Pathophys 2018 + 2018 retake

An educational illustration depicting the human immune system interacting with pathogens and inflammatory processes, vibrant colors, educational style.

Pathophysiology Quiz 2018

Test your knowledge on pathophysiology with our engaging quiz that covers essential concepts related to inflammation, immune response, and gastrointestinal health.

Features of the quiz:

Multiple-choice questions
Focus on key pathophysiological concepts
Great for students and professionals alike

43 Questions11 MinutesCreated by AnalyzingCells57

The gut:

Is an organ to digestion and immunization

allows for absorption of the basic organic compounds of food, fatty acids, etc.

is the largest immune organ

Allows for absorption of larger pieces of organic matter due to presence of the M-cells

Macrophages:

Can prevent development of the inflammation by effective removing of the invading microorganisms

Can prevent pus formation

Clean the inflammatory site from debris in the late phase of the acute inflammation

Have the Fcy receptors, thus can act in ADCC reaction

The following humoral factors have similar action on the capillary blood vessel in inflammation

Serotonin

Histaminase

Prostaglandin

Prostacyclin

Basophils:

Are the least frequently of all granulocytes

Along with macrophages clean the tissues in the late phase of acute inflammation

In some way are similar to mast cells

Very efficiently phagocyte soluble immune complex

Vasoactive reaction in inflammation include:

Activation by histamine, serotonin, integrin, C3a and other factors

Drop of hydrostatic pressure in the capillary due to escape of globulins with exudate

Relaxation of the intercellular junction in capillary endothelium

Concentration of the post-capillary smooth muscles

The colloid osmotic pressure of the serum inflammation:

Is a minor factor in generation of the exudate as compared to hydrostatic pressure of blood in the capillaries

Drops markedly in the venous end of the capillaries due to escape of globulins with exudate

Remains practically unchanged in the capillaries because the protein are lost along with water

Increase in the arterial end of the capillaries because water escapes with transudate fluid

Rolling in the capillary:

Initiates events of leukocytes extravasation

May end up with leukocyte falling off the capillary wall

Is usually followed by fixation of the leukocyte

Is mediated by integrins

The important action of histamine in inflammation include

Concentration of the smooth muscle in pre-capillary blood vessel

Relaxation of the capillary endothelial cell junctions

Relaxation of the post-capillary smooth muscles

Increase of permeability in the capillary vessels

The long-term consequence of inflammation include:

High fever

Excessive swelling

Abscess formation

Scar formation in the organ/tissue leading to its

Among humoral factors directly destroying tissues in inflammation we find:

Elastase

Metalloproteinases

Reactive oxygen species

Histamine

Which of the following reflect possible sequence of events in acute inflammation?

Local tissue irritation -> local and generalized inflammatory events -> downregulation of the defence mechanism -> damage repair

Tissue damage -> infiltration with the inflammatory cells -> activation of local tissue inflammatory elements damage repair

Inflammatory factor -> inflammatory mediators -> vasoactive reaction-> infiltration with the inflammatory cells

Inflammatory stimuli -> activation of generalized inflammatory mechanism -> activation of local inflammatory mechanisms -> downregulation of the defence mechanism

Following are the valid pairs of sources - product of vasoactive stimulation towards inflammation development in human:

Platelets - leukotrienes

Complement system - C5a

Mast cell - C3a

4. Tissue kinin system-bradykinin

Macrophages can effectively present antigen in context of MHC molecule of:

Class I to Th cells

Class II to Th cells

Class I to B cells

Class I to Tc cells

Chemotaxis:

Provides recruitment of leukocytes from blood to the inflammatory tissue

Allows the acute phase protein to reach the inflammation site

Depends on the presence of variety of cytokines in the tissues

For leukocytes provided by activation of the complement and mast cells

Th2 type of reaction

Prevents the development of th1 type reaction with interleukin - 10

Often leads to allergy based on type I hypersensitivity reaction

Stimulates B-lymphocytes to produce antibodies on various classes

Induces NK cells, macrophages and Tc-cells

Rheumatoid arthritis:

Is a result of type II hypersensitivity reaction

Is restricted synovial membrane

First symptoms are in the knee joints

Is a disease of unknown, possible viral etiology

The immunodeficiency patient may typically suffer from infection

Of recurrent type

Of severe type

Caused by opportunistic microorganisms

Of all type except for viral infections (

B-lymphocytes can

Secrete antibodies of the same specificity as their surface immunoglobulins

Present antigen of the same specificity as their surface antibodies

Present antigen of specificity different form their surface antibodies

Secrete antibodies of specificity different from their surface immunoglobulins

Features of organ non-specific autoimmune diseases are prevalent in:

Grave’s disease

Myasthenia gravis

Type 1 diabetes

Rheumatoid arthritis

Good example of translation of specific immune response to inflammation can be:

Complement activation in hypersensitivity type I

Mast cell activation in hypersensitivity type

Platelets aggregation in blood vessel damage

Complement activation in hypersensitivity type II

The systematic, steady immunization taking place in Payer’s patches:

Can lead to development of active, defensive immune system

Can be disrupted by increased permeability of the intestinal barrier

Can lead to development of tolerance towards particular antigens

Strongly dependent on the appropriate function of the M-cells

Zonulin is:

A physiological protein keeping the intestinal barrier tight

Pathological protein which increases permeability of the internal barrier

Protein identical to ZOT (zonula occludens toxin) which is produced by Plasmodium malaria

A factor causing diarrhoea among other

Increase permeability of the gut may be directly or indirectly responsible for:

Inappropriate immunization towards development of autoimmune disease

Intoxication of the liver

Malabsorption

Inflammation within the gut’s wall

Among the causes of celiac disease, we find

Genetic predisposition (HLA DQ 4 and DQ 8)

Gluten intake

Enteropathy

Increased permeability of the intestinal barrier

24. Celiac disease is:

A primary malabsorption syndrome

An autoimmune disease

Gluten intoxication

Gluten dependent malabsorption syndrome with some genetic background

Hypersensitivity of:

Type I involves specific IgE overproduction

Type II is targeting the specific organs due to production of antibodies against certain self antigens

Type III leads to chronic inflammation due to immunocomplexes tuming from soluble to non-soluble

Type IV leads to chronic inflammation

Severe combined immunodeficiency disorder (SCID):

Is based on mutation of gene encoding γ subunit of several cytokine receptor

Is related to the early stages of lymphoid lineage

Has a characteristic course with severe and frequently infection with various pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi)

Is a very common disease (1:1,000 births in Europe

Increase of frequency of the following types of infections can be manifestation of the immunodeficiencies:

Of the complement - mainly fungal (

Of the phagocytic cells - all except for viral

Of the T cell - mainly parasitic

Of the B-cell - bacterial, viral, fungal

The symptoms associated with increased intestinal permeability that are frequently found in various organs and tissues, can be attributed to following pathomechanism:

Autoimmunity

Allergic reaction

Direct toxicity

Dysbiosis

The importance of endothelial cells in acute inflammation in related to:

Inhibition of the inflammation as a result of endothelium damage

Preventing the exudate fluid from leaking out of the blood vessel

Extravasation of selected leukocytes

Making the capillary vessel’s walls impermeable to

In the earliest phase of acute inflammation following elements usually do not play primary role:

Fibroblast

Lymphocytes

Macrophages

Endothelial cells

Complement activation can be triggered by:

Stimulatory action of c5b67

Opsonization of bacteria with immunoglobulins

Membrane attack complex

Fixed immune complex

Hypersensitivity of:

Type I involves IgE overproduction of certain specificity

Type II leads most often to organ specific autoimmune diseases

type III leads to chronic inflammation in the vicinity of the small blood vessels

Type IV is the most common in allergies

Inflammatory processes:

Help the immune system recognized the antigen

May have destructive character

chronic are often related to autoimmune processes

Were first described in XIX century

SLE:

Develops as a result of anti-nuclear auto-antibodies production

Is a non-organic specific autoimmune disease

Is a result of type III hypersensitivity reaction

Produces a typical rush on face

Complement is very important in inflammation development. One or more of the following combinations of the action in inflammation and complement element responsible for it reflect the real possibility:

C5b67 activation of the mast cell

C5a opsonization of the cell

C3b chemotaxis

C3a chemotaxis

Which of the following describes possible sequence of inflammatory elements activation

Mast cells ⇒ neutrophiles ⇒ macrophages

Endothelial cells ⇒ platelets ⇒ neutrophiles ⇒ macrophages

Complement ⇒ mast cells ⇒ endothelial cells

Macrophages ⇒ lymphocytes ⇒ neutrophiles

B lymphocytes

Can present extracellular antigen in the context of MHC class II molecule

Belong to the group of phagocytic cells

Of one clone can produce antibodies of one specificity only, regardless of the antibody class products

Do not have receptors specifically recognized antigen (similar to TCR found on T lymphocytes)

Appropriate antigen presentation

Can induce cellular immune response

In the thymus can mediated induction of the thymocytes death

Can influence humoral immune response

Can be provided by B-lymphocytes, dendritic cells and mast cells

Most often the following connections of adhesion molecules and their ligands can be found

Integrins > selectins

Integrins > immunoglobulin- like protein

Immunoglobulin-like protein> mucine-like glikoprotein

Selectins > mucine-like glikoprotein

Cells that specifically react with inflammatory factor thanks to their ability to create immune diversity and specificity are

Mast cells

NK cells

Macrophages

Lymphocytes

Macrophages effectively present antigen in context of MHC molecules of

class I to TH cells

Class II to TC cells

Class I to B cells

Class I to TC cells

Following leukocytes and endothelial cell interactions involve certain adhesion molecules

Rolling-integrins

Rolling-selectins

Stopping-selectins

Extravasation-PECAM-1

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