Human Factors Midterm
Human Factors Midterm Quiz
Test your knowledge and understanding of Human Factors in aviation with our comprehensive midterm quiz. Featuring 42 engaging questions, this quiz is designed to challenge both your theoretical knowledge and practical understanding of human factors principles.
Prepare for success by reviewing key concepts including:
- Human error and decision-making
- The SHELL model
- Automation and human roles
- Ergonomics and sensory systems
This interpretative activity is called _______ and is a breeding ground for errors. Expectation, experience, attitude, motivation and arousal all have a definite influence on _________ and are possible sources of errors.
Insight
Perception
Decision-making
Training
In conceptual model of Human Factors (SHELL) model, in the center of the model, what is the most critical as well as most flexible component in the system?
Software (procedure, symbology)
Hardware (machine)
Environment
Liveware (human)
Which errors will be likely to be repeated and their occurrences can be anticipated?
Errors due to carelessness
Errors due to negligence
Error due to poor judgements
Error induced by poorly designed equipment or due to normal reaction to a particular situation.
Select the incorrect statement: -
Education encompasses a broad-based set of knowledge, values, attitudes and skills required as a background upon which more specific job abilities can be acquired later.
Training is a process aimed at developing specific skills, knowledge or attitudes for a job or a task.
Proper and effective training cannot take place unless the foundations for the development of those skills, knowledge or attitudes have been laid by previous education.
The possession of a skill in a particular activity indicate skill in teaching that activity to others.
It is important to establish the difference between leadership, which is ______, and authority, which is _______. An optimal situation exists when the two are combined.
Assigned, acquired
Acquired, assigned
Promoted, trained
Contemporary safety views argue for a broadened perspective which focuses on safety deficiencies in the system rather than in individual performance.
True
False
Select correct statement about safety regulations.
(operation that complying) regulations usually represent maximum levels of safety compliance
Regulations cannot cover all risks involved in aviation
Excessive reliance on regulations in lieu of properly organized risk management structures is enough to prevent accident.
Generally, who is responsible for latent failures?
Operational personnel (pilot, mechanic, etc.)
Decision makers, regulators
Operational controller (air traffic controller, dispatcher)
There are some who fear that when exploring the relationship between Human Factors, management and organization — and how it influences aviation safety and effectiveness — the notion of individual accountability may be lost. Others contend that this may also be a subtle way of “passing the buck” for safety entirely to management. Select the one that represent or reflect this assertion.
The concept of organizational accidents represents a broadened view of system safety, which does not intend either to shift responsibility or blame from operational personnel towards management, or to remove individual responsibility.
Blame is a social and psychological process which involves self-preservation and denial and has only limited safety or prevention value.
This concept is to suggest that operational personnel should not make uncalled-for errors; Failures of people and failures of equipment cause accidents. Shifting the cause from people to the organization or systems blurs and diffuses the individual accountability that is critically important in the operation in aviation.
What has been rather neglected are measures directed at enhancing the system’s tolerance to human failures committed — by the simple fact that they are human beings subject to human biases and limitations — by those at the decision-making levels of the aviation system.
Select incorrect statement about corporate cultures.
Culture, like personality, involves deep-seated traits and it is extremely resistant to change.
Culture refers to beliefs and values which are shared by all or almost all members of a group. Culture shapes behavior and norms
A corporate culture always allow violations, and it does not develop overnight
Managers can change and improve existing corporate culture by setting examples which are consistent across the whole value system.
Select the answer that is not the traits of a safe organization.
Enjoy an open, good and healthy safety corporate culture;
Rely on internal responsibility rather than regulatory compliance to achieve safety objectives;
Have developed appropriate risk management structures, which allow for an appropriate balance between production management and risk management;
Maintain inflexible and rigid corporation culture to prevent recurrence of an failure.
The operator’s original policy mandated an immediate pull-up upon receipt of any GPWS(Ground Proximity Warning System) warning, regardless of altitude and position of the aircraft. Operational feedback obtained through the operator’s internal safety information system, however, indicated that during the first calendar year after this policy was implemented, GPWS alerts had not been followed by a pull-up in 60% of occasions. What was the main reason the pilot did not complied the policy?
Fatigue
False and nuisance warnings. (unreliability)
Ignorance
Negligence
They have compared organizations to living organisms, notably the human being. The managers and decision-makers become the brain; the hierarchies, departments and other permanent structures (including the workforce) become the body; and corporate culture becomes the personality. Select incorrect statement.
Culture shapes behaviour
Culture sanctions those who violate norms
It will take considerable time and effort or to be impossible altogether to change existing corporate culture.
A corporate culture will only allow violation and accident to take place.
What is the concept of risk management?
There is always risk. Some risks can be accepted, some — but not all — can be eliminated and some can be reduced to the point where they are acceptable.
To appoint safety managers who can point fingers at individual errors.
To maintain minimum standard.
To identify error and to eliminate them.
Select the item that is not belong to uninsured costs of accident.
Insurance deductibles
Fines and citations
Legal fees resulting from accident
Insurance claim payout
Why do we need human operators who are very error prone and unreliable? Can automation eliminate humans from the system? If not why?
The aviation system consists of many variables that are highly dynamic and not fully predictable.
The inability of automation designers to engineer a programme that can deal with all presumed eventualities and situations in the aviation system, and the uncontrollable variability of the environment
Faced with a new situation, humans, unlike automatons, do not just fail; they cope with the situation and are capable of solving it successfully.
All of the above
Then, why do we need automation?
As a tool to help human being to accomplish the mission effectively.
For the job that do not require intelligence
As automation respond quickly and successfully to new situations
In to relocate the error from human to machine
Select incorrect statement:
If automation is faced with a situation it is not programmed to handle, it fails.
Automation simply relocate errors
Disaster to aviation structure can be prevented through automation centered aviation system
It is unrealistic to think that machine functioning will entirely replace human functioning
All forms of automated assistance for the human operator must be highly reliable, but this may also induce ____________
Fatigue
Alertness
Independency
Complacency
Key system concept of automation should be:
It must strengths and compensates for the weaknesses of both elements. Human and automation.
Aimed for fully autonomous, robotic system.
Handling complex operation to isolate the human operators from such operation.
Eliminating the technology produced problems
To keep costs down, Human Factors considerations are often left out of initial design considerations (in the hope that personnel training will make up for design deficiencies). The result has been the multiplication of ____________
Saving maintenance expenses
Saving operation cost
Downstream costs
Initial savings
Select the answer which shows level of automation from low to high:
Unassisted control, autonomous operation, assisted control
Assisted control, management by exception, management by consent, management by delegation
Assisted control, management by delegation, management by consent, autonomous
Ultimate aim of automation should be the automation should have full control and command of the system.
True
False
Select an incorrect statement;
If they are to retain the responsibility for safe operation or separation of aircraft, pilots and controllers must retain the authority to command and control those operations.
Human operators should be held liable for failures or erroneous decisions of automation even if they do not have full control and command of the system since they are the one who monitors automation and are able to turn off automation if necessary.
Simplicity, clarity and intuitiveness must be among the cornerstones of automation design, for they will make it a better and effective tool.
Since automation cannot be made failure-proof, automation must not be designed in such a way that it can subvert(undermine the power and authority) the exercise of the human operator’s responsibilities.
Select the correct statement:
We have not yet devised a computer that can cope with the variability inherent in the flight and air traffic environment.
Over time, technology intended to increase safety margins has been also used to increase throughput successfully.
Automation can remove unplanned-for errors from as early as their conception.
Better training will make up for unthought-of deficiencies in the design and development stage
Human-centred automation must be error-resistant. What is the example of error-resistant.
“you are about to delete important file, are you sure to delete?”
"If the file is deleted in error, it should be possible to recover it"
"Removing all unnecessary data to show only important data clearly"
"Automation should do, dependably, what it is ordered to do, it should never do what it is ordered not to do"
Ch 4. Ergonomics solution to human factor can be considered:
Liveware - Liveware
Liveware - Hardware
Liveware - Environment
Liveware - Software
Select the correct function of the rod in the retina
Mainly operate in bright surroundings
Operate up to moonlight level
Color perception is good
Acuity perception is good
What does it means that you have 20/40 vision?
The individual can read at only 20 feet what a normal person would read at 40 feet.
The individual can read at 40 feet what a normal person would read at 20feet.
The individual can read at 20 feet what a normal person would read at 20 feet.
The individual can read at 40 feet what a normal person would read at 40 feet.
What is most important sensory system by which humans acquire information from external sources.
Vestibular apparatus (“balance organ”)
Proprioception (“seat of the pants”)
Auditory systems
Visual system
Interpretative activity involving high-level brain functions is called perception, and is a breeding ground for errors. What influence perception and cause errors?
Expectation
Attitude
Motivation
All of the above
Select the item which is not pertaining to flight deck warning systems:
Warning
Cautions
Advisories
Guidance
The time of useful consciousness (TUC) following a rapid decompression depends on aircraft altitude, the rate at which pressure falls, and the level of physical activity of the individual at the time of the event. At typical jet transport aircraft altitudes (35 000 feet) TUC will vary :
5 - 11 seconds
11-22 seconds
22-33 seconds
33- 54 seconds
Human capabilities and limitations in information processing should be considered in the design of displays. Which of followings are unnecessary for the operator?
Timely information
Appropriate information
Accurate information
Most amount of information
Select the mismatched answer
Tactile - sense of touch
Kinaesthetic - sense of motion
Auditory - sense of vision
Olfactory - sense of smell
When analogue instruments are preferable to digital one?
All the time
When viewed at angle
When in dark enviornment
When the numeric values are changing rapidly and frequently
When digital format information is preferable?
When the numeric values are changing frequently or rapidly
When illumination is not enough
When to provide greater accuracy for recording or systems monitoring
When more than one person are required to see the display
The reduction in partial pressure of oxygen at high altitude will result:
Hypoxic Hypoxia
Hypemic Hypoxia
Stagnant Hypoxia
Histotoxic Hypoxia
Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is ?
Hypoxic Hypoxia
Hypemic Hypoxia
Stagnant Hypoxia
Histotoxic Hypoxia
What is not the symptoms of Hypoxia
False sense of security
Euphoria
Impaired Judgment
Anxiety
How do you treat hyperventilation
By increasing breathing rate
By breathing into a paper bag
By decreasing carbon dioxide level
By increasing oxygen intake
Alcohol will produce a form of hypoxia, which kind?
Hypoxic
Hypemic
Stagnant
Histotoxic
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