PP cycle 2 2020

A detailed illustration representing acid-base balance, immunology, and cellular processes like apoptosis and neoplasia, in a scientific and educational style, vibrant colors, informative graphics.

Understanding Acid-Base Balance and Neoplastic Processes

Test your knowledge on critical physiological concepts related to acid-base balance, colloid osmotic pressure, and neoplasms. This quiz covers a range of topics that are vital for students and professionals in the medical and life sciences fields.

Assess your understanding of compensation mechanisms for different acid-base disturbances.
Explore the intricacies of neoplastic transformation and immune system responses.
Improve your knowledge in biochemical events during apoptosis and necrosis.

21 Questions5 MinutesCreated by AnalyzingCells42

Compensation:

Of the respiratory alkalosis by metabolic mechanisms increase the CO2 concentration in the blood

Of the metabolic alkalosis cannot be maintained through respiratory mechanisms over long period of time due to decreasing blood oxygenation

Of the respiratory acidosis is based only on increased excretion of acids by the kidneys

Of pH disturbances in the blood on the short run may not resolve the possible underlying pathology

Acid-base balance in the blood:

Reflects in the large part the effective functioning of respiratory system

Provides practically no information regarding the acid-base balance in the tissues

May usually be restored if the compensation mechanisms are efficient

Cannot rapidly be disturbed by acidity producing diet (meat, cheese, eggs, etc.)

Colloid osmotic pressure:

Is the value by which the osmotic pressure in the blood exceeds that found in the ISF

Is formed predominantly by albumins

May be locally decreased in inflammation site due to albumin loss with exudate fluid

Is responsible for water distribution between ISF (interstitial fluid) and ICF (intracellular fluid) compartments

The desired distribution of water and solutes in the organism:

Between ISF and IVF (intravenous fluid) spaces is maintained by Starling forces

Between the water spaces is always based on the sodium related osmotic pressure gradient

Between ISF and ICF depends on action of sodium-potassium pump

Is constant and invariable, which is important part of haemostasis

Excessive accumulation of water in interstitial fluid space:

Can be association with insufficient sodium consumption

Es not accompany the tissue injury

Is often caused by sodium-potassium pump malfunction

Can result from cardiac insufficiency

Neoplasms of malignant character:

Usually gain ability to produce metastases at their earliest stages of development

Do not need increased protection from apoptosis because they are immortalized by gaining control over the telomerase gene

Can typically produce metastatic growth in any tissue located downstream of blood from their tissue of origin

Need to make their DNA repair mechanism dysfunctional

In instances protecting us from neoplasm development include:

Detoxifying mechanisms of the cell

Low probability of developing changes desired by the neoplasm in neoplastic transformation process

Relatively high probability of developing the lethal mutation in neoplastic transformation process

Immune system surveillance

Neoplastic cells can be recognized and destroyed by lymphocytes thanks to:

Presence of inappropriate proteins encoded by oncogenes

Excessive expression of certain proteins

Expression of proteins typical for other cells (including embryonic cells)

Presence of proteins from oncogenic virus

Insufficient recognition of neoplastic cells by the immune system can result from:

Insufficient expression of MHC class II molecules by neoplastic cells

High immunogenicity of neoplastic cells

Excessive presence of MHC class I molecules on neoplastic cells

Temporary or permanent deficiency of the immune system

In typical tumour following sequence (s) of neoplastic events seem to be most probable:

Damage to DNA repair mechanisms -> increased proliferation potential -> expression of telomerase

Increased proliferation potential -> decreased sensitivity to apoptosis -> telomerase resynthesis

Damage to DNA repair mechanisms -> increased proliferation potential -> increased mutation rate

Increased proliferation potential -> increased mutation rate -> damage to DNA repair mechanisms

The immune system can induce death of cells through:

Necrosis in cases when complement is activated

Apoptosis based on the typical extrinsic pathway

Apoptosis like death based on the atypical (cytotoxic) pathway

Apoptosis based on the typical intrinsic pathway

Apoptosis

Can be triggered by the physiological stimuli withdrawal

Is possible even without involvement of caspases

Develops only if the cell is not extremely damaged

Can be prevented by the reduced expression of the BCL2 genes

Damage to the DNA repair system may lead to:

Atrophy of the tissue

Increased proliferation rate in the affected cells

Inability to trigger necrosis in damaged cells

Accumulation of the inappropriate cells

Biochemical events during apoptosis include:

Formation of apoptotic bodies

Non-random DNA fragmentation

Swelling of the cell

Activation of caspases

Typical features of necrosis include:

Spillage of the cell content followed by DNA fragmentation

Loss of phospholipids integrity of the cell membrane

Swelling of the organelles and increasing volume of the cytoplasm

Shrinking of the cell that precedes irreversible swelling

Flow cytometry is a method:

Much more sensitive than PCR

Which does not take its origin from PCR

Which, as opposed to PCR, cannot be used effectively on mixed populations of cells

Providing much better statistical characteristic of the sample than PCR

Fluorescent dyes are used in microscopy and flow cytometry mainly because:

They are inexpensive

They are the only dyes that can be conjugated with antibodies

They are permanent

. They have unique property allowing for elimination of background light, thus improve sensitivity

Using large number of fluorescent channels in flow cytometry

May require more than one laser to be used

Can cause some compensation challenges

May result from poor experience of the operators in choosing the right cellular markers to be analyzed

Can make analysis of the result difficult

Flow cytometry is a method:

. Utilizing at least two various light sources

Designed to learn about morphology of cells in mixed cellular sample

Requiring no processing of the sample prior to testing

Allowing for statistical analysis of the cellular content of fluid sample

The advantage of having more than one laser in flow cytometry system is that:

We can stain the sample with lower concentrations of fluorescent markers

The energy of light from two combined lasers allows us to better visualize some “weak” fluorochromes

In case of one laser failing to work, the other(s) can substitute for it

The speed of analysis can be increased

None

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PP cycle 2 2020

Understanding Acid-Base Balance and Neoplastic Processes

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