DHY 116 Exam 1
Understanding Pharmacology for Dental Hygienists
This quiz is designed to test your knowledge of pharmacology as it pertains to dental hygiene. Dive deep into the essential aspects of drug classifications, FDA drug approval processes, and the effects of medications on patients.
- 99 engaging questions
- Focus on key pharmacological concepts
- Perfect for dental hygiene students and professionals
Why do Dental Hygienist need an understanding of pharmacology?
It’s important for providing safe and effective dental care to the patient, as well as preventing/handling emergency situations.
It’s needed because it our duty to also prescribe necessary medications to patients in need
In order to avoid lawsuits in the case of emergency situations
Because a majority of patients who undertake dental cleaning are at high health risks.
What are some key characteristics of OTC drugs?
Do not require a physicians order
Labeling, mandated to include drug facts, active ingredients, purpose, use warnings, allergy alert, etc
Low misuse and abuse potential
Requires an acceptable safety margin
Easily obtained at pharmacy
What are some key characteristics of Prescription drugs?
Proper drug is ordered.
Amount and frequency is controlled
Easily obtained at pharmacy
Labeling: Indications of drug usage, dosage forms, contraindications
Do not require a physicians order
What occurs in the preclinical investigation stage of the FDA drug approval?
Basic science research involving the testing of cells and animals. Results are inconclusive until further testing.
Comes in two phases. Phase 1 experiments on small human volunteers on varying dosages to test outcomes. Phase 2 extends human testing range and is considered the longest. Adverse reactions in this phase are reported to the FDA/
Takes about 17 to 24 months to get the drug approved or rejected into market. Testing for dosage safety continues onwards.
Studies are monitored for any adverse effects. If drug is too harmful it will be recalled
What occurs in the clinical investigation stage of the FDA drug approval?
Comes in two phases. Phase 1 experiments on small human volunteers on varying dosages to test outcomes. Phase 2 extends human testing range and is considered the longest. Adverse reactions in this phase are reported to the FDA/
Basic science research involving the testing of cells and animals. Results are inconclusive until further testing.
Takes about 17 to 24 months to get the drug approved or rejected into market. Testing for dosage safety continues onwards.
Studies are monitored for any adverse effects. If drug is too harmful it will be recalled
What occurs in the Review of New Drug application stage of the FDA drug approval?
Takes about 17 to 24 months to get the drug approved or rejected into market. Testing for dosage safety continues onwards.
Basic science research involving the testing of cells and animals. Results are inconclusive until further testing.
Comes in two phases. Phase 1 experiments on small human volunteers on varying dosages to test outcomes. Phase 2 extends human testing range and is considered the longest. Adverse reactions in this phase are reported to the FDA/
Studies are monitored for any adverse effects. If drug is too harmful it will be recalled
What occurs in the Post marketing/surveillance studies? Stage of the FDA drug approval?
Studies are monitored for any adverse effects. If drug is too harmful it will be recalled
Basic science research involving the testing of cells and animals. Results are inconclusive until further testing.
Comes in two phases. Phase 1 experiments on small human volunteers on varying dosages to test outcomes. Phase 2 extends human testing range and is considered the longest. Adverse reactions in this phase are reported to the FDA/
Takes about 17 to 24 months to get the drug approved or rejected into market. Testing for dosage safety continues onwards.
Which description best matches a Class 1 drug recall?
Can cause serious adverse health reactions or even death.
Not likely to cause any adverse reactions.
May cause temporary or medically reversible health conditions though not severe.
Which description best matches a Class 2 drug recall?
May cause temporary or medically reversible health conditions though not severe.
Not likely to cause any adverse reactions.
Can cause serious adverse health reactions or even death.
Which description best matches a Class 3 drug recall?
Not likely to cause any adverse reactions.
Can cause serious adverse health reactions or even death.
May cause temporary or medically reversible health conditions though not severe.
Which drug recall is considered the most hazardous in terms of health?
Class I
Class II
Class III
How does acidity effect tissues and drugs?
Infections can cause the surrounding area to have a lower acidic pH value, which renders local anesthesia less effective.
The acidity creates more blood flow in the mouth causing a more serious health issue if complicated.
The effect of anesthetic drugs will have a more profound effect on the patient.
There is no profound effect acidity has related towards tissues
What occurs during absorption?
The first step of drug transport. Where the substance is moved from its site of administration across the body membrane to its target cells.
How drugs are distributed throughout the body. Lipid and water solubility are dependent on this.
Is the bodys way of changing a drug so that it can be more easily excreted by the kidneys. Many undergo metabolic transformation in the liver.
The process of removing drugs from within the body.
What occurs during distribution?
How drugs are distributed throughout the body. Lipid and water solubility are dependent on this.
The first step of drug transport. Where the substance is moved from its site of administration across the body membrane to its target cells.
Is the bodys way of changing a drug so that it can be more easily excreted by the kidneys. Many undergo metabolic transformation in the liver.
The process of removing drugs from within the body.
What occurs during metabolism?
Is the bodys way of changing a drug so that it can be more easily excreted by the kidneys. Many undergo metabolic transformation in the liver.
The first step of drug transport. Where the substance is moved from its site of administration across the body membrane to its target cells.
How drugs are distributed throughout the body. Lipid and water solubility are dependent on this.
The process of removing drugs from within the body.
What occurs during excretion?
The process of removing drugs from within the body.
The first step of drug transport. Where the substance is moved from its site of administration across the body membrane to its target cells.
How drugs are distributed throughout the body. Lipid and water solubility are dependent on this.
Is the bodys way of changing a drug so that it can be more easily excreted by the kidneys. Many undergo metabolic transformation in the liver.
What is another name for metabolism?
Biotransformation
Biotranslucency
What does First pass effect mean?
When drugs are rendered inactive by the metabolic reactions in the liver before they are distributed to the target site.
The entry of medications into the body and the slowly diminishing effects they have over time.
A process where bile is circulated back to the liver where contained drugs are metabolized and then excreted by the kidneys. It Is a process of excretion.
A process of metabolism where the drugs end up getting swept throughout the body in equal quantities.
What does Enterohepatic Recirculation mean?
A process where bile is circulated back to the liver where contained drugs are metabolized and then excreted by the kidneys. It Is a process of excretion.
The entry of medications into the body and the slowly diminishing effects they have over time.
When drugs are rendered inactive by the metabolic reactions in the liver before they are distributed to the target site.
A process of metabolism where the drugs end up getting swept throughout the body in equal quantities.
What does Potency mean?
A drugs strength at a certain concentration or dose.
The ability of a drug to produce a more intense response as its concentration is increased.
What does Efficacy mean?
The ability of a drug to produce a more intense response as its concentration is increased.
A drugs strength at a certain concentration or dose.
What is the difference between Efficacy and potency?
Potency is about the drugs strength at a certain dose while Efficacy is the ability of a drug to create a more intense response as the dose is increased.
Efficacy is about the drugs strength at a certain dose while Potency is the ability of a drug to create a more intense response as the dose is increased.
What does Adverse effects mean?
Clinically undesirable reactions.
Clinically desirable reactions regarding infections
When medications slowly assist in inflammation
When medications have a profound effect that is too good.
What is an exaggerated effect on target tissues adverse effect?
An extension of a therapeutic effect caused by the overreaction of a sensitive patient or by a dose that’s too large for said patient.
Is caused by the non-therapeutic action of the drug. Reactions can occur at usual doses but appear more often at higher doses
The effect on fetal development which can cause malformations and abnormalities if introduced during gestation.
Characterized by local tissue irritation/ Such as pain and tissue necrosis.
What is an Effect on non-target tissues adverse effect?
Is caused by the non-therapeutic action of the drug. Reactions can occur at usual doses but appear more often at higher doses
An extension of a therapeutic effect caused by the overreaction of a sensitive patient or by a dose that’s too large for said patient.
The effect on fetal development which can cause malformations and abnormalities if introduced during gestation.
Characterized by local tissue irritation/ Such as pain and tissue necrosis.
What is a Teratogenic adverse effect?
The effect on fetal development which can cause malformations and abnormalities if introduced during gestation.
An extension of a therapeutic effect caused by the overreaction of a sensitive patient or by a dose that’s too large for said patient.
Is caused by the non-therapeutic action of the drug. Reactions can occur at usual doses but appear more often at higher doses
Characterized by local tissue irritation/ Such as pain and tissue necrosis.
What is a local effect regarding adverse effects?
Characterized by local tissue irritation/ Such as pain and tissue necrosis.
An extension of a therapeutic effect caused by the overreaction of a sensitive patient or by a dose that’s too large for said patient.
Is caused by the non-therapeutic action of the drug. Reactions can occur at usual doses but appear more often at higher doses
The effect on fetal development which can cause malformations and abnormalities if introduced during gestation.
What does drug interaction mean regarding adverse effects?
Can occur when the effect of one drug is altered by another drug. The interactions can result in toxicity and lack of efficacy/ plus it can cause adverse toxic side effects.
When two drugs interact to produce a much more stronger and profound effect.
What does Hypersensitivity mean?
Occurs when the immune system of an individual response to the drug administered or applied for a drug to make an allergic reaction, the drug must act as an antigen and stimulate antibody production in a previously sensitized patient.
A case of sensitivity that accumulates over time on account of overexposure to a specific substance.
What does minimally effective dose mean?
The dose required to produce a specific intensity of effect in 50% of the animals.
The dose of a drug that kills 50% of the experimental animals.
The ratio of a drugs toxic dose to it’s therapeutic dose
What does the lethal dose mean?
The dose of a drug that kills 50% of the experimental animals.
The dose required to produce a specific intensity of effect in 50% of the animals.
The ratio of a drugs toxic dose to it’s therapeutic dose
What does therapeutic index mean?
The ratio of a drugs toxic dose to it’s therapeutic dose
The dose required to produce a specific intensity of effect in 50% of the animals.
The dose of a drug that kills 50% of the experimental animals.
What is the difference between the minimally effective dose, lethal dose, and therapeutic effect.
The minimally effective dose is the dose required to produce a specific intensity of effect in 50%of animals, lethal dose is the dose that can kill 50% of animals, and the therapeutic index is the ration of a drugs toxic dose to it’s therapeutic dose.
The three are all focused on the same dosage just in different focuses
What does active to active metabolism mean?
An active parent drug is converted to a second active compound called a metabolite, which is then converted into an inactive product. When an active metabolite is formed it prolongs the action of the drugs
An inactive parent drug may be transformed into an active compound. The inactive parent drug is then called a prodrug
The most common form of drug biotransformation
What does active to inactive metabolism mean?
The most common form of drug biotransformation
An inactive parent drug may be transformed into an active compound. The inactive parent drug is then called a prodrug
An active parent drug is converted to a second active compound called a metabolite, which is then converted into an inactive product. When an active metabolite is formed it prolongs the action of the drugs
What does inactive to active metabolism mean?
An inactive parent drug may be transformed into an active compound. The inactive parent drug is then called a prodrug
The most common form of drug biotransformation
An active parent drug is converted to a second active compound called a metabolite, which is then converted into an inactive product. When an active metabolite is formed it prolongs the action of the drugs
Which drug is considered the most abused and considered the biggest public health problem?
Alcohol
Tobacco
Marijuana
Opium
What is another name for Sympathomimetics?
Adrenergic agents
Cholinergic agents
What is another name for Parasympathomimetic?
Cholinergic agents
Adrenergic agents
Which of these categories of ANS drugs stimulate the sympathetic nervous system?
Sympathomimetics (Adrenergic agents)
Parasympathomimetic (Cholinergic agents)
Which of these categories of ANS drugs stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system?
Parasympathomimetic (Cholinergic agents)
Sympathomimetics (Adrenergic agents)
Which of these categories of ANS drugs inhibit the sympathetic nervous system?
Adrenergic blockers
Anticholinergics
Which of these categories of ANS drugs inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system?
Anticholinergics
Adrenergic blockers
Which two divisions make up the nervous system?
The central nervous system
The peripheral nervous system
The autonomic Nervous system
The somatic Nervous system
What are the two divisions that make up the Peripheral Nervous System
The autonomic Nervous system
The somatic Nervous system
The central nervous system
The Parasympathetic nervous system
What two divisions make up the Autonomic nervous system?
The sympathetic nervous system
The Parasympathetic nervous system
The Somatic nervous system
The Autonomic nervous system
What is the main neurotransmitter responsible for parasympathetic nervous transmissions?
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
What is the main neurotransmitter responsible for sympathetic nervous transmissions?
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
What do Alpha 1 receptors do?
Dies nasal secretions.
Stimulate increase heart rate and Increase force of contractions
Cause bronchodilation
What do Beta 1 receptors do?
Stimulate increase heart rate and Increase force of contractions
Cause bronchodilation
Dies nasal secretions.
What do Beta 2 receptors do?
Cause bronchodilation
Stimulate increase heart rate and Increase force of contractions
Dies nasal secretions.
What are all adrenergic receptors used for?
Cardiac arrest and asthma
Nasal congestion
Mucous formation
Blood flow
What does pharmacology mean?
The study of drugs and their interactions with living cells and systems.
Describes the way the body affects the drug.
The effect a drug has on a specific target or action in the body.
How drugs are used to treat disease.
What does Pharmacokinetics mean?
Describes the way the body affects the drug.
The study of drugs and their interactions with living cells and systems.
The effect a drug has on a specific target or action in the body.
How drugs are used to treat disease.
What does Pharmacodynamics mean?
The effect a drug has on a specific target or action in the body.
The study of drugs and their interactions with living cells and systems.
Describes the way the body affects the drug.
How drugs are used to treat disease.
What does Pharmacotherapeutics mean?
How drugs are used to treat disease.
The study of drugs and their interactions with living cells and systems.
Describes the way the body affects the drug.
The effect a drug has on a specific target or action in the body.
What does Therapeutics mean?
The treatment of diseases
Drugs that are used for recreational purposes.
Drugs that are used after surgical procedures.
Drugs that are used to alleviate pain.
What do therapeutic mean classification wise?
What the drug does clinically
A well understood drug model used to compare drugs within the same classification
How the drug produces its effects in the body
What do Pharmacologic mean classification wise?
How the drug produces its effects in the body
What the drug does clinically
A well understood drug model used to compare drugs within the same classification
What do Prototype drugs do classification wise?
A well understood drug model used to compare drugs within the same classification
What the drug does clinically
How the drug produces its effects in the body
What are traditional drugs?
Medically therapeutic chemical agents that produce biological responses within the body
Herbs, natural extracts, vitamins, minerals, or dietary supplements.
Agents naturally produced in animal cells, microorganisms or by the body itself
What are biologic agents?
Agents naturally produced in animal cells, microorganisms or by the body itself
Herbs, natural extracts, vitamins, minerals, or dietary supplements.
Medically therapeutic chemical agents that produce biological responses within the body
What are natural alternative agents?
Herbs, natural extracts, vitamins, minerals, or dietary supplements.
Medically therapeutic chemical agents that produce biological responses within the body
Agents naturally produced in animal cells, microorganisms or by the body itself
What does bioavailability mean?
The physiologic ability of the drug to reach its target cells and produce its effect.
Equivalent rate and extent of absorption of the same active ingredient
What does bioequivalence mean?
Equivalent rate and extent of absorption of the same active ingredient
The physiologic ability of the drug to reach its target cells and produce its effect.
What is a pharmacologic effect?
Occurs because of a modulation in the function of an organism. Drugs do not impact a new function of the organism; they produce either the same action as an endogenous agent or block the action of an endogenous agent.
It’s predictable, dose related effect. In order for a drug to exert its therapeutic effect, it must bind with the receptor site on the cell membrane.
What is a Therapeutic effect?
It’s predictable, dose related effect. In order for a drug to exert its therapeutic effect, it must bind with the receptor site on the cell membrane.
Occurs because of a modulation in the function of an organism. Drugs do not impact a new function of the organism; they produce either the same action as an endogenous agent or block the action of an endogenous agent.
What is a receptor?
Any structural component of a cell to which a drug binds in a dose-related manner.
Counteracts the action of the agonist, they are called ‘blockers’
Has an affinity for a receptor, combines with the receptor, and produces an effect.
What is an Agonist?
Has an affinity for a receptor, combines with the receptor, and produces an effect.
Counteracts the action of the agonist, they are called ‘blockers’
Any structural component of a cell to which a drug binds in a dose-related manner.
What is an Antagonist?
Counteracts the action of the agonist, they are called ‘blockers’
Any structural component of a cell to which a drug binds in a dose-related manner.
Has an affinity for a receptor, combines with the receptor, and produces an effect.
What does Active transport/facilitated diffusion mean?
When certain substances are transported across cell membranes by processes that are more complex than simple diffusion or filtration.
When lipid soluble substances move across the lipoprotein membrane by a passive transfer.
What does Simple diffusion mean?
When lipid soluble substances move across the lipoprotein membrane by a passive transfer.
When certain substances are transported across cell membranes by processes that are more complex than simple diffusion or filtration.
What does Rate of elimination mean?
The amount of drug removed per unit of time from the body by normal physiological processes.
The amount of time it takes for a drug to last inside of the immune system.
The amount of time it takes for an injury or effect to last before succumbing to medications.
The duration period for the liver to diminish the effects of a drug.
What does Half-life mean?
The length of time requires for a drugs concentration to decrease in the plasma by one-half.
The event that starts up the unexpected journey of Gordon Freeman.
A half portion dose used for specific medically inclined patients.
When the expiration date of a drug is nearing half it’s life span.
What does duration mean?
The length of time of a drugs effect
The time it takes for the drug to begin to have its effects
What does onset mean?
The time it takes for the drug to begin to have its effects
The length of time of a drugs effect
What occurs in the drug administration phase?
The drug is introduced into the body.
Drug action on a specific target or receptor.
Drug movement throughout the body to the target
What occurs in the pharmacokinetic phase?
Drug movement throughout the body to the target
Drug action on a specific target or receptor.
The drug is introduced into the body.
What occurs in the Pharmacodynamic phase?
Drug action on a specific target or receptor.
The drug is introduced into the body.
Drug movement throughout the body to the target
What does a Toxic reaction entail?
An exaggeration of the desired response
A genetically related abnormal drug response.
A dose related reaction that is not part of the desired therapeutic outcome
What does a Side effect entail?
A dose related reaction that is not part of the desired therapeutic outcome
A genetically related abnormal drug response.
An exaggeration of the desired response
What does an idiosyncratic reaction entail?
A genetically related abnormal drug response.
An exaggeration of the desired response
A dose related reaction that is not part of the desired therapeutic outcome
True or false? Reactions regarding Drug allergies are ALWAYS predictable, and dose related/
False
True
What does Idiosyncrasy mean?
A reaction that is neither the drug’s side effect nor an allergic reaction.
A reaction that is affected profoundly by an allergic reaction.
A reaction that is affected profoundly by a side effect.
What does Misuse mean?
Means using the drug in the wrong dose (Typically higher) for a longer period than prescribed.
Defined as the use of a drug for non-medical purposes, almost always for altering consciousness
What does Abuse mean?
Defined as the use of a drug for non-medical purposes, almost always for altering consciousness
Means using the drug in the wrong dose (Typically higher) for a longer period than prescribed.
What does abstinence syndrome mean?
A state of being free of drugs, which is the goal of any treatment program.
The state of trying to be free of drugs.
What does addiction mean?
The pattern of abuse that includes compulsive use despite complications and frequent relapses after ‘quitting’ the substance
A combination of physical or psychological manifestations occurring in a drug depend person when the drug is removed.
Physiologic tolerance to or psychological dependence on a drug, short of addiction.
A constellation of symptoms that occurs when a physically dependent person stops taking the drug and the levels of the chemical (Drug) fall in the bloodstream
What does Dependence mean?
A combination of physical or psychological manifestations occurring in a drug depend person when the drug is removed.
The pattern of abuse that includes compulsive use despite complications and frequent relapses after ‘quitting’ the substance
Physiologic tolerance to or psychological dependence on a drug, short of addiction.
A constellation of symptoms that occurs when a physically dependent person stops taking the drug and the levels of the chemical (Drug) fall in the bloodstream
What does Habituation mean?
Physiologic tolerance to or psychological dependence on a drug, short of addiction.
The pattern of abuse that includes compulsive use despite complications and frequent relapses after ‘quitting’ the substance
A combination of physical or psychological manifestations occurring in a drug depend person when the drug is removed.
A constellation of symptoms that occurs when a physically dependent person stops taking the drug and the levels of the chemical (Drug) fall in the bloodstream
What does Withdrawal mean?
A constellation of symptoms that occurs when a physically dependent person stops taking the drug and the levels of the chemical (Drug) fall in the bloodstream
The pattern of abuse that includes compulsive use despite complications and frequent relapses after ‘quitting’ the substance
A combination of physical or psychological manifestations occurring in a drug depend person when the drug is removed.
Physiologic tolerance to or psychological dependence on a drug, short of addiction.
What does Physiological Dependence mean?
A persons state of mind where it is believe they cannot function or optimally perform without having taken the drug.
A persons state of mind where it is believe they cannot function or optimally perform without having taken the drug.
What does Physical Dependence mean?
Is how the body experiences physiological adaption in response to chronic use of a drug (ie. Nervous system adaptation)
Is how the body experiences physiological adaption in response to chronic use of a drug (ie. Nervous system adaptation)
What does Tolerance mean?
Characterized by the need to increase the dose continually to achieve the desired effect or the giving of the same dose, which produces a diminishing effect.
Tolerance to one drug may cause tolerance to similar substances as well.
A definite decrease in the response of brain tissue to constantly increasing amounts of the drug.
What does Central Tolerance mean?
A definite decrease in the response of brain tissue to constantly increasing amounts of the drug.
Characterized by the need to increase the dose continually to achieve the desired effect or the giving of the same dose, which produces a diminishing effect.
Tolerance to one drug may cause tolerance to similar substances as well.
What does Cross-Tolerance/Dependence mean?
Tolerance to one drug may cause tolerance to similar substances as well.
Characterized by the need to increase the dose continually to achieve the desired effect or the giving of the same dose, which produces a diminishing effect.
A definite decrease in the response of brain tissue to constantly increasing amounts of the drug.
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