Cycle 1 pathophys 2021

A detailed illustration of the human immune response, showcasing inflammatory processes, immune cells like macrophages and neutrophils, and a visual representation of inflammation in tissues.

Inflammatory Response Quiz

Test your knowledge on the mechanisms of inflammation and immune response with our comprehensive quiz. Designed for students and professionals alike, this quiz covers essential concepts in pathophysiology.

  • Explore 25 challenging questions
  • Boost your understanding of inflammatory processes
  • Engage with multiple choice format
25 Questions6 MinutesCreated by LearningLion32
Which of the inflammatory mediators are produced by human mast cells
Histamine
Serotonin
Eicasanoids
C3a of the complement
Chemotaxis
Works equally well in the blood as in the tissues
Is a property of movement of cells and other particles according to chemotactic agent gradient
Can be provided by any inflammatory mediator
Requires presence of appropriate receptors
In order to fully stimulate the capillary vasoactive reaction in inflammation, histamine acts on the receptors
In post-capillary smooth muscles
In pre-capillary smooth muscles
In endothelial cells
In none of the above
In contrast to the acute, the chronic inflammation is characterized by
Extend duration
Decreased effectiveness
Broad tissue destruction
Poor or absent exudate fluid
Rolling of the leukocytes
Precedes the vasoactive changes in the capillary
Is mediated by immunoglobulin-like molecules
Is immediately followed by diapedesis mediated with PECAM-1
Helps to choose the right leukocytes for the development of inflammation
The action of endothelial cells in acute inflammation is
Migration to the inflammation site
Loosening the intracellular junctions in response to histamine
Extravasation of the platelets
Making the capillary vessels walls permeable to proteins
Macrophages
Clean the inflammatory site of debris in the late phases of the acute inflammation
Have the Fc receptors, thus can recognize bacteria opsonized with the complement
Can prevent pus formation in inflammation induced by bacteria
Can prevent activation of the inflammation by phagocytosis the mast cells
The following humoral factors have similar action on the capillary blood vessel in inflammation
Serotonin
Cytokines
Histamine
Integrins
Complement activation products have very important function in inflammation development. One or more of the following combinations reflect the actual possibility
C5b57 -> activation of the mast cells
C5a -> activation of the mast cells
C3b -> chemotaxis
C3a -> chemotaxis
The most dangerous long-term consequences of the inflammation do not include
High fever
Permanent loss of function in the destroyed organ
Swelling
Fibrotic changes in the tissues
Which of the following sequences acceptably reflect(s) the events in acute inflammation
Tissue damage --> activation of tissue inflammatory elements -> infiltration with the inflammatory cells -> damage repair
Inflammatory stimulus -> activation of generalized inflammatory mechanisms -> activation of local inflammatory mechanisms -> down regulation of defense mechanisms
Irritating factor -> inflammatory mediators -> vasoactive reaction -> infiltration with the inflammatory cells
Local tissue damage -> activation of the specific immune response -> damage repair
In inflammation
Complement C2b components participate in direct activation of mast cells
Selectins and integrins participate in extravasation of macrophages
Neutrophils present antigens to Th-cells
Serotonin can substitute for histamine in activation of the capillary reaction
Reticular dysgenesis
Is a disorder developing very "early" in the hematopoietic process
Is a common disease
Involves only myeloid and lymphoid lineages, but not erythroid and megakaryotic lineages
Usually has a symptomless course
Secondary immune deficiencies can result from
Viral infection
Starvation
Iatrogenic cause
Chronic diseases
Increase of the following types of infections can be manifestation of the immunodeficiencies:
Of the complement – mainly fungal
Of the phagocytic cells – mainly viral
Of the B cells – mainly bacterial and viral
Of the T cells – bacterial, parasitic, fungal, and viral
Complement plays important role in:
Hypersensitivity type 1
Anti-viral defense
Hypersensitivity type 4
Anti-bacterial defense
Appropriate antigen presentation:
In MHC class 2 can induce cellular immune response by Tc-cells
Can be provided by B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and fibroblasts
By any nucleated cell can directly induce humoral immune response
In the thymus can mediate induction of thymocytes death
APCs can present particular antigens in context of the following MHC-molecules:
Class 2 to Th cells – intracellular antigens
Class 2 to Th cells – extracellular antigens
Class 2 to B cells – intracellular antigens
Class 1 to Tc cells – intracellular antigens
B- lymphocytes can:
Secrete antibodies of the same specificity as their surface immunoglobulins
Can be released from the bone marrow despite having ability of reacting to self-antigens
Present in their MHC class 2 molecules the internalized antigens of any specificity
Secreted antibodies of different specificity from their surface immunoglobulins
Autoimmune diseases:
Are mostly of unknown etiology
Majority of symptoms in organ non-specific diseases are related to the 2 type of hypersensitivity
Frequently lead to destruction of tissues by chronic inflammation
In most cases are related to improper positive selection in the thymus and development of cytotoxic reactions
Wrong opinion about the rheumatoid arthritis is that:
It is a result of hypersensitivity reaction type 2
It is restricted to synovial membrane
Its first symptoms are usually found in feet
It is a disease of bacterial etiology
Hypersensitivity of
Type 1 involved specific IgE overproduction
Type 2 leads most often to organ specific autoimmune diseases
Type 3 utilizes complement to trigger inflammation
Type 4 is of the best recognized pathogenesis of all hypersensitivities
The gut
Is an organ almost entirely devoted to digestion and absorption
Allows for bulk absorption of the smallest organic compounds of food like peptides
Is almost exclusively an immune organ
Allows for absorption of larger pieces of organic matter due to presence of the M cells
The symptoms associated with increased intestinal permeability including those frequently found in remote organs and tissues, can be attributed to following pathomechanisms:
Autoimmunity
Allergic reactions
Direct toxicity
Inflammation
Gluten
Causes increased intestinal barrier permeability
Has been introduced to human diet few hundred years ago
Can induce immune reaction leading to autoimmune disorder called celiac disease
Once the diseases already develop, is not required for development of celiac disease exacerbations
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