Physio 3
Master the Basics of Physiology
Test your knowledge and understanding of essential physiological concepts with our comprehensive quiz designed for students and professionals alike. This quiz encompasses a variety of topics in physiology to enhance your learning experience.
- 88 questions covering multiple facets of physiology.
- Detailed answer options for a thorough assessment.
- Perfect for students and educators alike!
During systole the following cardiac chamber events occur:
Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
Rapid/ decreased ventricular ejectionThe neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system are:
What increases heat production?
Thyroxine, testosterone, GH secretion
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine and symp stiumlation
What are the biological effects on endogenic pyrogens?
Stimulates release of lipid mediators
Activates B & T lymphocytes
Choose correct answer:
The two atria and two ventricles are separated by interatrial and interventricular septum
The cardiac skeleton prevents direct contact...
Choose correct answer:
In pericarditis there is an increase in pericardial fluid
The right ventricle wall is much thicker than the left ventricle
Choose correct answer:
The cardiac muscle is more resistant to fatigue ..
Diastole refers to ventricular relaxation
Electrophysiology: conducting tissue
Conducting tissue: bundle of his and purkinje system
Conducting tissue: cells of SA node and atrial internodal tract
Electrical activation / cardiac action potential:
Initiated / originates in SA node each cycle starts in SA node then travels rapidly through both atria....
The heart:
Depolarization spreads calcium to interior of myocardial cell via T tubule
Diastole = relaxation
Vascular system:
SM in walls of arterioles is innervated by sympathetic system
Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors are found in arterioles of several vascular beds
Correct answers:
Cardiac muscle is striated with sarcomeres
Dark bands, A bands are anisotopic and ligh bands, L bands are isotropic
Correct answers:
Caveolae play a role in edocytosis and transcytosis
Ffluid flirtation across capillaries determined by hydro. And osmotic pressure
Regulator proteins are:
Troponin consists of 3 protein subunits: C,T and I
During relaxation troponin I binds tightly to actin
What are 3 main mechanisms in trans sarcolemmal ca2+ movement?
SL CA2+ channels allow outflow and SL Ca2+ pumpNa+/ Ca2+ exchange contributing to outflow
Na+/ Ca2+ exchange contributing to outflow
What causes action potential?
By opening voltage activated fast sodium channels
By opening L type calcium channels
Choose the right answer regarding rhythmical excitation of the heart:
When potential reaches a treshold of -40 mV the L type calcium...
The resting membrane potential of centricular muscle fiber has a neg. of -85 to -90 mV
---Question not readable, but asnwer is:-----
The normal discharge rate is 50 bpm to 60 bpm
Normal discharge rate of purkinje fibers is about 15-40 bpm
What do the different valves prevent?
AV valve = backflow of blood during systole
Semilunar valves = backflow of blood during diastole
Pressure:
Normal systolic pressure for the left ventricle is 250-300 mmHg
During contraction the systolic pressure .... 150 to 170 ml
What effects the venous return?
Right atrial pressure & degree of filling systemic circulation
Resistance of blood flow from peripheral vessels and right atrium
Choose the correct answers about nitric oxide:
It has a long half life
It acts mainly in the local tissues where it is released
It induces the formation of AMPc in the vascular smooth muscle cells
Is it the most important endothelial-derived relaxing factor
Choose the correct answers regarding troponins:
Troponin C binds Ca2+ with high affinity when intracellular Ca2+ concentration exceeds levels is higher than 0.2 umoles/L to 0.3 umoles/L
Troponin I inhibits the interaction between actin and myosin
Troponin is also associated to the thin myosin filaments
Troponin C binds Ca2+ with high affinity when intracellular Ca2+ concentration is 0.1 umoles/L
Choose the correct answers regarding the cardiac muscle fibers:
The desmosomes link adjacent cells electrically
The gap junctions that link cells mechanically
The gap junctions link cells electrically
The desmosomes link adjacent cells mechanically
Beta-2-adrenergic receptors:
Are better represented within the vascular smooth muscle
They induce vasoconstriction
Are present within the sinus node
Are better represented within the myocardium
Nerve deafness can occur in case of damage:
Damage of retina
Damage to cochlea
Damage to lens
To the auditory nerve
Hormones that increase the renal tubular water reabsorption are:
Antidiuretic hormone
Parathyroid hormone
Aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic peptide
During diastole the following cardiac chamber events occur:
Atrial contraction
Isovolumetric ventricular contration
Rapid ventricular ejection
Rapid ventricular filling
The auditory nervous pathway involves:
The primary motor cortex
The dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei
The superior olivary nucleus
The VII-th nerve
Glucose reabsorption at kidney levels occurs in:
The descending thin segment of the loop of Henle
The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
The distal tubule
The proximal tubule of the nephron
The decreasing temperature mechanism when body is too hot are the following:
Vasodilation of the skin vessels
Vasoconstriction of the peripheral blood vessels
Piloerection
Sweating
The following are true about sinus nodal fiber:
The "resting membrane potential" has a negativity of about -85 to -90 millivolts
The cells membranes are naturally leaky to sodium and calcium ions
At the level of -55 millivolts, the fast sodium channels are active
The "resting membrane potential" has a negativity of about -55 to -60 millivolts
Factors that directly influence glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure:
The fraction of plasma filtered by glomerular capillaries
Local vasoactive substances
The tubular reabsorption
The arterial plasma colloid osmotic pressure
The main mechanism involved in transsarcrolemmal Ca2+ movement are:
Sarcolemmal Ca2+ pump contributing to the outflow of Ca2+ from the cardiac cell
Sarcolemmal Ca2+ pump contributing to the inflow of Ca2+ from the cardiac cell
The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger contributing to the inflow of Ca2+ from the cardiac cell
The sarcolemmal Ca2+ channels, which allow the inflow of Ca2+
The lowest mean pressure of cardiovascular system in:
Large systemic arteries
Arterioles
Pulmonary arteries
Aorta
Next statements are true regarding glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (GHP):
Average GHP is lower than in skeletal muscle capillary
GHP declines little along capillary – decreased resistance to blood flow
GHP falls significantly along the capillaries - increased resistance to blood flow
Average GHP is higher than in skeletal muscle capillary
The effects of hormones on the metabolic rate are the following:
Thyroxine increases metabolic rate
The man sex hormone testosterone can increase the metabolic rate
The female sex hormones increase significantly the metabolic rate
The increased tyroid hormones decrease the metabolic rate to 40% to 60% of normal
Select false variants related to connection between inflammation and atherosclerosis:
Pro-inflammatory cytokines are synthesized by activated leukocytes
IL-1 and TNF-alpha inhibit smooth muscle fibers
Smooth muscle fibers come exclusively from circulating precursors
The serum C-reactive protein level correlates with the risk of cardiovascular diseases
Acetylcholine is responsible for:
Decreased activity of membrane ca2+ channels
Increased contractility of the heart
Increased conductivity of the heart
Activation of G kinase
The veins:
Provide passageways for flow of blood from the heart to the tissues
Can function as a storage for blood
The pressure is higher than in arteries
Provide passageways for flow of blood from tissue to heart
Intraocular pressure:
The normal values are between 25-30 mm Hg
Low pressures can cause blindness
In glaucoma neuronal damage can occur by reducing nutrition to retina
Can be measured clinically by using a tonometer
Unlike the skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle:
Has multiple nuclei per fiber
Is not controlled by the brain
Has increased resistance to fatigue
Has larger fibers
Myocardial conductivity represents:
The ability of the myocardium to relax
The capability of myocardium of self-excitation
The ability of the myocardium to contract
The ability of myocardium to propagate action potential throughout heart
The neurotransmitters of the parasympathetic nervous system are:
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Epinephrine
Acetylcholine activates:
Nicotinic receptors
Adrenergic receptors
Alfa and beta receptors
Muscarinic receptors
The stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors induces:
The activation of protein kinase A
The activation of C phospholipase
The production of inositol-triphosphate, which stimulate the release of Ca2+, by actining on the ryanodine receptor
The Gs proteins
The stretch of the atria causes:
The dilation of afferent arterioles in kidneys
Increased renal excretion of Na+
Decreased renal excretion of Na+
The dilation of the efferent arterioles in the kidneys
Resistance to blood flow is directly proportional to:
The length of the blood vessel
The radius (caliber) of the blood vessel
The cardiac rhythm
Viscosity of the blood
The podocytes:
Are epithelial cells part of glomerular membrane
Have multiple extensions that terminate foot processes
Represent a meshwork of collage and proteoglycan filbrillae
Are epithelial cells part of the tubular membrane
The strongest stimulus for baroreceptors is:
The changes in pCO2 pressure
The rapid change in arterial pressure
The decreased pH
The changes in pO2 pressure
The arterial pressure:
The arterial pressure in the feet is lower than in the arms in a standing person
The gravitational factor affects pressures in the peripheral arteries
The arterial blood pressure is independent of the cardiac output
Is the same in all large and medium arteries as it is at the gravitational level of the heart in a standing person
Constriction of the afferent arterioles:
Reduces glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Decreases the glomerular filtration rate
Increases the glomerular filtration rate
Decreases the arteriolar resistance
The statements that describe renal blood supply are:
The O2 consumption of kidneys is increased - 25% of the resting O2 consumption of the body
The kidneys vascularization is poor
The blood flow per gram of renal tissue exceeds almost all other organs in body
Blood flow to both kidneys is about 1/5th of total cardiac output
Night blindness:
Occurs when retinal synthesis is deficient
Occurs when rhodopsin synthesis is deficient
The rapid intravenous injection of vitamin A cannot reverse night blindness
Occurs in persons with severe vitamin D deficiency
The pre-capillary sphincter from microcirculation:
The capillary diameter reach 10-15 micrometers
Present a smooth muscle fiber that usually encircles capillary
Is always opened in all tissue and organs and blood does flow continuously through the capillaries
Can open and close entrance to capillary
Which of the substances listed below has the lowest glomerular filterability rate?
Glucose
Albumin
Inulin
Sodium
Sympathetic stimulation:
Produces large quantities of sweat
Promotes peristalsis and relax the sphincters of the gastrointestinal tract
Increases overall activity of heart
Contracts the ciliary muscle
Choose the correct answers regarding dark bands:
They contain myosin filaments and region of actin filaments where they overlap with myosin
They contain only myosin filaments
They are divided in the middle by darker lines (Z lines)
They contain only actin filaments
The aqueous humor is formed by ciliary body:
By passive transport of the sodium ions
By water osmosis caused by sodium, chloride and bicarbonate ions
By transport of some nutrients through facilitated diffusion
By passive secretion
The primary tubular active transport refers to:
Glucose reabsorption
Secretion of hydrogen ions
Water reabsorption
Sodium ions reabsorption
The following are true about exchange of water, nutrients and other substances between blood and interstitial...:
The renal glomerular membrane is permeable for proteins
The concentration of oxygen is interstitial fluid is higher than in capillary blood
The rate of diffusion of a substance through capillary membrane is proportional with its concentration difference between the two sides of membrane
The permeability of capillaries in various tissues is the same all over the body
Which of the following is not considered a kidney function?
Regulating the hemathopoesis
Decreasing the blood pressure
Secreting plasma proteins
Increasing the blood pressure
Choose the correct answer regarding the release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac fiber:
It is a passive phenomenon
It occurs through channels called ryanodine receptor channels
Calsequestrin favorises the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
It is an active phenomenon
Sympathetic stimulation is the main physiological factor that modulates excitation contraction coupling because:
Phosphorylation-dependent phosphorylation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump favors Ca2+ exit from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Phosphorylation of the sarcolemmal Ca2+ pump favors Ca2+ inflow in the cardiac cell
Phosphorylation of troponin I increases the inhibiting effect of troponin, preventing Ca2+ binding to troponin C
Phosphorylation of L-type Ca2+ channels lead to increased Ca2+ influx during plateau phase of action potential
Juxtamedullary nephrons:
Different type of post-glomerular blood supply
Have decreased tubular permeability
Play a special role in production of concentrated urine
Have a shorter loop of Henle
Hyperthermia:
Can occur after intense physical effort
The hypothalamic thermoregulatory center is reset to an increased value
The thermolysis mechanisms are overwhelmed
Can occur after exposure to cold weather
Lesions in posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus (Wernicke's area):
The person cannot interpret meaning of words
Is associated with deafness
Never occurs in strokes
Is associated with blindness
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