Human Biology Study Guide 2
Human Biology Mastery Quiz
Test your knowledge on human biology with our comprehensive quiz designed for students and enthusiasts alike! This quiz consists of a variety of multiple-choice questions covering topics such as the nervous system, brain fun
Features:
- 91 engaging questions
- Multiple choice format
- Geared towards students and biology lovers
An effector is
All of the above
What a motor neuron stimulates
Something that causes an effect
A muscle or gland
Which of the following carry impulses toward the cell body of neuron?
Glial cells
Axons
Dendrites
Schwann cells
Which of the following is a function of the myelin sheath?
Moves sodium and potasium ions by active transport
All of the above
Protects the dendrites of motor neurons
Increases the rate of conduction of a nerve impulse
Ions channels are -------- in the plasma membrane that allow -------- to pass through
Ions; proteins
Proteins; ions
Glycopholipids; ions
Phospholipids; cholesterol
The resting potential of a neuron is maintained by ------
The sodium-potassium pumps
Neuroglial cells
The myelin sheath
Acetylcholine
True or False? Action potentials can be small, medium, or large in size (and any size in between).
True
False
A neuron was stimulated with 0.075 volts and no action potential occured. Later is was stimulated with 0.15 volts and it fired an action potential. What conclusions can you draw from this?
Both of the stimuli are too weak to produce an action potential
The action potential threshold must be between 0.075 and 0.15 v
All of the above
Acetylcholinesterase levels were too high
Diffusion of calcium into the synaptic know of a presynaptic neuron gencrates which immediate response?
Deactivation of neurotransmitters by enzymes in the synaptic cleft
Absorption of neurotransmitters by the postsynaptic neuron
Funsion of synaptic vesicles with the neuronaEs plasma membrane and release of neurotransmitter
Repolarization of the postsynaptic neuron
Nerve impulses cannot reverse and travel up the axon towards the cell body due to -------
The action potential
The resting potential
The refractory potential
Summation
During an action potential, repolarization occurs
When sodium diffuses into the cell
Only where sodium-potassium pumps are absent
When calcium ions diffuse into the synaptic knob
When potassium diffuses out of the cell
The effect of a given transmitter within a synapse is determined by ---------
The type of receptor
The number of schwann cells on the axon
The type of neurotransmitter released
The amount of neurotransmitter released
Sensory neurons carry impulses----- the central nervous system, while motor neurons carry impulses----- the central nervous system.
Away from; toward
Toward; away from
Along; through
Between; toward
What are the main components of the central nervous system?
Spinal cord and brain
Autonomic and somatic
Spinal nerves and spinal cord
Brain and cranial nerves
Which is the correct order of meninges from superficial to deep?
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Arachnoid mater, dura mater, pia mater
Pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
Arachnoid mater, pia mater, dura mater
The peripheral nervous system is subdivided into the ____ and the ____ nervous systems.
Spinal cord; nerves
Brain; spinal cord
Central; autonomic
Autonomic; somatic
The ventricles of the brain contain ____.
Myelin
Cerebrospinal fluid
White matter
Gray matter
Responses to stress, such as an increase in heart rate and respiratory rate, are stimulated by the ____.
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
cerebrum
Somatic nervous system
The thin, most superficial layer of the cerebrum is called the ____.
Dura mater
Primary motor area
Cerebral cortex
Cerebrospinal fluid
Which part of the brain is most important in your recall of information for this test?
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Thalamus
Medulla oblongata
The part of the brain that contains reflex centers for many vital body functions, such as respiration and blood pressure control, is the ____.
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord
Cerebral cortex
Cerebellum
Incoming somatosensory signals pass through the ____ on their way to the ____.
Limbic system; frontal lobe
Hypothalamus; medulla oblongata
Thalamus; parietal lobe
Corpus callosum; primary motor area
The group of structures in the brain that help to produce emotions and memories is collectively called the ____.
Hypothalamus
Reticular activating system
Pons
Limbic system
What part of our brain takes the information you just heard in lecture and (hopefully) converts it from short-term memory to long-term memory?
Hippocampus
Corpus callosum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
What area of the brain filters sensory information and helps to keep us alert?
Cerebral cortex
Medulla
Hippocampus
Reticular activating system
True or false? The primary function of a spinal reflex is to perform a predictable response to a given stimulus.
True
False
Cerebrospinal fluid functions to ____ the brain.
Cushion
All of the above
Nourish
Support
Spinal nerves are able to carry which of the following types of information?
Motor only
Sensory only
Both motor and sensory
Intelligence carried in the interneurons
True or false? In the cerebrum, gray matter is deep to the white matter; in the spinal cord, it is superficial to the white matter.
True
False
Peripheral nerves that emerge from the brain are called ____.
Motor nerves
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Autonomic nerves
The blood-brain barrier is formed by ____.
The white matter of the corpus callosum
Tough connective tissue membranes called the meninges
Tight junctions between the cells of capillaries in the brain
Cerebrospinal fluid
Which organ is the first to respond to sound waves traveling in the air?
The spiral organ
Malleus
Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Semicircular canals
Hearing and balance both are sensed by ____.
Mechanoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Receptors that monitor the degree of muscle tension and provide input for balance and muscle coordination are called ____.
Golgi tendon organs
Merkel disks
Muscle spindles
Meissner’s corpuscles
Which sensory receptors experience sensory adaptation?
Thermoreceptors and photoreceptors
Light touch receptors and olfactory receptors
Pain receptors and taste receptors
All of the above
The ____ functions to equalize pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane.
Auditory tube
Oval window
Cochlea
Pinna
The aqueous humor in the anterior chamber of the eye is produced by ____.
The retina
The choroid
The ciliary body
The fovea
The ____ is a smooth muscle that controls the shape of the lens, while the ____ is a smooth muscle that controls the size of the pupil.
Ciliary body; iris
Retina; choroid body
Sclera; cornea
Iris; vitreous humor
Which photoreceptors are extremely sensitive to low levels of light?
Rods
Bipolar cells
Ganglion cells
Cones
The taste of umami indicates ____.
A high level of vitamin C
A high level of salts and electrolytes
A high level of protein
A high level of energy
Contact lenses and glasses change the ____ of light rays to focus them directly onto the ____.
Shape; sclera
Brightness; choroid body
Bending; retina
Reflection; lens
What is an irregular curvature of the cornea called?
Nearsightedness
Convergence
Farsightedness
Astigmatism
True or false? Water-soluble hormones pass through the plasma membrane on their own
True
False
Inhibiting hormones and releasing hormones are secreted by _____.
The hypothalamus
The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
The pancreas
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Red bone marrow cells respond to a hormone called erythropoietin. Why doesn’t a liver or kidney cell respond to this hormone?
The hormone is water-soluble, so kidney and liver cells cannot respond to it.
Only hormones secreted by the bone marrow are able to act upon the bone marrow.
Ion channels that allow erythropoietin to diffuse into the cell are missing in kidney and liver cells.
Kidney and liver cells do not contain the protein receptor that binds erythropoietin.
Tropic hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland include _____.
Insulin and glucagon
Oxytocin and ADH
FSH and LH
Growth hormone and prolactin
Growth hormone stimulates growth, especially in muscles and bones. What specific structure in bones contains many target cells for this hormone?
Periosteum
Epiphyseal plate
Yellow bone marrow
Red bone marrow
The adrenal medulla secretes hormones that function to prolong the effects of the ____ nervous system.
Central
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Somatic
Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclasts. This would ____ calcium levels in the blood.
Decrease
Not change
Inhibit
Increase
Too little thyroid hormone secretion causes the following symptoms.
Anxiety and weight loss
Decreased body temperature and heart rate
All of the above
Nervousness and sleeplessness
Which pancreatic hormone functions to increase blood glucose levels?
Glucagon
Aldosterone
Insulin
Parathyroid hormone
Which type of diabetes mellitus is becoming increasingly more common in American children?
Type 2
Graves' disease
Type 1
All of the above
Which endocrine gland might be involved in seasonal affective disorder, which occurs in some people during winter, when the days are shorter?
Pineal
Pituitary
Thyroid
Adrenal
When the response of a tissue to the combination of two hormones is much greater than its response to either individual hormone, the interaction is said to be _____.
Antagonistic
Synergistic
Permissive
Tropic
Prostaglandins are _____.
Examples of releasing hormones
Produced by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Responsible for the development of goiter
One type of local signaling molecules
Oversecretion of which hormone will result in acromegaly?
Epinephrine
Growth hormone
Testosterone
Glucagon
Which of the following anemias would result from the rupture of red blood cells due to infection, defects in the red blood cells, mismatched blood transfusions, or hemoglobin abnormalities?
Hemolytic anemia
Anemia due to trauma and blood loss
Iron-deficient anemia
Pernicious anemia
Leukocytes function in _____, while platelets, or thrombocytes, _____.
Carrying oxygen; fight infection
Immunity; carry oxygen
Immunity; clot blood
Blood clotting; fight infection
True or false? The reason that erythrocytes don’t live very long is that cells without DNA are unable to produce and repair old, worn-out cell parts.
True
False
Bilirubin is a waste product produced by _____.
The destruction of platelets
The degradation of the heme in hemoglobin
Active basophils
Converting fibrinogen to fibrin
Blood type ___ contains no antigens, while blood type ___ makes no antibodies.
O; O
O; AB
AB; O
A; B
Hemolytic disease of the newborn is caused by ___________.
All of the above
An Rh-negative mother having a child with an Rh-positive father
An Rh-negative mother’s leukocytes producing anti-Rh antibodies
The rupture of the fetus’s erythrocytes, causing anemia
A bone marrow transplant replaces diseased bone marrow with that from a donor. What complications might you expect from this procedure?
There shouldn’t be any problems with this procedure.
New donor leukocytes might see body tissues as foreign.
Erythrocytes might not be of the correct size and shape.
Platelets might not clot blood very well.
The type of plasma protein most responsible for balancing the movement of water between blood and cells of the tissues is _____.
Keratin
Clotting proteins
Globulins
Albumin
Where are megakaryocytes located?
General circulation
Red bone marrow
Spleen
Thymus
An increase in ______ may indicate the presence of internal parasites.
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes
Basophils
Oxygen is primarily transported by ______.
Plasma
White blood cells
Red blood cells
Platelets
What is the metal responsible for oxygen binding in the hemoglobin molecule?
Iron
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
How is most carbon dioxide transported from the tissues to the lungs?
In the cytoplasm of erythrocytes
Dissolved in the blood plasma
Bound to hemoglobin
Carried by platelets
Which of the following stimulates the production of red blood cells?
Albumin
Erythropoietin
Hematoma
Thrombocyte
Which of the following is cancer of the white blood cells?
Hemophilia
Leukemia
Anemia
Sickle-cell anemia
A blood clot that is lodged in an unbroken blood vessel is called ____.
An embolus
An antigen
A thrombus
A formed element
When a blood vessel is cut, the first response to help stop the bleeding is _____.
Vasoconstriction
Agglutination
Formation of a clot
Platelet plug formation
The slits between capillary endothelial cells allow ____ to pass through.
White blood cells
Dissolved hormones
Nutrient-rich fluid
All of the above
One of the main forces pushing blood through veins back toward the heart is ____.
Blood pressure
Osmotic pressure
Skeletal muscle contractions
Heart contractions
The thick fibrous sac that encloses the heart is called the ____.
Septum
Endothelium
Endocardium
Pericardium
Which of the following best describes the function of the chordae tendinae?
Separate the right and left sides of the heart to prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Help return venous blood to the heart
Conduct the electrical signal from the AV node to the cells of the ventricles
Reinforce the AV valves to prevent backflow of blood during ventricular systole
The valves between the atria and ventricles are called ____ valves, while the valves that guard exits from the heart are called ____ valves.
Semilunar; atrioventricular
Bicuspid; tricuspid
Atrioventricular; semilunar
Atrial; ventricular
Which type of blood vessel plays the most important role in regulating blood pressure?
Arterioles
Venules
Capillaries
Veins
An embolus that lodges in a coronary artery can cause a condition called a(n) ____.
Myocardial infarction
Angiogram
Angioplasty
Cerebrovascular accident
What does the QRS wave of an ECG represent?
Spread of the electrical signal over the ventricles
Spread of the electrical signal through the intercalated disks of the atria
Atrial systole
Generation of a signal by the SA node
True or false? The spleen and lymph nodes have similar functions; they both filter blood of old, worn-out red blood cells, platelets, and microbes.
True
False
Blood flow through a capillary bed is regulated by precapillary sphincters in response to ____.
Stimulus from the parasympathetic nervous system
The metabolic needs of the tissue
elevated blood pressure
The P wave of the ECG
Which is the smallest blood vessel?
Capillary
Artery
Arteriole
Vein
Which of the following contains blood with the highest oxygen content?
Pulmonary vein
Capillaries in the tissues
Pulmonary artery
Superior vena cava
Which of these most correctly traces the path of blood from the heart to a kidney and back to the heart again?
Right atrium, aorta, renal artery, kidney, renal vein, superior vena cava, left atrium
Left ventricle, aorta, renal artery, kidney, renal vein, inferior vena cava, right atrium
Left ventricle, inferior vena cava, renal vein, kidney, renal artery, aorta, right atrium
Left ventricle, renal artery, kidney, renal vein, superior vena cava, right atrium
Heart sounds result from ____.
Flow of blood as it enters the heart
Closing of the heart valves
Expansion and elastic recoil of arteries
Contraction of the ventricles
Which of the following help move lymph through the lymphatic vessels?
Presence of one-way valves
Pressure changes in the thorax
Contraction of skeletal muscle
All of the above
Which of the following lymphatic organs functions in the maturation of T lymphocytes during childhood?
Spleen
Tonsils
Peyer’s patches
Thymus
Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system?
Defend against disease
Transport nutrients
Provide a mechanism for the spread of cancer cells
Transport red blood cells
____ bring oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood to skeletal muscles, while ____ drain waste-ridden blood away from them.
Arteries; veins
Venules; veins
Veins; arteries
Veins; arterioles
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