Cycle 1 pathophys 2021

A detailed illustration of the human immune response, showcasing inflammatory processes, immune cells like macrophages and neutrophils, and a visual representation of inflammation in tissues.

Inflammatory Response Quiz

Test your knowledge on the mechanisms of inflammation and immune response with our comprehensive quiz. Designed for students and professionals alike, this quiz covers essential concepts in pathophysiology.

Explore 25 challenging questions
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25 Questions6 MinutesCreated by LearningLion32

Which of the inflammatory mediators are produced by human mast cells

Histamine

Serotonin

Eicasanoids

C3a of the complement

Chemotaxis

Works equally well in the blood as in the tissues

Is a property of movement of cells and other particles according to chemotactic agent gradient

Can be provided by any inflammatory mediator

Requires presence of appropriate receptors

In order to fully stimulate the capillary vasoactive reaction in inflammation, histamine acts on the receptors

In post-capillary smooth muscles

In pre-capillary smooth muscles

In endothelial cells

In none of the above

In contrast to the acute, the chronic inflammation is characterized by

Extend duration

Decreased effectiveness

Broad tissue destruction

Poor or absent exudate fluid

Rolling of the leukocytes

Precedes the vasoactive changes in the capillary

Is mediated by immunoglobulin-like molecules

Is immediately followed by diapedesis mediated with PECAM-1

Helps to choose the right leukocytes for the development of inflammation

The action of endothelial cells in acute inflammation is

Migration to the inflammation site

Loosening the intracellular junctions in response to histamine

Extravasation of the platelets

Making the capillary vessels walls permeable to proteins

Macrophages

Clean the inflammatory site of debris in the late phases of the acute inflammation

Have the Fc receptors, thus can recognize bacteria opsonized with the complement

Can prevent pus formation in inflammation induced by bacteria

Can prevent activation of the inflammation by phagocytosis the mast cells

The following humoral factors have similar action on the capillary blood vessel in inflammation

Serotonin

Cytokines

Histamine

Integrins

Complement activation products have very important function in inflammation development. One or more of the following combinations reflect the actual possibility

C5b57 -> activation of the mast cells

C5a -> activation of the mast cells

C3b -> chemotaxis

C3a -> chemotaxis

The most dangerous long-term consequences of the inflammation do not include

High fever

Permanent loss of function in the destroyed organ

Swelling

Fibrotic changes in the tissues

Which of the following sequences acceptably reflect(s) the events in acute inflammation

Tissue damage --> activation of tissue inflammatory elements -> infiltration with the inflammatory cells -> damage repair

Inflammatory stimulus -> activation of generalized inflammatory mechanisms -> activation of local inflammatory mechanisms -> down regulation of defense mechanisms

Irritating factor -> inflammatory mediators -> vasoactive reaction -> infiltration with the inflammatory cells

Local tissue damage -> activation of the specific immune response -> damage repair

In inflammation

Complement C2b components participate in direct activation of mast cells

Selectins and integrins participate in extravasation of macrophages

Neutrophils present antigens to Th-cells

Serotonin can substitute for histamine in activation of the capillary reaction

Reticular dysgenesis

Is a disorder developing very "early" in the hematopoietic process

Is a common disease

Involves only myeloid and lymphoid lineages, but not erythroid and megakaryotic lineages

Usually has a symptomless course

Increase of the following types of infections can be manifestation of the immunodeficiencies:

Of the complement – mainly fungal

Of the phagocytic cells – mainly viral

Of the B cells – mainly bacterial and viral

Of the T cells – bacterial, parasitic, fungal, and viral

Complement plays important role in:

Hypersensitivity type 1

Anti-viral defense

Hypersensitivity type 4

Anti-bacterial defense

Appropriate antigen presentation:

In MHC class 2 can induce cellular immune response by Tc-cells

Can be provided by B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and fibroblasts

By any nucleated cell can directly induce humoral immune response

In the thymus can mediate induction of thymocytes death

APCs can present particular antigens in context of the following MHC-molecules:

Class 2 to Th cells – intracellular antigens

Class 2 to Th cells – extracellular antigens

Class 2 to B cells – intracellular antigens

Class 1 to Tc cells – intracellular antigens

B- lymphocytes can:

Secrete antibodies of the same specificity as their surface immunoglobulins

Can be released from the bone marrow despite having ability of reacting to self-antigens

Present in their MHC class 2 molecules the internalized antigens of any specificity

Secreted antibodies of different specificity from their surface immunoglobulins

Autoimmune diseases:

Are mostly of unknown etiology

Majority of symptoms in organ non-specific diseases are related to the 2 type of hypersensitivity

Frequently lead to destruction of tissues by chronic inflammation

In most cases are related to improper positive selection in the thymus and development of cytotoxic reactions

Wrong opinion about the rheumatoid arthritis is that:

It is a result of hypersensitivity reaction type 2

It is restricted to synovial membrane

Its first symptoms are usually found in feet

It is a disease of bacterial etiology

Hypersensitivity of

Type 1 involved specific IgE overproduction

Type 2 leads most often to organ specific autoimmune diseases

Type 3 utilizes complement to trigger inflammation

Type 4 is of the best recognized pathogenesis of all hypersensitivities

The gut

Is an organ almost entirely devoted to digestion and absorption

Allows for bulk absorption of the smallest organic compounds of food like peptides

Is almost exclusively an immune organ

Allows for absorption of larger pieces of organic matter due to presence of the M cells

The symptoms associated with increased intestinal permeability including those frequently found in remote organs and tissues, can be attributed to following pathomechanisms:

Autoimmunity

Allergic reactions

Direct toxicity

Inflammation

Gluten

Causes increased intestinal barrier permeability

Has been introduced to human diet few hundred years ago

Can induce immune reaction leading to autoimmune disorder called celiac disease

Once the diseases already develop, is not required for development of celiac disease exacerbations

Cycle 1 pathophys 2021

Inflammatory Response Quiz

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