Endocrine System Quiz
Endocrine System Quiz
Test your knowledge on the fascinating world of the endocrine system! This quiz covers a wide range of topics including hormones, glands, and their physiological effects. Perfect for students, teachers, and anyone interested in biomedical science.
Highlights of the quiz:
- 64 challenging questions
- Covers all major endocrine glands
- Multiple-choice format for easy answering
The specific hormone interaction with target cells is provided by
Hormone chemical compound
Tissue belonging of target cells
target cell origination
Existence of receptors for hormone on the target cell plasma membrane
Origination of endocrine gland producing hormone
Each of the following statements concerning the adenohypophysis is true, EXCEPT
consists of glandular epithelial tissue
Originates from the neural crest
Its endocrine cells respond to signals from the hypothalamus
Contains fenestrated secondary plexus capillaries
Is composed of the pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tubularis
Each of the following statements concerning the hypophyseal portal system is true, EXCEPT
its capillaries are narrow and continuous
Its secondary capillary plexus arises from the portal veins and supplies the adenohypophysis
Hypophyseal veins run from the median eminence along the pars tubularis into the pars distalis
Its primary capillary plexus is located in the median eminence
Ts primary capillary plexus arises from the superior hypophyseal arteries and drains into the portal veins
The pars distalis of the adenohypophysis contains the following endocrine cells, EXCEPT
Acidophils: somatotropes and lactotropes
Chromophobes
Basophils: thyrotropes and gonadotropes
Oxytocin-secreting
basophils: adrenocorticotropes
Each of the following statements concerning the physiological effect of adenohypophysial hormones is true, EXCEPT
GH stimulates long bone growth
PR initiates and maintains milk secretion
ACTH controls adrenal medulla secretion
TSH regulates thyroid hormone secretion
FSH and LH regulate gonadal functions
Each of the following statements concerning the neurons of the hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei is true, EXCEPT
Their cell bodies reside in the hypothalamus
Their axons convey neurosecretory products to the secondary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system;
Their axons pass via the infundibular stalk to the neurohypophysis;
Their axons terminate on fenestrated capillaries of the pars nervosa
They secrete oxytocin and ADH
Each of the following statements concerning the pineal gland is true, EXCEP
Consists of pinealocytes and glial cells
Produces serotonin (usually during the day) and melatonin (usually at night)
contains calcified concretions called the brain sand
Is an epithelial endocrine gland
Modulates reproductive functions depending on the day length
Each of the following statements concerning the thyroid gland follicles is true, EXCEPT
are surrounded by continuous capillaries
Are filled with gel-like mass called the colloid;
Their wall is made up of follicular and parafollicular cells
the colloid contains thyroglobulin, the inactive storage form of thyroid hormones
Are the thyroid gland functional units
Each of the following statements concerning the thyroid gland follicular cells is true, EXCEPT
Their basal portions rest on the basal membrane, their apical portions are in contact with the colloid;
Their cytoplasm contains colloid-resorbing droplets
Transport iodide from blood into their cytoplasm and into the colloid;
Arise from the neural crest
Secrete thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
Each of the following statements concerning the process of T4 and T3 secretion is true, EXCEPT
Follicular cells synthesize and secrete thyroglobulin into the follicular lumen
Thyroglobulin is an active form of the thyroid hormones
Iodination of thyroglobulin occurs in the colloid near the apical cell surfaces
hormones are liberated from the storage form by resorption
Hormones are released into fenestrated capillaries
Each of the following statements concerning the thyroid parafollicular cells is true, EXCEPT
Arise from the neural crest
occur in the follicular wall or in the interfollicular spaces
Their basal portions rest on the basal lamina
Their apical portions are in contact with the colloid
Their cytoplasm contains numerous granules with calcitonin
Each of the following statements concerning calcitonin is true, EXCEPT:
is a physiological antagonist to parathyroid
Lowers the blood calcium level;
Suppresses bone resorption and increases bone calcification
its secretion is regulated directly by the blood calcium leve
Its release is controlled by the pituitary gland.
Each of the following statements concerning the adrenal medulla is true, EXCEPT
Its secretion is modulated by ACTH;
Originates from the neural crest
Secretes norepinephrine and epinephrine
its chromaffin cells are modified neurons
Contains sinusoidal blood capillaries and large veins
Each of the following statements concerning the adrenal cortex is true, EXCEPT
Secretes steroid hormones
Consists of epithelial cells
Arises from the mesoderm
Secretes catecholamines
Is divided into three zones: glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis
Each of the following statements concerning the adrenal cortex zona glomerulosa is true, EXCEPT
Lies beneath the capsule
Its cells are arranged in the ovoid clusters surrounded by fenestrated capillaries;
its cells secrete mineralocorticoids, primarily aldosterone
Is controlled by ACTH
Is under feedback control of the renin-angiotensin system
Each of the following statements concerning the adrenal cortex zona fasciculata is true, EXCEPT
Its cells are arranged in the straight cords
Contains narrow continuous capillaries
Its cell cytoplasm is rich in lipid droplets containing steroid hormone precursors
Secretes glucocorticoids, primarily cortisol;
is controlled by ACTH
The following statements regarding the adenohypophysial hormones are true:
are small proteins or glycoproteins
Are tropic hormones modulating other endocrine gland activity
Their secretion is controlled by releasing and inhibitory factors from the hypothalamus
Are accumulated in the Herring bodies
The following statements regarding the functional significance of the hypophyseal portal system are true
Hypothalamic regulating factors are released into the primary capillary plexus
Hypophyseal portal veins carry these factors to the adenohypophysis
Releasing factors leave the blood and enter the adenohypophysis through the secondary capillary plexus
Adenohypophysial tropic hormones are released into the secondary capillary plexus
The following statements regarding the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis are true:
Contains acidophils: somatotropes and lactotropes
Its endocrine cells surround the colloid-filled cysts
hypophyseal portal veins run through it to the pars distalis
Its endocrine cells presumably secrete lipotropins and the melanocyte-stimulating hormone
The following statements regarding the adenohypophysotropic factors are true
Are synthesized by the neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate, ventromedial, and dorsomedial nuclei
Are releasing and inhibitory factors
Their synthesis and discharge are controlled by negative feedback
Are accumulated and released into the bloodstream in the pars nervosa
The following statements regarding the neurohypophysis are true
Originates from nervous tissue
Contains nonmyelinated axons, pituicytes, fenestrated capillaries, and the Herring bodies
Store and release into the blood secretory product from the hypothalamus
Is a typical endocrine gland
The following statements regarding the Herring bodies are true
Are dilated terminal portions of hypothalamic neuron axons
Accumulate granules of oxytocin and ADH
Are in contact with fenestrated capillaries
Are located in the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis
The following statements regarding the functional effect of the neurohypophysial hormones are true
Oxytocin promotes contraction of the uterine muscle cells
Physiological ADH doses increase blood pressure by contraction of the arteriolar muscle cells
Oxytocin stimulates contraction of the breast myoepithelial cells providing milk ejection
Nonphysiological ADH doses are responsible for water resorption by the kidney nephron tubular cells
The following statements regarding the pituicytes are true:
Are principal cells of the neurohypophysis
Store and release the hypothalamic hormones
Are glia-like cells similar to astrocytes
Are endocrine cells
The morphological features of the thyroid gland hyperfunction are as follows
Follicular cells become columnar
Follicles enlarge in diameter
The colloid is more vacuolated and resorbed rapidly
The colloid amount increases
The morphological features of the thyroid gland hypofunction are as follows
Follicular cells become flat
Follicles enlarge in diameter
The colloid is less vacuolated due to the inhibition of its resorption
The colloid amount is reduced
The following statements regarding the thyroid follicular cell hormones are true
Are thyroxine and triiodothyronine
Regulate cell and tissue metabolism
Their release is controlled by the feedback system
Their secretion is stimulated by TSH
The following statements regarding the parathyroid glands are true
Contain principal and oxyphil endocrine cells
Their endocrine cell cords are surrounded by fenestrated blood capillaries
Produce parathyroid hormone
Are adenohypophysis-dependent glands
The following statements regarding the parathyroid hormone (PTH) are true
) increases the blood calcium leve
Its secretion is regulated by serum calcium levels
Stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts
Reduces the kidney exretion and increases the intestinal absorption of calcium
The following statements regarding the adrenal medulla chromaffin cells are true
Its cells are arranged in anastomosing cords
Its secretion is modulated by ACTH
Secretes weak androgens
Arises from the neural crest
The morphological features of steroid-secreting cells are the presence in their cytoplasm of
Well-developed sER
Scantily-developed Golgi complex
Numerous mitochondria with tubular cristae
Few lipid droplets
The following statements regarding the physiological effects of the adrenal cortex hormones are true
Aldosterone acts on nephron tubules and stimulates sodium resorption
Glucocorticoids regulate gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis
Glucocorticoids depress the immune response and inflammatory reactions
Mineralocorticoids regulate sodium and potassium homeostasis and water balance
The mucosa of the alimentary canal consists of
Lining epithelium
Lamina propria from connective tissue
Muscularis mucosae from smooth muscles
Muscularis mucosae from striated muscles
The following statements regarding the submucosa of the alimentary canal are true
Consists of connective tissue
Contains blood vessels
Contains nerve plexus
May contain glands
The submucosa of the alimentary canal contains glands in the following organs
Large intestine
Esophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
The adventitia of the alimentary canal is composed of
Connective tissue
mesothelium
Blood vessels and nerves
Striated muscles
The following statements regarding the serosa of the alimentary canal are true
Is equivalent to the visceral peritoneum
Ncludes connective tissue
Is covered with mesothelium
Contains blood vessels and nerves
The following statements regarding the dorsal surface of the tongue are true
Its mucosa forms papillae
Its papillary epithelium contains taste buds
Its epithelium covering filiform papillae is keratinized
Possesses the submucosa
The following statements regarding the lower surface of the tongue are true
its mucosa forms papillae
Ts epithelium is keratinized
Its epithelium contains taste buds
Possesses the submucosa
The following statements regarding the serous acini of the salivary glands are true
Are spherical
Serous cells are high
Cell cytoplasm is basophilic due to numerous ribosomes
Their lumen is narrow and not conspicuous
The following statements regarding the mucous acini of the salivary glands are true:
Are large and oval
Mucous cells are deep basophilic due to numerous ribosomes
Mucous cells are light due to mucinogen granules
Mucous cells are characterized by basal striations
The distinctive feature of the mixed acini of the salivary gland is the presence of
Myoepithelial cells
Striated epithelial cells
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Serous demilunes
The following statements regarding the striated ducts of the salivary glands are true
Are lined with simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium
Their cells have basal striations
May be surrounded by small amount of connective tissue
Are intralobular ducts
The following statements regarding the basal striations of the striated duct epithelial cells of the salivary glands are true:
Consists of numerous infoldings of the basal plasmalemma
Contains longitudinally oriented mitochondria
Reabsorbs sodium from the secretion
Adds potassium to the secretion
The gastric surface epithelium is called mucous, because:
It is covered with thick mucus layer
Gastric mucosa contains glands
Gastric glands possess mucous cells
Each cell of this epithelium produces mucus
The following statements regarding the chief cells of the gastric glands are true
Are located in the deepest parts of the fundic glands
Are typical protein-secreting cells
Secrete pepsinogen, an inactive pepsin precursor
Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin after contact with the acid gastric juice
The following statements regarding the parietal cells of the gastric glands are true
Are located both in the neck and in the deeper gland parts
Secrete hydrochloric acid and the intrinsic factor
Their cytoplasm stains intensely with eosin and other acid dyes
Have an extensive intracellular canalicular system
The gastric pits are
Glands
Crypts
Villi
Invaginations of the epithelium into the mucosal lamina propria
The stomach functions are:
Chyme formation from the food bolus
Passage of chyme into the duodenum
Protein digestion by pepsin
Neutral fat absorption
The following statements regarding the enteroendocrine cells of the gastric glands are true
They are more prevalent at the base of the glands
Any cells do not reach the gland lumen
Some cells are in contact with the gland lumen
Secrete hormones: gastrin, secretin, etc
The three smooth muscle layers of the gastric muscularis mucosae provide
Gastric peristalsis
Chyme passing into the duodenum
Plication of the gastric mucosa
Outflow of gland secretion
The amplification of the small intestine mucosa surface for digestion and absorption is provided by
Plicae circulares
Intestinal villi
Microvilli of enterocytes
Goblet cells
The following statements regarding the microvilli of the small intestine epithelium are true
Are small finger-like projections of the enterocyte apical plasma membrane
Microvilli appear as a “striated border”
Provide major surface amplification for digestion and absorption
The striated border is broken off over goblet cells
The following statements regarding the crypts of the small intestine mucosa are true
Are epithelial invaginations into the lamina propria
Extend through the lamina propria thickness up to the muscularis mucosae
Are tubular structures
Open onto the luminal surface at villus bases
The following statements regarding the intestinal goblet cells are true:
Contain mucinogen granules in the apical distended portion
Contain organelles and nuclei in the narrow basal portion
Produce mucus
Are located only in intestinal villi
The epithelium of the small intestine villi contains the following cells
Absorptive cells
Goblet cells
Endocrine cells
Paneth cells
The epithelium of the small intestine crypts contains the following cells:
Goblet cells
) intermediate cells
Paneth cells
Endocrine cells
The following statements regarding the gut-associated lymphatic tissue are true:
Lymphocytes infiltrate the mucosal epithelium and the lamina propria
Lamina propria contains lymphatic nodules and Pejer’s patches
Epithelial M cells transport antigens from the gut lumen to lymphocytes
Antigens stimulate lymphocytes for immune response
The following statements regarding the gut-associated lymphatic tissue are true
After antigen stimulation lymphocytes migrate to lymphatic nodes and differentiate into plasma cells
Plasma cells secrete IgA
Enterocytes produce secretory glycoprotein
the IgA-secretory glycoprotein complex passes into the lumen to inactivate antigens
The extensive development of GALT in the large intestine wall reflects the presence in its lumen of
Mucus
A large number and a variety of microorganisms
Chyle
Noxious and metabolic products
The principal functions of the large intestine are as follows
Absorption of electrolytes and water
Digestion of proteins and lipids
Formation of feces
Absorption of amino acids, glycerol, and fatty acids
The following statements regarding the liver portal system are true
The portal vein carries venous blood from the digestive tube, the pancreas, and the spleen
Portal blood contains nutrients and noxious materials from the intestine
Portal blood contains products of the blood cell breakdown from the spleen
Hepatocytes convert toxic substances to harmless ones
The liver blood capillaries are
Continuous
Discontinuous
Fenestrated
sinusoids
The hepatic sinusoid wall contains the following cells
Endothelium
Hepatocytes
Stellate macrophages
Centroacinar
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