Anthro Final

What is cultural adaptation?

Ideas, activities, technology that enable people to survive

Example is the Tsembaga of New Guinea

What is cultural evolution?

Cultural changes over time

Example: Comanche Indians

What is cultural area?

Geographic region where a number of societies follow patterns of life

Examples are great plains vs great basin

What is cultural core?

Cultural features that are fundamental in a society

Who are foragers, what do they do?

People who hunt and gathers food

They live in marginal environment, nomadic lifestyle, live in small group. No social inequality, determined by carrying capacity. Men hunt games while women gathers and process plant foods.

Example is the Ju/'hoansi of South Africa

What are horticulturalists?

They practice garden cultivation, have small gardens, some surplus

Slash-and-burn cultivation

What are agriculturalists?

They practice farming, breeding of animals and plants

Technology used are irrigations and plows. Have surplus for trade

Examples are the Inca terraced field

What are Nomadic Pastoralists?

They are a wandering group of people who depends on livestock. They raise large animal herds and live where animals are.

Example is the bakhtiari. Zagros Mountains

Patterns of Subsistence conclusion

Determined by environment, technology, and cultural adaptations

What is economic system?

Organized arrangement for producing, distributing, and consuming goods

Examples are the Trobriand Islanders where yams are a sign of economic wealth and social status.

Control over Natural Resources

Land and Water

Groups include foragers, farmers, pastoralists and postindustrial

Control over technology

Groups include foragers, pastoral nomads, horticulturalists

Control over Production

Division of labor by gender, age, cooperative labor, and craft specialization

What is craft specialization?

The degree of specialization varies in industrialized societies and small societies

Examples are the Afar people, Ethiopia

What is reciprocity?

The exchange of goods and services of equal value between two parties.

Example: Kota

What are the three types of reciprocity?

Generalized, Balanced, and Negative

What is redistribution?

A form of exchange in which goods flow into a central place, where they are sorted and reallocated.

Example: Inca, Potlatch

What are the three types of market exchange?

Traditional, Industrial, Postindustrial

Traditional are personal interactions, industrial are non-personal interactions, and postindustial are non-specific and faceless interactions.

What are the classes and ranks?

Egalitarian societies, social class, caste, social mobility.

What is Power?

The ability of a person to impose their will upon others

What are uncentralized systems?

Includes bands and tribes. Based on kinship and marriage, small population, leaders have no real power.

What are the two types of centralized systems?

Chiefdom and State.

Chiefdom is where two or more groups are organized under one ruler.

State is the largest and most formal organization.

What is legitimacy?

The right of leaders to govern to hold, use, and allocate power.

Example: Big man of New Guinea

Leadership and Gender

Women as leaders are seen less often

Women play big role behind the scenes

What are the three types of controls to maintain order?

Internalized, Externalized, and Witchcraft

What are the mechanisms of cultural change?

Primary and Secondary Innovations. Primary are the creations of new ideas, secondary is the modification of existing ideas.

Diffusion

Cultural Loss

Acculturation

Ethnocide

What is diffusion?

Diffusion is the spread of certain practices from one culture to another.

What is cultural loss?

Cultural loss is the abandonment of existing practices or trait

What is acculturation?

Acculturation is the replacements of traits of one culture with another.

What is directed change?

When one group establishes dominance over another

What is syncretism?

Blending of traits to form a new system

What is modernization?

The process of political and socioeconomic change

What is globalization?

The development and proliferation of complex, interdependent international connections

What is convergent evolution?

Different people with different ancestral culture

What is parallel evolution?

People whose ancestral cultures are similar

Anthro Final

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