Body system 4
Advanced Medical Quiz: Body Systems
Test your knowledge on human anatomy and physiology with our comprehensive quiz designed for medical enthusiasts and professionals alike.
This quiz features 56 challenging questions covering various body systems and medical conditions:
- Metabolic and Respiratory Disorders
- Gastrointestinal Physiology
- Endocrine System Fun
ctions - Renal and Urinary Systems
A 45-year-old woman develops severe diar- rhea while on vacation. She has the following arterial blood values: pH = 7.25 PcO2 = 24 mm Hg [HCO3–] = 10 mEq/L Venous blood samples show decreased blood [K+] and a normal anion gap. The correct diagnosis for this patient is
metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
respiratory alkalosis
Normal acid–base status
A patient arrives at the emergency room with low arterial pressure, reduced tissue tur- gor, and the following arterial blood values: pH = 7.69 [HCO3–] = 57 mEq/L PCO2 = 48 mm Hg Which of the following responses would also be expected to occur in this patient?
Hyperventilation
Decreased K+ secretion by the distal tubules
Increased ratio of H2PO4– to HPO4–2 in urine
Exchange of intracellular H+ for extracellular K+
A patient with a duodenal ulcer is treated successfully with the drug cimetidine. The basis for cimetidine’s inhibition of gastric H+ secretion is that it
) blocks muscarinic receptors on parietal cells
blocks H2 receptors on parietal cells
increases intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels
blocks H+,K+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)
Enhances the action of acetylcholine (ACh) on parietal cells
When parietal cells are stimulated, they secrete
HCl and intrinsic factor
HCl and pepsinogen
HCl and HCO3–
HCO3– and intrinsic factor
Mucus and pepsinogen
A patient with Zollinger–Ellison syn- drome would be expected to have which of the following changes?
Decreased serum gastrin levels
Increased serum insulin levels
Increased absorption of dietary lipids
Decreased parietal cell mass
Peptic ulcer disease
Which of the following is the site of Na+–bile acid cotransport?
Gastric antrum
Gastric fundus
Duodenum
Ileum
Colon
A 41-year-old woman has hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and decreased urinary phosphate excretion. Injection of parathy- roid hormone (PTH) causes an increase in urinary cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The most likely diagnosis is
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Vitamin D intoxication
Vitamin D deficiency
Hypoparathyroidism after thyroid surgery
pseudohypoparathyroidism
A 46-year-old woman has hirsutism, hyperglycemia, obesity, muscle wasting, and increased circulating levels of adrenocorti- cotropic hormone (ACTH). The most likely cause of her symptoms is
Primary adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison’s disease)
Pheochromocytoma
Primary overproduction of ACTH (Cushing’s disease)
Treatment with exogenous glucocorticoids
Blood levels of which of the following substances is decreased in Graves’ disease?
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Diiodotyrosine (DIT)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
) Iodide (I–)
Propylthiouracil can be used to reduce the synthesis of thyroid hormones in hyperthyroidism because it inhibits oxidation of
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Diiodotyrosine (DIT)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Iodide (I–)
Inhibin, a hormone that inhibits synthesis and release of FSH, is secreted by
prostate gland.
Sertoli cells.
Seminal vesicles.
Bulbourethral glands.
Interstitial cells of Leydig
Stimulation of the parasympathetic neurons in the GI tract from Auerbach's or myenteric plexus will cause
. Inhibition of local secretions
Inhibition of peristalsis.
Stimulation of local secretions
. Stimulation of peristalsis
Which one of the following does not occur during swallowing?
The larynx raises
The epiglottis moves anteriorly to close the glottis
The uvula and soft palate move inferiorly to block the oropharynx
The vestibular folds move medially.
What type of epithelium lines the prostatic urethra?
Simple columnar
Pseudostratified columnar
Stratified squamous
Simple squamous
Transitional (urothelium)
The kidneys
Are retroperitoneal and are attached to the abdominal wall.
Are partially protected by ribs 6-9
. Are surrounded by capsules of epithelial tissue
Are protected from mechanical trauma by a thick layer of loose CT
Which one of the following is absorbed in the GI tract without being digested?
Vitamins
Triglycerides
Proteins
Starch
What is the hormone produced by these cells (Please see the picture)?
Progesterone
Inhibin
Luteinizing hormone
Testosterone
A 49-year-old male patient with severe Crohn’s disease has been unresponsive to drug therapy and undergoes ileal resection. After the surgery, he will have steatorrhea Because
The liver bile acid pool increases
Chylomicrons do not form in the intestinal lumen
Micelles do not form in the intestinal lumen
Dietary triglycerides cannot be digested
The pancreas does not secrete lipase
Each of the following statements concerning this structure development is true, EXCEPT (Please see the picture):
At puberty, the glands increase in size due to duct formation and connective tissue development
Alveoli begin to secrete milk after delivery
The nipple, areola, and rudimentary duct system develop in embryogenesis
Progesterone stimulates alveolus growth in pregnancy
Secretory portions develop at puberty under estrogen stimulation
Vessels and nerves reach the tooth pulp cavity via the
Root canal
Gingiva
Cervical canal
A female patient comes to your office with lower abdominal pain. She missed her last menses and her pregnancy test is positive. Ultrasound imaging reveals a cyst-like structure in the right uterine tube which you feel may be a tubal pregnancy. In order to confirm your diagnosis and to remove the tubal embryo, you can gain access to the patient's lower pelvic cavity by passing a culdoscope through the vagina and the:
Vesicouterine pouch
Isthmus
Posterior fornix
Ampulla
Cervix
The thyroid gland is supplied by two arteries, the superior thyroid and inferior thyroid arteries, which run into the apex and base of each lobe respectively. From which major blood vessel does the superior thyroid artery arise?
Brachiocephalic trunk
Subelavian artery
Imemal carotid artery
External carotid artery
SGLT1 is a symporter that can be found in the small intestine. Which macromolecule does it transport?
Fatty acids
Amino acids
Nucleicacids
Monosaccharides
Cholecystokinin (CCK) inhibits
Pancreatic HCO3- secretion
Gastric emptying
Relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi
Pancreatic enzyme secretion
Contractoifothne gallbladder
What path do bile salts take?
Liver, gall bladder, duodenum, jejunum, tissues
Gall bladder, stomach, duodenum, juejunum, ileum, tissues
Liver, gall bladder, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, liver
Gall bladder, stomach, duodenum, tissues, liver
The pancreas arises from which embryonic germ layer?
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Mesendoderm
Which of the following is the site of Na+—bile acid cotransport?
Colon
Gastric antrum
Duodenum
Gastric fundus
Leum
Increased stomach pH is the consequence of which of the following?
Damage to the mucous cells
Inhibition of the parietal cells
Overexpression by chief cells
Increased G cell activity
A patient comes in with abdominal pain. Their lab results reveal normal levels of pancreatic enzymes, pepsinogen, and both stomach and gall bladder motility, but an acidic small intestine environment. Which hormone is not in balance?
Leptin
Gastrin
Secretin
CCK
Which of the following would most likely be found in the esophagus of a patient suffering from gastroesophageal reflux disease?
Carboxypeptidase
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Pepsin
Which of the following structures crosses over the inferior or horizontal (third) portion of the duodenum?
Pancreas
portal vein
Superior mesenteric artery
Hepatic artery
In which of the following structures of the oral cavity would taste buds be localized in the highest concentration?
Vallate papillae
Gingiva
Fungiform papillae
Filiform papillae
Ventral surface of the tunge
Steatorrhea is the presence of increased fat in feces. Which organ is least likely to be the cause of a patient's steatorrhea?
Pancreas
Liver
Small intestine
Stomach
Identify the INCORRECT statement concerning the bile canaliculi
Have their own walls
Are intercellular gaps between the hepatocytes within the plates
Drain bile into the roundlobular and interlobular ducts
are isolated from the intercellular compartment by tight junctions
hepatocyte microvilli project into their lumen
GF ismeasured by:
Inulin clearance
Creatine clearance
Creatinine clearance
PAH clearance
Renin is secreted from which of the following cell:
Endothelial cell
Macula densa
Messengial cell
JG apparatus
Adrenal gland consists of
Lower adrenal and outer adrenal
Inner medulla and outer caortex
ACTH and BCTH
Inner and outer layer of kidney
Which of the following vessels might be visible in a section obtained from the renal medulla?
Interlobular arteries
Efferent arteriole
Vasa recta
Arcuate artery
Afferent arteriole
A 45-year-old woman develops severe diar- rhea while on vacation. She has the following arterial blood values: pH=7.25 PcO2 = 24 mm Hg [HCO;] =10 mEg/L Venous blood samples show decreased blood (K*! And a normal anion gap. Which of the following statements about this patient is correct?
The decreased blood (K*] is a result of decreased circulating levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
The decreased blood (K*] is a result of decreased circulating levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
The decreased blood (K+ is a result of increased circulating levels of aldosterone
Sheis hypoventilating
The decreased blood (K*] is a result of exchange of intracelluH*laforr extracellular K+
The adrenal gland is located
Lateral to the liver
On the kidneys
In the peritoneal cavity
In the abdominal cavity
Adrenal gland is derived from
__Mesoderm
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Ectoderm and mesoderm
How many semininififerouuss tubules are found in each testitis of an average man?
4-6
40-60
400-600
4000-6000
40.000-60.000
Each of the following statements concerning the renal macula densa is true, EXCEPT:
its cells control NaCl concentration in the urine and regulate renin release
Its epithelial cells become higher and narrower, their nuclei appear crowded
its cells produce renin
Islocated between afferent and efferent arterioles
is formed in the distal convoluted tubule at the site of tubule contact with the vascular pole of its parent renal corpuscle
Each of the following statements concerning these cells is true, EXCEPT (please see the picture):
are parts of the seminiferous epithelium
Their cytoplasm is rich in sER, Golgi complex, vesicular mitochondria, and lipid droplets
Produce androgens, mainly testosterone
Their plasma membranes possess receptors for LH and estrogens
Primarily release the hormone into testicular lymph.
Each of the following statements concerning this structure is true, EXCEPT (please see the picture):
Its alveoli often contain concretions, especially in elderly males
Surrounds the ejaculatory duct
Its glands are mucosal, submucosal, and peripheral
The glandular epithelium depends on testosterone
The glands are surrounded by connective tissue with bundles of smooth muscle cells
The following statements regarding the neurohypophysis are true:
Originates from nervous tissue
Contains nonmyelinated axons, pituicytes, fenestrated capillaries, and the Herring bodies
Store and release into the blood secretory product from the hypothalamus
is a typical endocrine gland
Each of the following statements concerning the adrenal medulla is true, EXCEPT:
its secretion is modulated by ACTH
Originates from the neural crest
Secretes norepinephrine and epinephrine
its chromaffin cells are modified neurons
Contains sinusoidal blood capillaries and large veins.
Each of the following statements concerning the adrenal cortex is true, EXCEPT:
Secretes steroid hormones
Consists of epithelial cells;
Arises from the mesoderm;
Secretes catecholamines;
Is divided into three zones: glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis
Each of the following statements concerning the undifferentiated cells of the gastric glands is true, EXCEPT:
Are located mainly in the neck region of the glands;
are absent in the pyloric glands;
Give rise to all glandular cell types;
Serve for renewal of gastric surface epithelium;
Their descendants migrate upwards along the pit and are shed at the luminal surface.
Each of the following statements concerning the intestinal villus is true, EXCEPT:
Its core consists of connective tissue;
Contains fenestrated sinusoidal blood capillaries;
contains a blind-ending lymphatic capillary called the lacteal;
Smooth muscle cells derived from muscularis mucosae extend to the villus and accompany the lacteal;
lacks the covering epithelium.
Damage to which gland of the oral cavity would lead to an increase in the concentration of triglycerides in the esophagus ?
Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular
VonEbner’s
Which of these inhibits secretion and motility of the stomach ?
Enterogatric reflex
parasympathetic stimulation
Gastrin
Interinsic factor
Distention of stomach wall
Which one of the following is absorbed in the GI tract without being digestion
Vitamins
Triglycerides
Proteins
Starch
A decrease in plasma in plasma ionized calcium together with an increase in PTH is most likely to be found in a patient with :
Vitamin D deficiency
Hypoparathyroidism
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Each of the following statements concerning the tooth development is true, EXCEPT:
The enamel organ cells induce odontoblast formation;
Odontoblasts arise from the outer enamel epithelium;
Odontoblasts produce dentin;
Ameloblasts arise from the inner enamel epithelium;
Ameloblasts deposit enamel on the dentinal surface.
Each of the following statements concerning the esophageal glands is true, EXCEPT:
Esophageal glands proper occur in the submucosa;
Esophageal glands proper are compound tubulo alveolar ones;
Produce serous secretion;
Esophageal cardiac glands occur in the mucosal lamina propria;
Esophageal cardiac glands are present in the proximal and terminal portions of the organ.
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