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NVU_2023/Digital 3D/4D Imaging of Biostructures/MCQ for Final Exam

A highly detailed illustration of various microscopy techniques in a lab setting, showcasing 3D imaging of cells and tissues, with elements of technology and biology intricately blended together.

Advanced Imaging Techniques in Biostructures

Welcome to the Advanced Imaging Techniques in Biostructures quiz! This quiz is designed to test your knowledge on various modern microscopy methods and their applications in biological research and tissue engineering.

Covering a wide range of topics, you will explore:

Different microscopy techniques like SHG, LSHM, and TEM.
Applications in live and fixed cell imaging.
Techniques for visualizing cellular and subcellular structures.

30 Questions8 MinutesCreated by VisualizingTissues32

1. Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) technique is based on:

A) Auto-fluorescence of proteins and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM);

B) Auto-fluorescence of proteins and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM);

C) Auto-fluorescence of proteins and Scanning-Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM);

D) Auto-fluorescence of proteins and Light Sheet Microscopy (LSHM);

E) Auto-fluorescence of proteins and Laser Confocal Microscopy (LSM);

F) Auto-fluorescence of proteins and Differential Interference Contrast (DIC);

G) All answers are nonsense

2. Light Sheet Microscopy (LSHM) is dedicated to:

A) Whole-Body Imaging with Single-Cell Resolution by Tissue Decolorization;

B) Whole-Body Imaging with Single-Cell Resolution by Fluorescent Staining;

C) Whole-Body Imaging with Single-Cell Resolution by Tissue Sectioning;

D) Whole-Body Imaging with Single-Cell Resolution by Tissue Disintegration;

E) Whole-Body Imaging with Single-Cell Resolution without Fluorescent Staining;

F) Whole-Body Imaging with Single-Cell Resolution by Histological Staining;

G) Whole-Body Imaging with Single-Cell Resolution without Tissue Fixation

3. Structure Illumination Microscopy (SIM) technique belongs to:

A) TEM;

B) SEM;

C) STEM;

D) LSHM;

E) LSM;

F) DIC;

G) All answers are nonsense

4. Which among Listed below techniques allows nano-scale imaging of fixed cells?

A) Phase Contrast Microscopy (PCM);

B) Super Resolution LSM (SRLSM);

C) TEM;

D) SEM;

E) LSHM;

F) UV microscopy (UVM);

G) All answers are nonsense

5. Which among listed below techniques allows live cell imaging [in fact time-lapse microscopy (T-LM)] at nano-scale?

A) TEM;

B) SEM;

C) LSM;

D) SRLSM;

E) LSHM;

F) PCM;

G) All answers are nonsense

6. Pretend you are professional microscopist. Also imagine that you are working in Tissue Engineering (TE) field and your interest is focused on 3D organization of Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM) fibrils. Which among listed below techniques you need to use in order to visualize either individual fibrils or their bundles organized in fibers?

A) TEM;

B) SEM;

C) PCM;

D) SRLSM;

E) STEM;

F) UV TEM;

G) Polarization Microscopy (PZM);

7. Pretend you are professional microscopist. Also imagine that your interest is focused on subcellular constituents, nucleolus in particular. What is nucleolus and what is its canonic function?

A) Nucleolus is nuclear sub-compartment where: (i) ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA genes, r-genes) are located and transcribed; (ii) newly synthesized pre-rRNA processed and (iii) proteins synthesis take place;

B) Nucleolus is nuclear super-compartment where: (i) ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA genes, r-genes) genes are located and transcribed; (ii) newly synthesized pre-rRNA processed and (iii) pre-ribosomal particles assembled;

C) Nucleolus is nuclear sub-compartment where: (i) ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA genes, r-genes) are activated and translated; (ii) newly synthesized pre-rRNA processed and (iii) pre-ribosomal particles assembled;

D) Nucleolus is nuclear sub-compartment where: (i) genes of messenger RNA (mRNA genes) are located and transcribed; (ii) newly synthesized pre-rRNA processed and (iii) pre-ribosomal particles assembled;

E) Nucleolus is nuclear sub-compartment where: (i) ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA genes, r-genes) are tandemly clustered and transcribed; (ii) newly synthesized pre-rRNA processed and (iii) pre-ribosomal particles assembled;

F) Nucleolus is nuclear sub-compartment where: (i) ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA genes, r-genes) are tandemly clustered and translated; (ii) newly synthesized pre-rRNA processed and (iii) proteins synthesis take place;

G) All answers are nonsense

8. Pretend you are professional microscopist specialized in the field of cancerology, while your interest is focused on cell/molecular mechanisms of anticancer drugs action. Also imagine that you are particularly interested by apoptogenic effect of such kind of anticancer drugs. How you are going to organize in vitro testing experiments? What will be your strategy in regard to: (i) selection of test systems, (ii) microscopy techniques, (iii) tagging methodology and (iv) observation object?

A) (i) I’m going to use primary cancer cell culture obtained from patient; (ii) I’m going to utilize fluorescent T-LM (FT-LM); (iii) I’m going to apply DAPI staining in order to specific intra-nuclear tagging of chromatin; (iv) I’m going to focus on the structure of the nucleus because it provides earliest signals of apoptosis;

B) (i) I’m going to use primary cancer cell culture obtained from patient; (ii) I’m going to utilize fluorescent T-LM (FT-LM); (iii) I’m going to apply DAPI staining in order to specific tagging of oxidative system of mitochondria; (iv) I’m going to focus on mitochondrial shape and structure because these organelles provide earliest signals of apoptosis;

C) (i) I’m going to use relevant cultured cancer cell line stably transfected for histone H2B-GFP; (ii) I’m going to utilize fluorescent T-LM (FT-LM); (iii) Also I’m going to apply fluorescent mitochondrial staining (mito-stainer) in order to tag specifically working mitochondria; (iv) I’m going to focus on the nucleus and mitochondria because they provide earliest signals of apoptosis;

D) (i) I’m going to use primary cancer cell culture obtained from patient; (ii) I’m going to utilize fluorescent T-LM (FT-LM); (iii) I’m going to apply DAPI staining in order to specific intra-nuclear tagging of chromatin; (iv) I’m going to focus on the structure of the nucleus because it provides earliest signals of apoptosis;

E) (i) I’m going to use primary cancer cell culture obtained from patient; (ii) I’m going to utilize fluorescent T-LM (FT-LM); (iii) I’m going to apply DAPI staining in order to specific intra-mitochondrial tagging of oxidative system; (iv) I’m going to focus on mitochondrial shape and structure because these parameters provide earliest signals of apoptosis;

F) (i) I’m going to use primary cancer cell culture obtained from patient; (ii) I’m going to utilize fluorescent T-LM (FT-LM); (iii) I’m going to apply DAPI staining in order to specific intra-nuclear tagging of the nucleolus; (iv) I’m going to focus on the structure of the nucleolus because it provides earliest signals of apoptosis;

G) (i) I’m going to use primary cancer cell culture obtained from patient; (ii) I’m going to utilize fluorescent T-LM (FT-LM); (iii) I’m going to apply DAPI staining in combination with actin-DsRed transfection for double tagging of chromatin and oxidative system of mitochondria; (iv) I’m going to focus simultaneously on both ultra-structures because they provide earliest signals of apoptosis;

9. Pretend you are professional microscopist specialized in the field of specific labeling of cytoskeletal components. Also imagine that your interest is focused on intermediate filaments posed also as specific onco-marker in tumors (benign and malignant) of epidermoid origin. Which among listed below cyto/histo-diagnostic techniques are enough to set correct diagnosis in cases of human skin tumors.

A) Conventional/modern fluorescent light microscopy (LM) immuno-labeling using monoclonal antibody against cytokeratines;

B) Modern fluorescent SEM after EM immuno-labeling using monoclonal antibody against cytokeratines;

C) Conventional/modern LM immuno-labeling using monoclonal antibody against actin;

D) SRLSM after imuno-labeling using monoclonal antibody against cytokeratines;

E) Modern fluorescent TEM after EM immuno-labeling using monoclonal antibody against cytokeratines;

F) Augmented TEM after immune-labeling using monoclonal antibody against actin;

G) All answers are nonsense

10. Imagine that after MRI imaging you suspect that patient reveals signs of brain tumor, either benign or malignant, but most probably astroglioma. Correspondingly, you and your patient both are preparing for surgical ablation of this tumor. Certainly, you need to set diagnosis right after surgical intervention as soon as possible. Which microscopy/histo-technique/s you prefer to use in order to recognize definitely astroglioma in post-operation sample/biopsy (including reliable staining method/s)?

A) Conventional/Modern LM using express paraffin histo-sections and immune-peroxidase labeling with monoclonal antibodies against Glial Acidic Fibrillar Protein (GAFP);

B) Conventional LM using express epoxy resin semi-thin sections and immune-peroxidase labeling with monoclonal antibodies against GAFP;

C) Conventional/Modern fluorescent LM using histological cryo-sectioning and immune-peroxidase labeling with monoclonal antibodies against GAFP;

D) Conventional TEM using express paraffin sections and immune-peroxidase labeling with monoclonal antibodies against GAFP;

E) Cryo-TEM using express frozen sections and immune-peroxidase labeling with monoclonal antibodies against GAFP;

F) Fluorescent SRLSM using histological cryo-sectioning and immune-peroxidase labeling with monoclonal antibodies against GAFP;

G) LSHM using whole extracted sample and immune-peroxidase labeling with monoclonal antibodies against GAFP

11. Pretend you are microscopist specialized in the field of onco-diagnostics. At the same time, you have excellent knowledge in normal and pathological Cell Biology. Therefore, you know very well nuclear structure on LM and TEM scale. Also, you know that malignant tumor cells proliferate very fast. Meanwhile, the progression of malignant tumor completely depends on cancer cell division rate. How do you think: (i) which microscopy technique; (ii) which nuclear criterion and (iii) which staining technique you shall use in order to set fastest prognosis in case of tumors with high grade of malignancy?

A) (i) Conventional/modern LM; (ii) nucleolar sizes and shape; (iii) Ag-NOR-protein staining;

B) (i) Conventional/modern LM; (ii) nuclear outlines and shape; (iii) Ag-NOR-protein staining;

C) (i) Conventional/modern TEM; (ii) nucleolar sizes and shape; (iii) Ag-NOR-protein staining;

D) (i) LSM; (ii) nucleolar sizes and shape; (iii) Ag-NOR-protein staining;

E) (i) Conventional/modern SEM; (ii) nucleolar sizes and shape; (iii) Ag-NOR-protein staining;

F) (i) Conventional/modern LM; (ii) nucleolar sizes and shape; (iii) Ag-NOR-protein staining;

G) All answers are nonsense;

12. Pretend you are professor in Cell Biology. Which among listed below techniques and which magnification are enough/necessary to show to student’s and to help them measure diameter of elementary chromatin deoxiribonucleoprotein fibril (i. e. DNP fibril; thickness of 25-30 nm) inside cell nucleus?

A) Conventional LM using routine histology staining at high magnification;

B) Conventional SEM using routine histology staining at high magnification;

C) Conventional TEM using routine EM double staining at high magnification;

D) Conventional SRLSM using fluorescent staining at high magnification;

E) Conventional fluorescent TEM at high magnification;

F) LSHM fluorescent microscopy at high magnification;

G) Conventional TEM using routine EM double staining at low magnification

13. Pretend you are specialist in onco-diagnostics. Preparation you are going to observe represents tumor tissue sample obtained using biopsy from body region affected by skin cancer. With this you definitely know that cancer cells at higher grades of malignancy are mostly increased in sizes and profoundly deformed. My question is: which among listed below techniques are the best to discriminate melanoma?

A) Conventional LM using routine EM double staining;

B) Conventional SEM using routine histology staining;

C) Conventional TEM using routine fluorescent double labeling;

D) Conventional fluorescent LM after ant-vinculin immuno-labeling;

E) Conventional fluorescent TEM after anti-desmin immuno-labeling;

F) AFM after anti-desmin immuno-labeling;

G) All answers are nonsense

14. Pretend you are specialist in soft tissue onco-diagnostics. Again and again the reparation you are going to observe represents tumor tissue sample obtained by biopsy from body region affected by skin cancer. With this you definitely know that unopposed criterion you must pay attention in order to set histo-genesis of tumor secondary nodes called metastases is presence of cyto- histo- and/or organo-specific markers. In turn, correct assessment of a source of origin of metastatic cells is crucial by elaboration of correct strategy by chemotherapy. My question is: (i) which technique applied to (ii) which specific markers appearence facilitate to assess histogenesis of tumor cells in case of skin squamous cell carcinoma lymph node metastases.

A) (i) Conventional LM and/or conventional fluorescent LM using immuno-peroxidase or fluorescent labelling with monoclonal antibodies against cytokeratines, respectively; (ii) presence/abundancy of intermediate filaments;

B) (i) Conventional TEM using routine EM double staining and/or EM immuno-peroxidase labeling with monoclonal antibodies against cytokeratins respectively; (ii) presence/abundancy of intermediate filaments;

C) Conventional fluorescent LM using anti-Type I collagen immuno-labeling; (ii) presence/abundancy of intermediate filaments;

D) Conventional LM and/or fluorescent LM using immune-peroxidase or fluorescent labeling with monoclonal antibody against Type II collagen, respectively; (ii) presence/abundancy of intermediate filaments;

E) Conventional LM and/or fluorescent LM and/or fluorescent LM using immune-peroxidase or fluorescent labeling with monoclonal antibody against Type III collagen; (ii) presence/abundancy of intermediate filaments;

F) All answers are correct;

G) All answers are nonsense

15. It is well established that bulk of modern anticancer drugs reveal inhibitory effect upon r-genes activity, I.e. r-genes transcription, pre-rRNA processing and pre-ribosomal particles assembling? My question is: using (i) which technique target to (ii) which major ultrastructure/s you need to follow in order to successfully accomplish your PhD project, aimed to fine structural background of anticancer drug action upon living cell organization at nanoscale.

A) (i) Correlative conventional light and conventional fluorescent microscopy (CLFM); (ii) nucleolus;

B) (i) Correlative light and conventional TEM (CLEM); (ii) nucleolus;

C) (i) CLEM on the basis of T-LM and post-live-cell imaging TEM; (ii) nucleolus;

D) (i) CLFM on the basis of SRLSM; (ii) nucleolus;

E) (i) CLFM on the basis of LSHM; (ii) nucleus;

F) (i) CLEM on the basis of SHG; (ii) nucleus;

G) (i) CLFM on the basis of PZM and DIC

16. Which among listed below corresponds to the resolution of conventional/modern light microscope (LM)?

A) 100-200 nm;

B) 100-200 µm;

C) 0.1-0.2 µm;

D) 0.001-0.002 µm;

E) 0.01-0.02 µm;

F) 0.1-0.2 mm;

G) All answers are nonsense

17. Which among listed below corresponds to the resolution of conventional/modern transmission electron microscope (TEM)?

A) 10-9 mm

B) 10-8 mm

C) 10-7 mm;

D) 10-6 mm;

E) 10-9 m;

F) 10-8 m;

G) 10-7 m;

18. Which among listed below corresponds to the resolution of conventional but modern laser confocal microscope (LSM)?

A) 100-200 nm;

B) 100-200 µm;

C) 0.1-0.2 µm;

D) 0.001-0.002 µm;

E) 0.01-0.02 µm;

F) 0.1-0.2 mm;

G) All answers are nonsense

19. Which among listed below corresponds to the resolution of modern scanning electron microscope (SEM)?

A) 5 nm;

B) 50 nm;

C) 500 nm;

D) 5 µm;

E) 50 µm;

F) 500 µm;

G) All answers are nonsense

20. Which among listed below corresponds to the resolution of modern super resolution LSM (SRLSM)?

A) 0.100 nm

B) 0.010 nm;

C) 0.001 nm;

D) 0.100 µm;

E) 0.010 µm;

F) 0.010 µm;

G) All answers are nonsense

21. Volume microscopy (vM) that include volume LM (vLM) and volume EM (vEM) is:

A) A group of techniques that reveal the surface micro-, ultra- and nano-structure of cells and tissues through continuous depths of at least 5 micrometers;

B) A group of techniques that reveal surfaced micro-, ultra- and nano-structure of cells and tissues through continuous depths of at least 3 micrometers;

C) A group of techniques that reveal the surface micro-, ultra- and nano-structure of cells and tissues through continuous depths of at least 1 micrometer;

D) A group of techniques that reveal the 3D micro-, ultra- and nano-structure of cells and tissues through continuous depths of at least 1 micrometer;

E) A group of techniques that reveal the 3D ultra- and nano-structure of cells and tissues through continuous depths of at least 1 micrometer;

F) A group of techniques that reveal the 3D nano-structure of cells and tissues through continuous depths of at least 1 micrometer;

G) A group of techniques that reveal the 3D micro-, structure of cells and tissues through continuous depths of at least 1 micrometer;

22. Pretend you are professional microscopist. Also imagine that your interest is focused on subcellular constituents, ribosomes in particular. How do you think, which among listed below techniques and which magnification you need to use in order to visualize in details the 3D organization and spatial relationship of ribosomal sub-particles after isolation of ribosomes?

A) Conventional/modern vLSM at magnification of about x1.000.000;

B) Modern SEM at magnification of about x1.000.000;

C) Modern vTEM at magnification of about x1.000.000;

D) Modern vLM at magnification of about x1.000.000;

E) Augmented vLM at magnification of about x1.000.000;

F) Conventional/modern vTEM at magnification of about x1.000.000;

G) All answers are nonsense

23. Pretend you are professional microscopist specialized in the field of single molecule detection microscopy. Also imagine that your interest is focused on cell membrane protein molecules posed as membrane receptors. How do you think, which among listed below techniques and which magnification you need to use in order to visualize 3D nano-structure of membrane receptors?

A) Conventional/modern fluorescent vLSM after LM immuno-labeling with monoclonal antibody at magnification of about x10.000.000;

B) Modern SEM at magnification of about x10.000.000;

C) Modern fluorescent SEM after EM immuno-labeling with monoclonal antibody at magnification of about x10.000.000;

D) Modern TEM after EM immuno-labeling with monoclonal antibody at magnification of about x10.000.000;

E) Atomic force microscope (AFM) after immuno-labeling with monoclonal antibody at magnification of about x10.000.000;

F) Modern fluorescent TEM after immuno-labeling with monoclonal antibody at magnification of about x10.000.000;

G) Augmented vLM after immune-labeling with monoclonal antibody at magnification of 10.000.000

24. Pretend you are professional microscopist specialized in the field of immune cyto/histo-chemical detection of different onco-marcers. Also imagine that your interest is focused on cell membrane onco-protein molecules posed as membrane receptors, I.e. Specific onco-markers. Which among listed below cyto/histo-diagnostic techniques are enough to reveal presence of corresponding membrane receptors?

A) Conventional/modern fluorescent LM immuno-labeling using specific monoclonal antibody;

B) Modern fluorescent SEM after EM immuno-labeling using specific monoclonal antibody;

C) Conventional/modern TEM after EM immuno-labeling using specific monoclonal antibody;

D) Atomic force microscope (AFM) after AFM immuno-labeling using specific monoclonal antibody;

E) Modern fluorescent TEM after EM immuno-labeling using specific monoclonal antibody;

F) Augmented vEM after immune-labeling using specific monoclonal antibody;

G) All answers are nonsense

25. Imagine that you are soft tissue surgeon specialized in onco-dermatology. Now, imagine that shoulder skin of your patient reveals the suspicious spot visually looking like melanoma. Correspondingly, you and your patient both are preparing for surgical ablation of this spot. Certainly you need to get diagnosis right before surgical intervention I.e. As soon as possible. Which microscopy/histo-technique/s you prefer to use for express diagnostics of the lesion biopsy (including reliable express staining method/s) of patient waiting for surgical intervention to be able to set correct diagnosis as soon as possible?

A) Conventional LM using express paraffin histo-sections (thickness of about 5-7 µm);

B) Conventional LM using express cryo-sections (thickness of about 1 µm);

C) Conventional LM using express epoxy resin semi-thin sections (thickness of about 1 µm);

D) Conventional TEM using express paraffin sections (thickness of about 5-7 µm);

E) Cryo-TEM using express frozen sections (thickness of about 1 µm);

F) vTEM using express epoxy resin sections (thickness of about 1 µm);

G) Cryo-vTEM using express frozen sections (thickness of about 1 µm)

26. Pretend you are professional microscopist specialized in the field of membrane surface relief, comparing in vitro growing different cellular types derived from different tissues. Imagine that your interest is focused on extremely complex cell membrane relief of macrophages posed as cellular type characterized by active phagocytosis. Which among listed below techniques at which magnification are enough to reveal complex membrane relief of cultivated macrophages within the surface square of 2x2 µm?

A) Conventional/modern LM using high instrumental magnification without digital zoom (up to about x1.500);

B) Conventional/modern SEM using medium or high instrumental magnification (from about x500 up to about x1.500 without digital zoom);

C) Conventional/modern TEM using medium and high instrumental magnification (from about x1.000 up to about x20.000 without digital zoom);

D) Atomic force microscope (AFM) detecting specifically-labeled coated vesicles at medium and high instrumental magnification (up to about x100.000 without digital zoom);

E) Modern fluorescent TEM after EM immuno-labeling using specific monoclonal antibody against coated vesicles working at magnification up to about x30.000 (without digital zoom);

F) AFM after specific immuno-labeling using specific monoclonal antibody against actin microfilaments being focused on their cortical bundles that link intimately to the surface of the inner leaflet of cell membrane at magnification up to about x100.000 (without digital zoom);

G) Conventional/modern fluorescent SEM using medium or high instrumental magnification (from about x500 up to about x1.500 without digital zoom)

27. Pretend you are professor in histology. Which among listed below techniques and which magnification are enough to show to students Stratum spinosum of the skin epidermis?

A) Conventional LM using routine histology staining at medium magnification;

B) Conventional SEM using routine histology staining at medium magnification;

C) Conventional TEM using routine histology staining at medium magnification;

D) Conventional LSM using fluorescent staining at medium magnification;

E) Conventional fluorescent TEM at medium magnification;

F) AFM at magnification up to about x100.000;

G) All answers are nonsense

28. Pretend you are specialist in onco-diagnostics. Preparation you are going to observe represents tumor tissue sample obtained using biopsy from body region affected by skin cancer. With this you definitely know that reliable criterion you must pay attention in order to evaluate the degree of malignization and possible metastatic potential is abundancy/deficiency of desmosomes. Which among listed below techniques are the best to solve your task?

A) Conventional LM using routine histology staining;

B) Conventional SEM using routine histology staining;

C) Conventional TEM using routine EM double staining;

D) Conventional fluorescent LM after ant-desmin immuno-labeling;

E) Conventional fluorescent TEM after anti-desmin immuno-labeling;

F) AFM after anti-desmin immuno-labeling;

G) Conventional fluorescent SEM after anti-desmin immuno-labeling

29. Pretend you are specialist in soft tissue onco-diagnostics. Again and again the reparation you are going to observe represents tumor tissue sample obtained by biopsy from body region affected by skin cancer. With this you definitely know that unopposed criterion you must pay attention in order to evaluate the degree of malignization and possible metastatic potential is presence/absence of continuous Lamina basalis (LB). As a rule, appearance of disruptions in LB coincides with initial stages of metastatic dissemination of malignant tumor. Which among listed below techniques are the best to check the structure of LB?

A) Conventional LM using routine H&E staining;

B) Conventional TEM using routine EM double staining;

C) Conventional fluorescent LM using anti-Type I collagen immuno-labeling;

D) Conventional fluorescent LM using anti-Type II collagen immuno-labeling;

E) Conventional fluorescent LM using anti-Type III collagen immuno-labeling;

F) Conventional fluorescent LM using anti-Type IV collagen immune-labeling;

G) All answers are nonsense

30. To follow the dynamics of specific proteins inside cellular volume of living cell you need 4D imaging. Which among listed below objects and techniques you absolutely need in order to work in 4D imaging?

A) Tagged with reliable auto-fluorescent proteins [say, Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)] specifically transfected cell cultures in order to observe them for vLSM or vSRLSM using fluorescent regime;

B) Labeled with specific immune-cyto-chemical technique cell cultures in order to observe them in fluorescent regime for vLSM or vSRLSM using fluorescent regime;

C) Labeled with specific immune-histo-chemical technique tissue samples in order to observe them for vLSM or vSRLSM using fluorescent regime;

D) Tagged with reliable auto-fluorescent protein tissue samples in order to observe them for vLSM or vSRLSM using fluorescent regime;

E) Previously labeled with specific immune-cyto-chemical technique and then isolated sub-cellular constituents (say cell nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes etc) in order to observe them for vLSM or vSRLSM using fluorescent regime;

F) Tagged with reliable auto-fluorescent protein sub-cellular components isolated from different organs of specifically transfected animals in order to observe them for v LSM or vSRLSM using fluorescent regime;

G) Specifically tagged with reliable auto-fluorescent protein embryos derived from different mammalian and/or human organisms (being either living or after abortion) in order to observe them for vLSM or vSRLSM using fluorescent regime

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