Human Factors
Understanding Human Factors in Safety
Dive deep into the world of human factors that impact health and safety in various work environments. Our comprehensive quiz will challenge your knowledge on unintentional errors, communication breakdowns, and the psychological aspects of safety management.
- 180 thought-provoking questions
- Explore the 'dirty dozen' human factors
- Improve your understanding of human-system performance
It refers to environmental, organizational and job factors, and human and individual characteristics which influence behavior at work in a way which can affect health and safety.
Human Factors
Human Errors
Safety Management
The study of human – system performance
Human Factors
Human Errors
Safety Management
It involves conscious choices and actions are largely due to judgment or motivational processes
Unintentional Error
Intentional Error
Latent Error
Right intention or plan but incorrectly carried out or not carried at all
Intentional Error
Unintentional Error
Active Error
A failure to do the correct actions of a task or an action taken early or late within a given working procedure
Lapse
Mistake
Slip
It is a “Whoops moment”
Slip
Mistake
Lapse
A failure to carry out particular actions which may form a part of a working procedure
Slip
Lapse
Mistake
Forgotten or Distraction occurs
Mistake
Slip
Lapse
Occur when an incorrect action occurs, but the person involved believes the action to be correct
Mistake
Violation
Lapse
It is either a rule – based or knowledge – based
Violation
Lapse
Mistake
It is a willful disregard for the rules and regulations
Mistake
Violation
Lapse
A mechanic cuts the panel to the wrong width by failing to account for the thickness of the blade cutter
Mistake
Lapse
Slip
Forgetting to latch the fan cowl door
Mistake
Lapse
Slip
An engineer is copying the PN into the engineering order and missed out one digit
Mistake
Lapses
Slip
What are under the Unintentional Error
Slip and Lapses
Mistake and Violation
Mistakes and Lapses
Who is the Psychology professor and recognized as world leading expert on human error
James Reason
James Wright
James Orville
______ together with the aviation industry, identified the 12 human factors known as the “dirty dozen” elements that degrades people’s ability to perform effectively and safely which could lead to maintenance errors.
F.A.A.
E.A.S.A.
Transport Canada
Failure to speak up or otherwise document concern about instructions/orders.
Lack of Knowledge
Lack of Communication
Norms
Overconfidence from repeated experience on a specific activity.
Norms
Complacency
Lack of Assertiveness
We don’t know what we don’t know”
Dunning-Kruger effect
Hierarchy of Effects
Law of effect
Failure to have training, information, and/or ability to perform a task.
Lack of Knowledge
Lack of Resources
Lack of Training
The University that did a research about the jumbled letters but still readable as long as the 1st and the last letter is at the right place.
Cambridge University
Harvard University
University of Kentucky
What year does the dirty dozen was created/identified?
1980’s-1990’s
1960’s-1970’s
2000’s-2010’s
A dirty dozen that usually happens when you perform a task that you have done a thousand times that you feel like you do not need to refer to written instructions about that specific task.
Lack of Knowledge
Norms
Complacency
Lack of understanding for the task given.
Lack of Knowledge
Norms
Lack of Assertiveness
Failure to inform the next “on-duty” mechanic from an unfinished task.
Lack of Communication
B. Lack of Assertiveness
Norms
I and IV
II, III and IV
I, III and IV
I, II and III
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts” was first coined by this philosopher.
Plato
Aristotle
Pythagoras
Socrates
Between 3 & 5am, two experienced inspectors missed 140 cracks when inspecting 1,300 rivets. This example best illustrates:
Stress
Norms
Fatigue
Pressure
Between 3 & 5am, two experienced inspectors missed 140 cracks when inspecting 1,300 rivets. This example best illustrates:
Stress
Norms
Fatigue
Pressure
Which of these statements is true?
As we get older it gets easier to sleep.
We will wake up refreshed after an hour of sleep
We can usually train ourselves to wake up at a given time
Coffee will overcome the effects of exhaustion
All of the following can contribute to fatigue, except.
Workplace
Diet
Exercise
Habits
Five cents worth of unavailable 1/8 inch shrink-wrap (Spaghetti) would have prevented the short circuit that led to the accident. This statement best illustrates.
Lack of Knowledge
Lack of Awareness
Lack of Assertiveness
Lack of Resources
All of the following can contribute to fatigue, except.
Drug & Alcohol
Lifestyle
Environment
Sleep
Extreme tiredness resulting from mental or physical exertion or illness.
Sickness
Ailments
Fatigue
Disorder
If someone is not contributing to the team effort, this can lead to unsafe outcomes.
Lack of Awareness
Lack of Communication
Lack of Teamwork
Lack of Assertiveness
All of the following illustrate lack of teamwork, except.
Actively participating to group goals
Prioritizing your tasks only
Competition among group members
Working independently
_____is applied directly or indirectly, for the task to be completed in a given time?
Self-imposed Pressure
Pressure
Time Pressure
Failure to work together to complete a shared goal?
Lack of Resources
Lack of Teamwork
Fatigue
Pressure
Physical and mental exhaustion threatening work performance?
Lack of Resources
Lack of Teamwork
Fatigue
Pressure
Lack of people, equipment, documentation, time, parts, etc, to do a task?
Lack of Resources
Lack of Teamwork
Fatigue
Pressure
Real or perceived forces demanding high-level job performance?
Lack of Resources
Lack of Teamwork
Fatigue
Pressure
____ failing to act in a bold and confident manner on Safety concerns. But, and this is a big BUT, it also is failing to listen to views of others before making a decision.
Lack of Assertiveness
Complacency
Awareness
In this style the leader and followers now share in decision making through two-way communication and much facilitating behavior from the leader, since followers have the ability and knowledge to do the task.
High Relationship/Low Task
High Task/High Relationship
Low Relationship/Low Task
High Task/Low Relationship
This style most of the direction is still provided by the leader. The leader also attempts through two-way communication and socio-emotional support to get the followers psychologically to "buy into" decisions that have to be made.
High Relationship/Low Task
High Task/High Relationship
Low Relationship/Low Task
High Task/Low Relationship
This style involves letting followers "run their own show The leader delegates since the followers are high in readiness, have the ability, and are both willing and able to take responsibility for directing their own behavior.
High Relationship/Low Task
High Task/High Relationship
Low Relationship/Low Task
High Task/Low Relationship
This style is characterized by one-way communication in which the leader defines the roles of followers and tells them what, how, when, and where to do various tasks.
High Relationship/Low Task
High Task/High Relationship
Low Relationship/Low Task
High Task/Low Relationship
Simply the subconscious response to the demands placed on a person. If you don’t manage _____, it will manage you and you won’t like the results.
Fatigue
Pressure
Stress
The Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, proposed by ________ (1984)
Stephen Hawking
Lazarus and Folkman
John Boudreau
_______ will have a positive impact on your well-being
Irrelevant
Benign-Positive
Stressful
Murphy’s law is an adage or epigram that is typically stated as: __________
Anything that can go wrong will go wrong”
"As soon as you mention something...if it's good, it goes away...if it's bad, it happens."
"Every man has a scheme that will not work."
Mencken's Law
"Bad money drives out the good."
If more knowledge can lead to less happiness, then, by the inverse rule, less knowledge may also lead to more happiness
Those who can, do. Those who cannot, teach.
Which example best illustrates Norms?
Personnel routinely work on top of the wings without using available safety harnesses
All the special tools are not available to complete the inspection on the aircraft.
The maintenance team is one man short and the boss just informed you that the aircraft must be completed two days sooner than originally planned.
Failure to speak up or document concerns about instructions, orders, or the actions of others.
Pressure
Lack of knowledge
Lack of Assertiveness
A physical, chemical, or emotional factor that causes physical mental tension.
Stress
Pressure
Fatigue
Failure to recognize a situation, understand what it is, and predict the possible results.
Lack of knowledge
Distraction
Lack of Awareness
Expected yet unwritten, rules of behavior.
Norms
Lack of Communication
Lack of Operational Integrity
Identify the Magnificent 7 most applicable to this statement: “Our aim is to provide a safe and reliable aircraft.”
We are all part of the team
Our signature is our word and more precious than gold
We work to accentuate the positive and eliminate the negative.
For every chain of events, there are contributing factors, latent failures and active failures.
True
False
Neither of the above
___________ are the precautions or counter measures we take in our day to day lives to prevent the latent errors and human factors from affecting our judgment.
Insurance
Buffer
Safety Net
In the interest of Aviation Safety, __________________ has been developed to foster positive actions that everyone can take and to put emphasis on professionalism within the aviation maintenance community.
The Magnificent Seven
The Magnificent Eight
The Magnificent Nine
The mindset of: “If you do not have time to do things right the first time around, you always have time the second time around, if you get the chance.”
Must be encouraged
Must be avoided
Must be standardized
Reason's model reminds us that most errors are caused by good, competent people who are trying to do the right thing.
True
False
Neither of the above
Illness / Injury can create a variety of factors that can lead to problems such as:
Increased ability to concentrate, Medication side effects, Slowed reaction time
Slowed reaction time, Medication side effects, Reduced physical and mental endurance
Enhanced physical strength or abilities, Medication side effects, Increased ability to concentrate
Always, ___ on the side of safety.
Stay
Err
Umm
Identify the Magnificent 7 most applicable to this statement: “We should learn from our mistakes and share these experiences with others so that they do not make the same errors.”
Our signature is our word and more precious than gold
Just for today - Zero Error
We work to accentuate the positive and eliminate the negative.
Identify the Magnificent 7 most applicable to this statement: “Break error prevention into little steps and we can make giant strides in reducing errors.”
Our signature is our word and more precious than gold
Just for today - Zero Error
We work to accentuate the positive and eliminate the negative.
The most common form of color blindness is?
Red
Green
Red/green combination
____ is second only to vision as a sensory mechanism to obtain critical information during the operation of an aircraft.
Sight
Hearing
Touch
The term _____ refers to a sound, especially one which lacks agreeable musical quality, is noticeably unpleasant, or is too loud.
Hearing loss
Noise
Static
Below are the factors affecting vision/visual acuity in aircraft maintenance and inspection except.
Motion
Lighting available
Aircraft
Good vision / visual acuity is an essential part of aircraft maintenance and inspection. It is estimated that over ____ percent of the cues needed to determine airworthiness are visual.
80
75
70
Illness / Injury can create a variety of factors that can lead to problems such as:
Physical strengths
Fast reaction
Medication side effects
Physical health includes:
Aging
Knowledge retention
Vision/visual acuity
Memory includes:
Storing
Knowledge retention
Information gap
___ is an example of get routine check ups to improve vision/visual acuity
Regular vision testing
Recognize poor vision
Raise osher to report items
Is an essential part of aircraft maintenance and inspection.
Good hearing
Good touching
Good vision
What is the enemy of motivation?
Norms
Complacency
Distraction
What is the cause of typical errors by being complacent?
Assuming that the current situation is the same as the last event
Major life changes or work-related events
Not enough sleep
Signs of a complacent person are:
Lacks in decision making, unable to concentrate, constantly worries, snaps at people
Confusion, lack of accountability, low morale, short term memory
Disinterested, lacks initiative, cuts corner, avoids self-improvement opportunities
How to manage demotivation?
Communicate vision, mix up or minimize routines, encourage self-awareness, reinforce positive behavior
Take time to recharge, learn how to relax, exercise, meditate
Having naps, good sleeping habits, circadian adaptation, stimulators
___ is a state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or very demanding circumstances.
Distraction
Fatigue
Stress
Stress can reduce one’s ability to ___ on the task at hand.
Concentrate
Get distracted
Get confused
Major life changes or work-related events can significantly contribute to the feeling of ___
Lack of knowledge
Stress
Lack of resources
Examples of common workplace stressors are:
Interpersonal conflict, multitasking, physical discomfort, disorganization
Due dates of bills, messy home, divorce or break up, debts
None of the above
Strategies to manage stress levels: ___ when you are under stress. Be aware that it can affect your performance (true professionals put safety over pride).
Go crazy
Drink alcohol
Recognize
Strategies to manage stress levels: ___ to someone. This can reduce stress as well as alert a coworker to observe your work.
Be grumpy
Talk
Shout
Strategies to manage stress levels: If appropriate, ___.
Seek help
Keep it to yourself
Just laugh it out.
Strategies to manage stress levels: ___ unusual changes in the mood or personality of coworkers.
Ignore the
Don't be mindful of
Be aware of
What is the meaning of the acronym MEDA
Maintenance Engineering Directive Administration
Maintenance Error Decision Aid
Maintenance Equipped Domicile Association
it is a structured process used to investigate contributing factors caused by maintenance technician and /or inspector performance.
Human performance
MEDA (Maintenance Error Decision Aid)
Human factor
When was MEDA developed?
1993
1992
1994
What are the 5 basic steps that MEDA follows
Event, Standardize, Safety, Equity. and Performance
Event, Decision, Investigation, Prevention Strategies, and Feedback
Decision, Human factors, Accident investigation, Personnel Counseling, and Safety
All of these are included in Maintenance System Failure(s) section except:
Installation Failure
Fault Isolation / Test / Inspection Failure
Landing gear failure
All of these are included in Individual Factor (s)section except:
Body size/strength
Complacency
Enlightenment
All of these are included in Organizational Factor (s) section except:
Delegation/assignment of task
Prioritization of work
Human resources department
The purpose of the MEDA process is not to determine ___ made the error but rather ___ did this error occur.
who ; why
what ; why
whichever ; when
Significantly affect the quality of work
Time constraint
Pressure
Lack of resources
States that ‘work expands to fill the available for its completion.’
Murphy’s Law
Parkinsons’ Law
Mencken’s Law
When you return to a task, you should
Move to the next step
Go back two steps and get ready for the upcoming steps
Go back three steps in the procedure
If you leave in the middle of a job, you should
Leave it as is
Document where you stopped
Let the next person figure it out
How can we reduce errors caused by distractions?
Use a detailed checklist
Be inattentive of your workplace
All of the above
Pros of teamwork
Spreads the workload
Work effort might vary
All of the above
Team members feel safe to take risk and be vulnerable in front of each other
Dependability
Psychological Safety
Impact
Work is personally important to team members
Structure & Clarity
Dependability
Meaning
To optimize human and system efficiency and effectiveness, safety, health, comfort, and quality of life.
Goals of human factor
Purpose of human factor
Meaning of human factor
Requirements for human factors error reduction programs and training as specified in
CAR Part 6
CAR Part 2
CAR Part 9
Errors are usually the result of multiple________.
Human factors
Contributing factors
Violations
Incidents or Accidents are usually the result of a chain of ______.
Errors
Violations
Unfortunate Events
The ____________is a structured process used to investigate contributing factors caused by maintenance technician and /or inspector performance.
Accident Investigation
Technical Safety Action Group (TSAG)
Maintenance Error Decision Aid (MEDA)
Maintenance systems have multiple barriers to ______ maintenance errors
Prevent
Limit
Enable
Technical Safety Action Group (TSAG) headed by ______ and team led by LST heads.
VP-Flight Operations
VP-Aircraft Maintenance & Engineering
VP-Ground Operations
Who states that failures fall into two main categories?
Dr. James Reason
Dr. Joseph Reason
Dr. James Rason
It is usually caused by an individual.
Active Failure
Latent Failure
Neither A nor B
It is caused by circumstances such as culture or policy
Active Failure
Latent Failure
Neither A nor B
These are unsafe acts committed by those at the sharp end of the system
Active Failure
Latent Failure
Neither A nor B
These are usually fallible decisions whose damaging consequences may lie dormant for a long time.
Active Failure
Latent Failure
Neither A nor B
It is a conceptual tool to analyze interaction of multiple system/components.
SHELL Model
PEAR Model
Swiss Cheese Model
It is the relationship between the human and the supporting systems (regulations, checklists, manuals, computer software, standard operating procedures (SOPs).
Software
Hardware
Environment
Liveware
It is the relationship between the human and the hardware (equipment, machines, etc).
Software
Hardware
Environment
Liveware
It is the relationship between the human and both the internal and external environments.
Software
Hardware
Environment
Liveware
It is the relationship among team members in the work environment.
Software
Hardware
Environment
Liveware
The Dunning-Kruger effect occurs when a person's lack of ___ and skills in a certain area cause them to overestimate their own competence.
Lack of Knowledge
Lack of Awareness
Lack of Assertiveness
Constant change or flow of information can cause Lack of Knowledge
Neutral
False
True
Inactive participation in training can cause Lack of Knowledge
True
False
Neutral
Asking when in doubt can cause Lack of Knowledge
False
Neutral
True
When returning to the job, always go back ___ steps
Two
Three
Four
When returning to the job, always go back ___ steps
Two
Three
Four
Properly ___ incomplete work, so the next person knows where to resume
Mark
Dispose
Hide
____ the source of nuisance especially for complex work
Destroy
Block out
Amplify
Human brains __ perform two tasks at the same time
Do
Can
Do not
The brain handles tasks ____, switching attention between one, then another. The more you multitask, the worse you are at it.
all at once
Sequentially
Simultaneously
Failure to have training, information, and/or ability to conduct a task
Lack of Communication
Lack of Knowledge
Distraction
Adding or including something that should not be there.
Commission
Omission
Selection
Missing something out, for example, from a sequence of steps.
Commission
Omission
Selection
Incorrect choice from a range of options.
Commission
Omission
Selection
Incorrect serial positioning of actions or events.
Sequence
Time
Qualitative
Too late or too early with an action.
Sequence
Time
Qualitative
Not performing an action properly.
Sequence
Time
Qualitative
These are frequently recurring deficiencies except
Correct Installation of Part
Fitting of Wrong Part
Cross connections of electrical wires
One is not a frequently recurring deficiency.
Inadequate (or excessive) Lubrication
Cowlings or panels not secured
LDG ground lock pins removed
I, II
II, III
I, II, III
Statistics show that up to 80 percent of all aviation accidents can be attributed to___________
Maintenance Error
Human Error
Weather-related Error
How many decibels is the maximum permissible continuous exposure level to steady noise for 8 hours?
90
80
70
60
The following are strategies in dealing with aircraft maintenance noise except:
Using earplugs
Use combination of protective devices
Minimize constant exposure
Cover your ears with cotton
The process by which a new material is encoded as a symbolic representation, stored, and eventually retrieved when it is required:
Data Syncing
Memory
Data Encoding
Data Storing
The following are the different types of memory of the human brain except:
Short term
Sensory
Immediate
Long Term
Unattended information is lost.
Short term
Sensory
Immediate
Long Term
Unrehearsed information is lost.
Short term
Sensory
Immediate
Long Term
Some information may be lost over time
Short term
Sensory
Immediate
Long Term
If a task is performed often, it may eventually become _______ and the required skills and actions are stored in long term memory
Constant
Automatic
Futile
A Practice
Refers to one’s ability to store information.
Memory
Knowledge retention
Long term memory
Memory storing
The theory suggests that learners forget nearly 70% of what they learn within 24 hours.
Learning Theory
Memory Theory
Learning Curve Theory
Memory Curve Theory
Which environmental stressors lead to fatigue and, in severe cases, repetitive stress injuries?
Noise
Vibration
Motion
Which environmental stressors are caused by unsteady stands, ladders or lift equipment?
Unsafe working conditions
Motion
Workplace Hazards
It is an error recognition strategy that requires you to be alert to environmental factors that could contribute to errors.
Recognize
Alleviate
Compensate
Critical inspections require adequate ________ to get the job done properly, thus day or night shifters both need a quality ________.
Lighting, Light source
Space, Work space
Time, Time block
Letter A only
Letter B only
Both A and B
It is the most common source of distraction in the workplace:
Office noise
Chatty Workmates
Social Media
It is an environmental stressor that is caused by Rain, strong wind, blowing dust, and humidity.
Weather
Climate
Atmospheric conditions
It is the 5th most common workplace distraction, with 56% of the people find it distracting.
Social Media
Feeling overwhelmed by Changes at Work
Meetings
Within reason and practicality, do what you can to reduce the factor itself” is a form of what error reduction strategy?
Recognize
Alleviate
Compensate
Loud enough to disrupt communication or even damage hearing” is what type of environmental stressors?
Noise
Vibration
Sound
Refers to the ability to to store information
Knowledge Retention
Studying
Memorizing
According to the Learning Pyramid, Practice by Doing accounts to _ Memory and Knowledge Retention
65%
70%
75%
The following are factors that affects performance except:
Environment
Peer Pressure
Motivation
Refers to the low energy due to lack or inadequate rest
Long Work Hours
Sleep Fatigue
Nag Overnight si Jowa
Fatigue results to the following except
Miscalculations
Poor Decision Making
Energized
There is _ types of Peer Pressure which are
One on One / Group
Friends or Colleagues / Family
Spoken / Unspoken
_ is the phobia of heights
Arachnophobia
Acrophobia
Akrophobia
Learning to lead by influence means
Using positive peer pressure to encourage the group to become the better version of themselves
Overshadow others and take charge by brute force
Give / introduce the members to narcotics / marijuana.
Negative Peer Pressure (in work environments) results to
Breaking Up
Poor Performance
Being Punctual
Circadian Rhythm is our
Body’s natural clock
Phone’s alarm clock feature
Parents waking us up at 4 am
What are under the Intentional Error
Mistakes and Violations
Slips and Lapses
Mistakes and lapses
The year in which the first aircraft accident occurred where a propeller of the Wright Flyer got detached from the aircraft and caused serious vibrations and loss of control to occur.
1908
1918
1928
The human factor that shows how we physically feel when we conduct work.
Emotional State
Physical State
Mental State
This is how we interact with the technology we use around us.
Environmental Conditions
Human-Machine Interface
Human Capabilities
Which of the following is not an example of Human Factor and Limitation according to the lectures given?
Social State
Emotional State
Mental State
Our incapability as human beings; the things that we are not able to do due to being a human being.
Human Capabilities
Human-Machine Interface
Human Limitations
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