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Neuroanatomy

Create a detailed, educational illustration displaying various components of the human nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, showcasing a vibrant and informative diagram style.

Neuroanatomy Mastery Quiz

Test your knowledge of neuroanatomy with this comprehensive quiz featuring 91 detailed questions. Designed for both students and professionals, this quiz covers a wide range of topics including the nervous system, brain structures, neurophysiology, and anatomical pathways.

Participate to strengthen your understanding of neuroanatomical concepts, including:

Ganglia of the nervous system
Functional areas of the cerebellum
Reflex arcs and their components

91 Questions23 MinutesCreated by LearningNeuron327

True ganglia nervous system:

Motor ganglia exclusive to cranial nerve

Autonomic ganglia found embedded on walls of various viscera

Sensory ganglia present along cranial nerves

Some ganglia located within CNS

Lateral wall sinus cavernous contains, EXCEPT:

N. oculomotorius

N. ophtalmicus

N. trochlearis

N. mandibularis

Limbic system connecting pathways:

Stria ventralis

Stria terminalis

Fornix

Indusium griseum

3rd order neurons represented by:

Susbtancia gelatinosa

N. gracilis

VPL nucleous thalamus

N. cutaneus

Gray matter spinal chord characteristics:

Substantia gelatinosa present through length of spinal cord

Central group anterior gray column is present in some thoracic segments

N. Dorsal associated with proprioceptive endings

Intermediolateral group of lateral gray column receives visceral afferent information

Sympathetic layer infrahyoid muscle:

Stenohyoid

Amohyoide

Roof 4th ventricle:

Contains apertura mediana ventriculi quarti

Contains no choroid plexus

Made by ependyma and pia matter in its upper part

Contain choroid plexus of ventricles

5th layer:

Ganglionic layer

Molecular layer

Internal granular layer

Multiform layer

Structures that pass through fissure pterygomaxillary:

A. maxillaris

N. nasopalatinus

Plexus pterygoideus

N. maxillaries

Components of corpus striatum:

Claustrum

Globus pallidus

Amygdaloid nucleous

Putamen

True functional areas cerebellar cortex:

Intermediate zone control movement feet

Flocculonodulus controlling movement feet

Vermis involve in assessment of movement errors

Lateral zone control movement lymbs only

Reticular activating system control:

Arousal

Facial expression muscle

Level consciousness

Somatic and visceral sensation

Skin regio temporalis innervated by:

N. auricotemporalis

N. Auricularis profundus

N. Temporali profondi

N. bucalis

Vestibulospinal track:

Is uncrossed

Decussates right after its origin

Terminates on interneurons of anterior gray column

Inhibits activity extensor muscle

A. basilaris:

Provides labyrinthine artery

Form by union of 2 anterior cerebellar arteries

Located in anterior surface brainstem

Terminates by splitting into 2 posterior cerebellar arteries

Cranial parasympathetic ganglia are:

Stellate ganglion

Celiac ganglion

Ciliary ganglion

Pterygopalatine

Renshaw cells:

Receive input from collaterals of posterior non ganglionic neurons

Are interneurons

Inhibit lower motor neurons

Receive input from descending pathway

Meissner corpuscle are:

Sensitive to vibration

Stretch receptors

Rapid adapting mechanisms

Found in joint capsule

Foramen lacerum contains:

N. Petrosus minor

N. Petrosus ascendens

Plexus caroticus

Vena emissaria

M. Thyrohyoid function:

Depresses hyoid bone

If hyoid fixed, elevates larynx

Sinus cavernosus:

Located 2 sides corpus Ossis sphenoidalis

Contain A. Carotis interna

Is in fossa cranial anterior

Extend to base of temporal bone

Components of hindbrain:

Cerebellum

Pons

Medulla

Components of midbrain:

Culiculi

Tegmentum

Cerebral penducles

Structures that participate in light reflex:

Pretectal nucleus

Edinger-Westphal nucleus

Trochlear nucleus

Adducent nucleus

Nuclei of midbrain:

N. ruber

Edinger-Westphal nucleus

Trapezoid

Substantia ferruginea

Walls of carotid compartment:

Medial-trachea and esophagus

Anterolateral M. sternocleidomastoideus

Protoplasmic astrocytes:

Store glycogen

Have phagocytic function

Form myelin

Absorbs CSF

Which of the following carry affären fibers to the hypothalamus?

Fornix

Ansa lenticularis

Indusium griseum

Medial forebrain bundle

Extracapsular ligaments of the temporomandibular joint are:

Raphe mylohyoideus

Lig. sphenomandibulare

Lig. stylomandibulare

Rate pterygomandiularis, a tendinous band between he pterygoid Hamelns and the mandible

The monosynaptic reflex arc contains:

An interneuron

A Renshaw neuron

A receptor organ

An afferent neuron

The central group of the anterior column of the spinal cord compromises the:

Nucleus lumbosacralis

Nucleus proprius

Nucleus dorsalis

Nucleus phrenicus

Crus cerebra of the mesencephalon:

Contains frontopontine fibres in its medial part

Is made up by ascending fibers

Is closely related to fascicles longitudinalis medalis

Is found anterior to substantia nigra

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons:

Use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter

Have non-myelinated axons

Reach target organs directly

Are located in segments T1 to L2(3) of the spinal cord

Is is true regarding the corticostriate fibers:

Their neurotransmitter is glutamate

Project to Globus pallidus medialis

Most of them are inhibitory

Most of them are ipsilateral

The lateral vascular nervous bundle of orbit contains:

M. zygomaticus

N. nasociliaris

N. frontalis

N. lacrimalis

The molecular layer of the cerebral cortex:

Contains large number of cell bodies

Contains large number of synapses between different neurons

Is the second layer of the cortex

Consists of a dense network of fibers

It is true regarding the spinal nerves:

The posterior root contains afferent fibers

Their posterior root ganglia contain sensory fibers

Their posterior rami contribute to nerve plexi of the limbs

The thoracic and lumbar nerves form the cauda equina

Corpus mammillare has the following connections:

Tractus mamillothalamicus

Tractus mamillotegmentalis

All other answers are correct

Fornix

It is true regarding the innervation of the muscles of the iris:

M. Dilator pupillae is innervated by sympathetic fibers

M. Sphincter pupillae is innervated by sympathetic fibers

M. Dilator pupillae is innervated by parasympathetic fibers

M. Sphincter pupillae is innervated by parasympathetic fibers

Find the correct answers:

Peripharyngeal spaces are divided in retropharyngeal and lateropharyngeal space

The retropharyngeal space is placed symmetrically on the sides of the pharynx

The styloid diaphragm divides in the retropharyngeal space into the pre- and retrostyloid

The peripharyngeal space is located around the cephalon part of the pharynx

The olivary nucleus complex of the medulla oblongata:

Contains the superior olivary nucleus

Is involved in visceral muscle movement

Innervates the ipsilateral cerebellum

Contains accessory olivary nuclei

Arteria spinalis anterior:

Supplies the anterior two thirds of the spinal cord

Gives rise to the anterior radicular arteries

May come from the basilar artery

Arises from both vertebral arteries

Falx cerebri:

Is attached to crista galli

Runs between the cerebellar hemispheres

The superior sagital sinus runs in its lower free margin

Is a sickle shaped fold of dura mater

Axons:

Lacks Nissl granules in their axoplasm

Contain large amounts of ribosomes

Always conducts impulses towards the cell body

May be over 1m long

Golgi type I neurons:

Are present in the anterior horn of the spinal cord

Are Purkinje cells of the cerebral cortex

Are the most numerous neuron type

Have a long axon

The submandibular compartment contains:

Nervus lingualis

Nervus transversus coli

Platysma

Arteria facialis

The molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex:

It is the location where granule cell axons bifurcate into parallel fibers

Contains the dendritic trees of Purkinje cells

All the other answers are correct

Contains basket cells

Stimulation of the posterior and lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus causes:

Hyperglycemia

Pupillary constriction

Lowering of the blood pressure

Acceleration of heart rate

Nucleus ambiguus provides fibers to:

N. glossopharyngeus

N. hypoglossus

N. facialis

N. vagus

It is true for Regio Colli mediana:

The larynx and the cervical trachea form the second visceral layer

Contains a. subclavia

The superficial veins are collected into v. Jugulars externa

It's superior border is the body of the mandible

Myelin-forming cells of the CNS are called:

Fibrous astrocytes

Protoplasmic astrocytes

Microglial cells

Oligodendrocytes

The hypothalamohypophyseal tract carries:

Vasopressin

Prolactin

Oxytocin

Which of the following are encapsulated receptors?

Neurotendinous spindles

Merkel discs

Free nerve endings

Ruffini corpuscles

Arteria carotid interna has the following branches:

Arteria cerebri anterior

Arteria cerebelli superior

Arteria cervicalis ascendens

Arteria ophthalamica

The brain is conventionally divided into:

Dorsal brain

Hindbrain

Midbrain

Ventral brain

Autonomic innervation of the descending colon is provided:

Through pelvic sphlanchiac nerves

Through plexus mesentericus inferior

All the other answers are correct

From segments L2-L4 of the spinal cord

Fasciculus gracillis of the spinal cord:

Decussates in the anterior white commissure

Is created by radicular neuron axons

Decussates in Decussatio lemniscorum of the medulla oblongata

Contains sacral fibers

Nonmyelinated nerve fibers:

Indent on the surface of the Schawn cells

Have their individual Schwann cells

Have nodes of Ranvier along their length

Are usually less than 1 micrometer in diameter

Heterotypical cortices:

May be found in the postcentral gyrus

Contain large numbers of Purkinje cells

Are mostly found in association areas

May be of agranular type

The internal acute fibers of the medulla oblongata:

Create the decussate lemniscorum

Represent the great motor decussation

Travel posterior to the central gray matter

Emerge from nucleus gracillis

The premotor are of the cerebral cortex receives afferent fibers from the:

Basal ganglia

Cerebellum

Nucleus ruber

Sensory cortex

The corticospinal tracts:

Pass in the middle part of the base of the pendunculus cerebri

Decussate at the bulbopontine boundary

Terminate ipsilaterally in the spinal cord anterior column

Have fibers originating from the parietal lobe

The basal vein of the brain drains the:

Superficial middle cerebral vein

Superior cerebral veins

Thalamostriate vein

Striate veins

Which of the following are long association fibers of the telencephalon?

Cingulum

Fasciculus gracillis

Fasciculus retroflexus

Fasciculus uncinatus

The layers of the hippocampus are:

Polymorphic layer

Granular layer

Parvocellular layer

Molecular layer

Which nuclei of the thalamus are involved in performance of voluntary motor movements?

Ventral lateral

Ventral posterior

Dorsomedial

Ventral anterior

The horizontal cells of Cajal of the cerebral cortex:

Have an axon that runs parallel to the surface of the cortex

Are large multipolar cells

Have dendrites that exit the cortex

Are found in the most superficial layer

It is true regarding the cerebrospinal fluid:

It is absorbed in the arachnoid villi

It is secreted by arachnoid granulations

It passes the aqueducts cerebri in the superior direction

It is secreted by the choroid plexi

Foramen lacerum contains:

Plexus caroticus internus

Nervus petrosus ascendes

Vena emissaria

Nervus petrosus minor

N. Splanichus major and minor:

Pass through the diaphragm

Are parasympathetic

Contain postganglionic fibers

Are thoracic splanchnic nerves

It is true regarding the innervation of the lacrimal gland:

Parasympathetic innervation passes through n. tympanicus

Sympathetic innervation passes through N. Petrosus profundus

Sympathetic innervation passes through n. Petrosus minor

Parasympathetic innervation passes through n. Petrosus major

The intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus:

Receive afferent fibers from the reticular formation

Send efferent fibers to the primary motor cortex

Send efferent fibers to corpus mammillare

Receive afferent fibers from the spinothalamic tracts

Muscle that retract mandible, EXCEPT:

M. geniohyoideus

M. mylohyoideus

M. Temporalis posterior fibers

M. Pterygoideus lateralis

Borders scaleno-vertebral triangle:

Medial - cervical spine

Medial - trachea and esophagus

Inferior - dome pleura

Lateral - lateral of scaleno muscle

Nucleus ventralis posteromedialis relays:

Medial leminiscus

Spinal leminiscus

Trigeminal pathway

Gustatory pathway

Interscalenic fissure contains:

Plexus cervicalis

Truncus venous jugularis

Plexus brachialis

A. Carotis externa

Sinus cavernosus communicates with:

Sinus petrosus inferior

Sinus transversus

V. Ophthalmica superior

Sinus sigmoideus

Superficial layer of infra hyoid muscle contains:

M. omohyoideus

M. thyroidhyoideus

M. sternohyoideus

M. sternothyroideus

Vassopressin and oxytocin are synthesize in nerve cells of:

Hypothalamus

Pressure sensations from the skin are transmitted by:

Free ending nerves

Primary auditory area correspond to:

Brodman area 41

Brodman area 22

Brodman area 19

Brodman area 42

Prevertebrbal plain of the neck contains:

A. Carotis externa

N. accessorius

Truncus sympaticus

V. Jugularis externa

Origins of the spinocerebellar tract are:

Utricle (saccula)

Join receptors

Frontal love

Muscle spindles

Neurotransmitters use by striatonigral fibers are:

Acetylcholine

Noradrenaline

Substancia P

Serotonin

Effectors innervated by autonomic NS are the following, EXCEPT:

Smooth muscle

Endocrine gland

Heart muscle

Exocrine gland

Afferent connections of the striatum may be:

Pallidostriatal

Cerebellostrialtal

Nigrostriatal

Thalamostriatal

Conduction velocity of B nerve fibers:

3-14 m/s

Lemeniscus spinalis of the brain stem consists of:

Tractus spinothalamicus lateralis

Tractus spinoreticularis

Tractus spinolivaris

Tractus spinotectalis

Afferent fibers entering hippocampus come from:

Entorhinal area

Habenular nuclei

Gyrus cinguly

Anterior thalamic nuclei

Functions of anterior thalamic nuclei:

Emotional tone

Mechanism of recent memory

Afferent fibers to hypothalamus may come from:

Retina

Corpus amigdaloideus

Occipital lobe cortex

Putamen

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