšแžทแž—แŸ„แž‚ Hamburger แž†แŸ… แž แžพแž™แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž€แžพแž chorio-rรฉtinite / chorio retinitisแŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžŠแŸ„แž™แž–แžŽแŸŒ Sabin Feldman (Sabin Feldman dye) แž‚แžบแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“แŸ” แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž“แŸแŸ‡ แž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถ แž‘แž‘แžผแž›แž“แžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แž„แžšแŸ„แž‚แŸ–
Trichinose / Trichinosis
Schistosomiase / Schistosomiasis
Toxoplasmose / Toxoplasmosis
Larva migrans viscรฉral / visceral larva migrans
Giardiase / Giardiasis
มž–แŸ’แžšแžถแž“แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžแŸ’แžœแž–แŸ’แžšแŸƒแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹ แž”แžถแž“แž“แžทแž™แžถแž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžแžถแž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แŸ…แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ† แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžถแž“แž แžพแž˜แž—แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€ แŸ” แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แžšแžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸแžแžถแž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž”แžšแžทแž—แŸ„แž‚แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž›แžถแžƒแŸ’แž˜แžปแŸ†แž‡แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแž…แžถแŸ†แŸ” แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžˆแž˜แž“แžนแž„แž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แžแŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แž„แžšแŸ„แž‚ แŸ–
Trichinose / Trichinosis
Schistosomiase / Schistosomiasis
Toxoplasmose / Toxoplasmosis
Larva migrans viscรฉral / visceral larva migrans
Giardiase / Giardiasis
มž“แžทแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžทแžแž˜แž แžถแžœแžทแž‘แŸ’แž™แžถแž›แŸแž™แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป 19แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž˜แžถแž“แž›แŸแž…แž…แŸแž‰แž€แž“แŸ’แž‘แžฝแž›แžšแŸ„แž› (รฉruption cutanรฉe / rash)แŸ” แž“แžถแž„แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž–แŸแž› แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž˜แž“แŸ’แž‘แžธแžš แž‚แŸ’แž›แžธแž“แžธแž€ แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžขแŸแžŠแžŸแŸแž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž€แžปแž˜แžถแžšแŸ” แž‚แŸแž”แžถแž“แž”แžผแž˜แžˆแžถแž˜แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž“แžถแž„แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžšแž€ anticorps spรฉcifique / specific antibodyแž“แžนแž„ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸChicken-pox (VZV/varicella-zoster)แŸ” แžแžพแžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แžแžแŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžšแŸ†แž–แžนแž„แžแžถแž“แžนแž„แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰ แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž“แž”แžพแž“แžถแž„แž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แžŸแŸŠแžถแŸ†แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ Chicken-poxแŸ–
IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgM
มž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแž…แŸ†แž”แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ lymphocyte T แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžแž”แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แž“แŸ’แž’แŸแž—แžถแž–แžŸแŸŠแžถแŸ†แž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแžปแž…แž˜แžฝแž™ แž“แŸƒแž…แŸ†แžŽแžปแž…แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžกแžถแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แŸ–
มžŸแŸ’แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹ รฉpitopes / epitopes แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แŸ‰แžผแž›แŸแž‚แžปแž› complexe majeur dโ€™histocompatibilitรฉ / histocompatiblity complex แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ
มž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹ complรฉments / complements
Phagocytose / phagocytosis
มž•แž›แžทแž แžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แž (production des anticorps/production of antibodies)
มžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แž IgA แž‡แžถแžแŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแž‘แžธแž˜แžฝแž™ (premiรจre ligne de dรฉfense/first line of defense) แž“แŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแž–แž“แŸ’แž’แŸแž—แžถแž–แžŸแŸŠแžถแŸ†แž‘แž”แŸ‹แž‘แž›แŸ‹แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แž“แŸ…แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแžŸแžพแž˜(muqueuses / mucous membrane)แŸ” แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ… แžœแžถแž‡แžถ anticorps spรฉcifique prรฉcoce / early specific antibody แŸ” แžแžพแžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžŠแŸ‚แž› แžขแžแŸ’แžแžถแž’แžทแž”แŸ’แž”แžถแž™แž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžขแŸ†แž–แžธ IgA แŸ–
มžแŸแžŸแŸ’แž fixation du complรฉment / complement fixation แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แž IgA แž“แžนแž„แž‘แŸ…แž‡แžถแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“ แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž“แž”แžพแž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“ anticorps IgA spรฉcifique / specific IgA antibody.
IgA แž˜แžทแž“แžขแžถแž…แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‘แžนแž€แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แž‘แŸแžŠแžผแž…แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแŸแžŸแŸ’แž แžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚ IgA แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‘แžนแž€แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แžแŸ†แž›แŸƒแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™
IgA แžขแžถแž…แž”แŸ†แž•แŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แž”แžถแž“แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžš protรฉase / protease แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž”แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸแžšแžธ
IgA แžขแžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ colostrum
IgA แž‡แžถแž˜แŸ‰แžผแž›แŸแž‚แžปแž›แžแžผแž… แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แž˜แŸ’แž„แž“แŸ‹แž˜แŸ‰แžผแž›แŸแž‚แžปแž› (PM/MW) 30000 kDa
Immunoglobuline แž˜แžฝแž™ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถแž‚แŸแž˜แžทแž“แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ lymphocyte B / B lymphocyteแŸ” แžœแžถแž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž˜แžถแž“แž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแž‡แžถ rรฉcepteur de lโ€™antigรจne / antigen receptor แŸ” แžแžพ Ig แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆแžแžถแž„แž›แžพแž“แŸแŸ‡?
IgG
IgM
IgE
IgA
IgD
มžแžพ Immunoglobuline แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แžแž”แž‹แž˜(primary/primaire) แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ แž‘แžนแž€แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹ แž‘แžนแž€แž—แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž“แžทแž„แž‘แžนแž€แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“ แž“แžทแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แž—แŸแž‘ (liquide de sรฉcrรฉtions intestinales et gรฉnitales / intestinal andgenital secretions) ?
IgG
IgM
IgE
IgA
IgD
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹ แž˜แžถแž“แž€แž˜แŸ’แžšแžทแž anticorps anti-hรฉpatite delta / antibody to delta agent แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„ แŸ” แžแžพแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŸแž„แŸ’แžŸแŸแž™แž›แžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธแžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ?
รฉrythรจme infectieuse / fifth disease
มžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แž‡แžถ varicelle / chickenpox
มžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แž‡แžถ panencรฉphalite sclรฉrosante sub-aigรผe / subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
มžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘B
Lyme aigรผe / Acute Lyme
มž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“ แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แŸ‚แž“แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸƒแž€แžšแžŽแžธ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž‚แžบแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜ แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘A (HAV) แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜ แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘B (HBV) แž“แžทแž„แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜ แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ non-A non-B (แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜C)แŸ” แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚ แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™ HAV แžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แž“แŸ’แž‘แžธแžšแž–แžทแžŸแŸ„แž’แž“แŸ แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แžขแžถแž…แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž”แžถแž“แžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแžแžถแž˜แžŠแžถแž“แžšแž€ แžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แž IgG แž“แžทแž„ IgM แž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แžนแž„ HAV แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹HBV แž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžปแž‚แŸ’แžšแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถแž‰แž‡แžถแž„แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแžแžถแž˜แžŠแžถแž“แžšแž€ แžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แžแž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แžนแž„แžขแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž แŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž“ HBs (AgHBs) แž†แŸ’แž›แžปแŸ‡แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แžผแžœ แŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž…แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžœ (แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžถแž› incubation/incubation period)
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž…แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžœ (แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžถแž›aiguรซ/acute phase)
มž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚ (แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžถแž›aiguรซ/acute phase)
มž€แžถแžšแž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แžŸแŸŠแžถแŸ†แž“แžนแž„แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ Immunisation / Immunization
มžŸแž—แžถแž–แž•แŸ’แž‘แžปแž€แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ HBV (porteur de HBV/HBV carrier state)
มž€แž˜แŸ’แžšแžทแž (Titre) แžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แžแž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„ แžœแžธแžšแžปแžŸ Epstein-Barr (EBV) VCA anti-IgGแž˜แžถแž“ 1:80 แž แžพแž™ Titre แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž”แžŠแžทแž”แž€แŸ’แžแž“แŸƒ EBV แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„ early antigen / antigรจne prรฉcoce (EA) แž˜แžถแž“ 1:320 แŸ” แžแžพแž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžขแžถแž…แžขแŸ„แž™แž™แžพแž„แž‚แžทแžแž‘แŸ…แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แŸ–
Mononuclรฉose infectieuse chronique / chronic infectious mononucleosis
Syphilis primaire / primary syphilis
Scarlatine / scarlet fever
Pneumonie primitive atypique / primary atypical pneumonia
Immunitรฉ ร  rubรฉole (German measles)
มž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸƒแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แž RPR (reactive rapid plasma reagin) แž“แžถแŸ†แžขแŸ„แž™แž™แžพแž„แž‚แžทแžแž‘แŸ…แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แŸ–
Mononuclรฉose infectieuse chronique / chronic infectious mononucleosis
Syphilis primaire / primary syphilis
Scarlatine / scarlet fever
Pneumonie primitive atypique / primary atypical pneumonia
Immunitรฉ ร  rubรฉole (German measles)
มž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แž™แŸ„แž‚ prostaglandine/ prostaglandin แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แžŠแŸ„แž™แŸ–
Aspirin
Arsenic
Fluoride
Cyanide
มž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แž™แŸ„แž‚Glucoseแž–แžธแžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแžขแžถแž˜แžธแžŽแŸ (amino acides) แž แŸ…แžแžถแž‡แžถแŸ–
Glycolyse / Glycolysis
Gluconรฉogenรจse / Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenรจse / Glycogenesis
Lipogenรจse / Lipogenesis
มž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ Kwashiorkor แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แžกแžพแž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžšแžŽแžธแž…แŸ†แžŽแžธแžขแžถแž แžถแžšแžแŸ’แžœแŸ‡ แŸ–
มž‡แžถแžแžทแžŠแŸ‚แž€
Calories
Protรฉines / Proteins
Acides gras essentials / Essential fatty acids
Calcitonine / CalcitoninแžŸแŸ†แž™แŸ„แž‚แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ แŸ–
Glandes parathyroฯŠdes / Parathyroid glands
Glande thyroฯŠde / Thyroid gland
มž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž‰แž‘แžนแž€แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹
Cortex surrรฉnalien / Adrenal cortex
Calcium plasmatique / Plasma calcium แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แžŠแŸ„แž™แŸ–
Parathormone
Calcitonine / Calcitonin
Aldosterone
Deoxycorticosterone
มž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžขแžถแž›แŸ‹แž แŸ’แžœแžถแž“แŸƒ รฎlots de Langerhans / Islets of Langerhans แž•แž›แžทแžแŸ–
Insuline / Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatine / Somatostatin
Cholรฉcystokinine / Cholecystokinin
มž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ แžแžพแžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแžแŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แŸ‹แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž‡แžถแžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแžแŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แŸ‹แžŸแžถแžšแžœแŸแž“แŸ’แžแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ แž…แŸ†แžŽแžธแžขแžถแž แžถแžš?
Palmitic acid/acide palmitique
Stearic acid/acide stรฉarique
Oleic acid/acide olรฉique
Linoleic acid/acide linolรฉique
มž€แžถแžšแžแžผแž…แž“แŸƒแžขแžถแž แžถแžš (แž—แžถแž–แžแžถแžš) แž‚แžบแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แŸ–
Cholesterol
Vitamin E
Peroxidation แž“แŸƒแž›แžธแž–แžธแžŠ
มžŸแž˜แžถแžŸแž—แžถแž–แž แŸ’แžœแŸแžŽแžปแž› (phenolic compounds/composรฉs phรฉnoliques)
มž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แž…แžผแž›แžแŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แŸ‹แž“แŸƒแžขแžถแž แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แžšแž“แŸ’แžแžˆแžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž‘แž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แž‡แžถแŸ–
HDL
VLDL
LDL
Chylomicron
มžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแžแŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แŸ‹แžŸแŸแžšแžธ (free fatty acid/acide gras libre) แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜แŸ–
มžŠแŸ„แž™แž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„albumin
มžŠแŸ„แž™แž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแžผแžแŸแžขแŸŠแžธแž“แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแžแŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แŸ‹
มžŠแŸ„แž™แž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„ฮฒ-lipoprotein
มž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‘แž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แž‡แžถแžขแŸ†แž”แžทแž›แžŸแŸแžšแžธแž˜แžทแž“แž—แŸ’แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„แžขแŸ’แžœแžธแž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แž‘แŸ€แž
Cholesterol แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŠแžนแž€แž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž‘แŸ…แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แžŠแŸ„แž™แŸ–
Chylomicrons
VLDL
HDL
LDL
มžœแžธแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“ A แžฌ retinol แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแŸ–
Steroid
มžŸแž˜แžถแžŸแž’แžถแžแžป polyisoprenoid แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“ cyclohexanyl ring / cycle cyclohexanyl
มžŸแŸ’แžšแžกแžถแž™ Benzoquinone
6-hydroxychromane
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